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# Battle of Cannae

## Overview
The Battle of Cannae (216 BCE) was Hannibal Barca's masterpiece — a devastating double envelopment of a much larger Roman army during the Second Punic War. It remains one of the most studied tactical victories in military history.

## Key Facts
- Date: 2 August 216 BCE
- Location: Cannae, Apulia (southeastern Italy), near the River Aufidus (modern Ofanto)
- Belligerents: Carthage vs. Roman Republic
- Commanders: Hannibal Barca (Carthage), Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Gaius Terentius Varro (Rome)
- Result: Decisive Carthaginian victory [^1]

## The Battle
- Romans: ~70,000–86,000; Carthaginians: ~40,000–50,000 [^3]
- Hannibal placed his weakest troops (Gauls and Iberians) in a convex center, with veteran African infantry and cavalry on the flanks
- Roman advance pushed the center back into a concave shape, drawing them in
- Carthaginian flanks and cavalry closed the trap in a complete double envelopment
- Hasdrubal commanded the Carthaginian heavy cavalry; Maharbal led the Numidian cavalry [^3]
- Roman losses: ~50,000–70,000 killed — the worst single-day defeat in Roman history [^2]; ~10,000 captured; survivors (~14,000) fled to Canusium
- Carthaginian losses: ~6,000, mostly the Gauls who formed the front lines [^1]
- Consul Paullus was killed in the battle; Varro survived and returned to Rome [^1]

## Aftermath
After the battle, Maharbal reportedly urged Hannibal to march immediately on Rome, saying he could "dine on the Capitol in five days." Hannibal declined, prompting Maharbal's famous rebuke: "You know how to win a victory, Hannibal; you do not know how to use one." [^1]

Rome refused to negotiate or ransom prisoners. Emergency levies were raised and slaves were armed. Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus (*cunctator*, "the Delayer") was restored to prominence and his strategy of attrition was finally embraced.

## Legacy
- Hannibal's double envelopment became the gold standard of tactical warfare
- Despite the victory, Hannibal could not take Rome itself
- Rome eventually adopted Fabian attrition strategy and won the war
- Scipio Africanus later used Hannibal's own encirclement tactics to defeat him at the Battle of Zama (202 BCE), ending the Second Punic War [^1]
- Cannae is still studied in military academies worldwide as a model of operational art [^2]

## Archaeology
Archaeological investigations near Cannae have uncovered weapon fragments, sling bullets, coinage, and scattered human remains. Precise mass graves described in ancient sources remain debated, as centuries of agriculture have altered the flat landscape. Material evidence supports large-scale conflict but cannot confirm exact casualty figures. [^3]

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[^1]: Polybius, *Histories* 3.107–117; Mark, J.J. "Battle of Cannae." *World History Encyclopedia*, 24 March 2020. https://www.worldhistory.org/Battle_of_Cannae/
[^2]: Goldsworthy, A. *Cannae: Hannibal's Greatest Victory* (2001)
[^3]: "Forces, Tactics and Archaeology." *Seven Swords*, 2026. https://sevenswords.uk/battle-of-cannae/