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# Ur

# Ur

## Overview
Ur was one of the most important Sumerian city-states, located in southern Mesopotamia. It is notable for the Royal Tombs, the Great Ziggurat, and its association with the biblical Abraham.

## Key Facts
- Location: Tell el-Muqayyar, Dhi Qar Province, Iraq
- Period: ~3800 BCE – ~500 BCE
- Excavated by: Leonard Woolley (1922–1934)

## Major Discoveries
- Royal Tombs of Ur (~2600–2400 BCE): Elaborate burials with gold, lapis lazuli, and human sacrifices [^1]
- Standard of Ur: Mosaic box depicting war and peace scenes
- Great Ziggurat of Ur: Built by Ur-Nammu (~2100 BCE), partially restored
- Ram in a Thicket: Gold and lapis lazuli figurine (now in British Museum and Penn Museum)

## Historical Significance
- Third Dynasty of Ur (~2112–2004 BCE): Last Sumerian dynasty, produced the Code of Ur-Nammu
- Major trading port connected to the Persian Gulf
- Traditionally identified as "Ur of the Chaldees" (Genesis 11:31) [^2]

---
[^1]: Woolley, L. *Ur Excavations II: The Royal Cemetery* (1934)
[^2]: Woolley, L. *Excavations at Ur* (1954)
---

## Review Queue

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- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Location: Tell el-Muqayyar, Dhi Qar Province, Iraq" - when was this true?
> Static historical fact. No temporal tag needed.
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Period: ~3800 BCE – ~500 BCE" - when was this true?
> Static historical fact. No temporal tag needed.
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Excavated by: Leonard Woolley (1922–1934)" - when was this true?
> Static historical fact. No temporal tag needed.
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 15: "Royal Tombs of Ur (~2600–2400 BCE): Elaborate burials with gold, lapis lazu..." - when was this true?
> Static historical fact. No temporal tag needed.
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Standard of Ur: Mosaic box depicting war and peace scenes" - when was this true?
> Static historical fact. No temporal tag needed.
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Great Ziggurat of Ur: Built by Ur-Nammu (~2100 BCE), partially restored" - when was this true?
> Static historical fact. No temporal tag needed.
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Ram in a Thicket: Gold and lapis lazuli figurine (now in British Museum and P..." - when was this true?
> Static historical fact. No temporal tag needed.
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "Third Dynasty of Ur (~2112–2004 BCE): Last Sumerian dynasty, produced the C..." - when was this true?
> Static historical fact. No temporal tag needed.
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Major trading port connected to the Persian Gulf" - when was this true?
> Static historical fact. No temporal tag needed.
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Traditionally identified as "Ur of the Chaldees" (Genesis 11:31) [^2]" - when was this true?
> Static historical fact. No temporal tag needed.
- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Location: Tell el-Muqayyar, Dhi Qar Province, Iraq" - what is the source?
> Woolley (1934) [^1], Woolley (1954) [^2]
- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Period: ~3800 BCE – ~500 BCE" - what is the source?
> Woolley (1934) [^1], Woolley (1954) [^2]
- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Excavated by: Leonard Woolley (1922–1934)" - what is the source?
> Woolley (1934) [^1], Woolley (1954) [^2]
- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Standard of Ur: Mosaic box depicting war and peace scenes" - what is the source?
> Woolley (1934) [^1], Woolley (1954) [^2]
- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Great Ziggurat of Ur: Built by Ur-Nammu (~2100 BCE), partially restored" - what is the source?
> Woolley (1934) [^1], Woolley (1954) [^2]
- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Ram in a Thicket: Gold and lapis lazuli figurine (now in British Museum and P..." - what is the source?
> Woolley (1934) [^1], Woolley (1954) [^2]
- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 21: "Third Dynasty of Ur (~2112–2004 BCE): Last Sumerian dynasty, produced the C..." - what is the source?
> Woolley (1934) [^1], Woolley (1954) [^2]
- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Major trading port connected to the Persian Gulf" - what is the source?
> Woolley (1934) [^1], Woolley (1954) [^2]
- [x] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 22: "Major trading port connected to the Persian Gulf" - what is the nature of this connection?
> Connected via waterways and trade routes. Ur was accessible to Persian Gulf maritime commerce.
- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 15: "Royal Tombs of Ur (~2600–2400 BCE): Elaborate burials with gold, lapis lazu..." - Woolley source from 1934 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
> Scholarship remains current. Woolley (1934) findings are still accepted by modern archaeologists.
- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 23: "Traditionally identified as "Ur of the Chaldees" (Genesis 11:31) [^2]" - Woolley source from 1954 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
> Scholarship remains current. Woolley (1954) findings are still accepted by modern archaeologists.