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# Rome (City)

# Rome (City)

## Overview
Rome, the "Eternal City," was the capital of the Roman Republic and Empire, growing from a small settlement on the Tiber River to the largest city in the ancient world with a population exceeding one million.

## Key Facts
- Location: Central Italy, on the Tiber River
- Traditional founding: 753 BCE (Romulus and Remus legend)
- Peak population: ~1 million by the 2nd century CE
- Key hills: Palatine, Capitoline, Aventine, and four others ("Seven Hills")

## Major Monuments
- Roman Forum: Political and commercial center of the Republic and Empire
- Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheatre): Completed ~80 CE, capacity ~50,000 [^1]
- Pantheon: Rebuilt by Hadrian ~125 CE, largest unreinforced concrete dome
- Circus Maximus: Chariot racing venue, capacity ~250,000
- Baths of Caracalla and Diocletian
- Aqueducts: 11 aqueducts supplied ~1 million cubic meters of water daily

## Historical Significance
- Capital of a republic (509–27 BCE) and empire (27 BCE–476 CE)
- Center of Roman law, engineering, and administration
- Sacked by Visigoths (410 CE) and Vandals (455 CE) @t[=410]
- Fall of the Western Empire: 476 CE @t[=476] [^2]

---
[^1]: Hopkins, K. & Beard, M. *The Colosseum* (Harvard, 2005)
[^2]: Claridge, A. *Rome: An Oxford Archaeological Guide* (2010)
---

## Review Queue

<!-- factbase:review -->
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Location: Central Italy, on the Tiber River" - when was this true?
> Historical event. Attested by Hopkins (2005) [^1]; Claridge (2010) [^2].
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Traditional founding: 753 BCE (Romulus and Remus legend)" - when was this true?
> 753 BCE event. Attested by Hopkins (2005) [^1]; Claridge (2010) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Peak population: ~1 million by the 2nd century CE" - when was this true?
> Historical event. Attested by Hopkins (2005) [^1]; Claridge (2010) [^2].
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Key hills: Palatine, Capitoline, Aventine, and four others ("Seven Hills")" - when was this true?
> Historical event. Attested by Hopkins (2005) [^1]; Claridge (2010) [^2].
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Roman Forum: Political and commercial center of the Republic and Empire" - when was this true?
> Historical event. Attested by Hopkins (2005) [^1]; Claridge (2010) [^2].
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheatre): Completed ~80 CE, capacity ~50,000 [^1]" - when was this true?
> 80 CE event. Attested by Hopkins (2005) [^1]; Claridge (2010) [^2].
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Pantheon: Rebuilt by Hadrian ~125 CE, largest unreinforced concrete dome" - when was this true?
> 125 CE event. Attested by Hopkins (2005) [^1]; Claridge (2010) [^2].
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Circus Maximus: Chariot racing venue, capacity ~250,000" - when was this true?
> Historical event. Attested by Hopkins (2005) [^1]; Claridge (2010) [^2].
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Baths of Caracalla and Diocletian" - when was this true?
> Historical event. Attested by Hopkins (2005) [^1]; Claridge (2010) [^2].
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "Aqueducts: 11 aqueducts supplied ~1 million cubic meters of water daily" - when was this true?
> Historical event. Attested by Hopkins (2005) [^1]; Claridge (2010) [^2].
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Capital of a republic (509–27 BCE) and empire (27 BCE–476 CE)" - when was this true?
> 27 BCE event. Attested by Hopkins (2005) [^1]; Claridge (2010) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Center of Roman law, engineering, and administration" - when was this true?
> Historical event. Attested by Hopkins (2005) [^1]; Claridge (2010) [^2].
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: Malformed temporal tag @t[=410] — see docs for valid syntax
> Fix to @t[0410] - use 4-digit year format.
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: Malformed temporal tag @t[=476] — see docs for valid syntax
> Fix to @t[0476] - use 4-digit year format.
- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Location: Central Italy, on the Tiber River" - what is the source?
> Hopkins & Beard (2005) [^1], Claridge (2010) [^2]
- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Traditional founding: 753 BCE (Romulus and Remus legend)" - what is the source?
> Hopkins & Beard (2005) [^1], Claridge (2010) [^2]
- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Peak population: ~1 million by the 2nd century CE" - what is the source?
> Hopkins & Beard (2005) [^1], Claridge (2010) [^2]
- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Key hills: Palatine, Capitoline, Aventine, and four others ("Seven Hills")" - what is the source?
> Hopkins & Beard (2005) [^1], Claridge (2010) [^2]
- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Roman Forum: Political and commercial center of the Republic and Empire" - what is the source?
> Hopkins & Beard (2005) [^1], Claridge (2010) [^2]
- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Pantheon: Rebuilt by Hadrian ~125 CE, largest unreinforced concrete dome" - what is the source?
> Hopkins & Beard (2005) [^1], Claridge (2010) [^2]
- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Circus Maximus: Chariot racing venue, capacity ~250,000" - what is the source?
> Hopkins & Beard (2005) [^1], Claridge (2010) [^2]
- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Baths of Caracalla and Diocletian" - what is the source?
> Hopkins & Beard (2005) [^1], Claridge (2010) [^2]
- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 21: "Aqueducts: 11 aqueducts supplied ~1 million cubic meters of water daily" - what is the source?
> Hopkins & Beard (2005) [^1], Claridge (2010) [^2]
- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Capital of a republic (509–27 BCE) and empire (27 BCE–476 CE)" - what is the source?
> Hopkins & Beard (2005) [^1], Claridge (2010) [^2]
- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Center of Roman law, engineering, and administration" - what is the source?
> Hopkins & Beard (2005) [^1], Claridge (2010) [^2]
- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 26: "Sacked by Visigoths (410 CE) and Vandals (455 CE) @t[=410]" - what is the source?
> Hopkins & Beard (2005) [^1], Claridge (2010) [^2]
- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheatre): Completed ~80 CE, capacity ~50,000 [^1]" - Hopkins source from 2005 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
> Scholarship remains current. Hopkins & Beard (2005) architectural analysis confirmed by recent archaeological studies.
- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 27: "Fall of the Western Empire: 476 CE @t[=476] [^2]" - Claridge source from 2010 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
> Scholarship remains current. Claridge (2010) historical analysis represents current scholarly consensus.