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# Augustus

## Overview
Augustus (63 BCE – 14 CE), born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, was the first Roman emperor. He transformed Rome from a republic into an empire and inaugurated the Pax Romana. He is considered one of the most effective leaders in Roman history, ruling for over 40 years. @t[63 BCE..14]

## Key Facts
- Born: 23 September 63 BCE, Rome @t[=63 BCE] [^1]
- Died: 19 August 14 CE, Nola @t[=0014] [^1]
- Reign: 27 BCE – 14 CE @t[27 BCE..14] [^1]
- Original name: Gaius Octavius Thurinus; adopted as Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus [^1]
- Title: Augustus ("the revered one"), granted 27 BCE @t[=27 BCE] [^1]
- Also styled *Princeps* ("First Citizen") — his preferred public title [^5]
- Wife: Livia Drusilla (married 38 BCE; marriage lasted until his death) @t[=38 BCE] [^3]
- Children: Julia the Elder (by Scribonia); no biological sons [^3]

## Rise to Power
- Adopted heir of Julius Caesar (44 BCE) @t[=44 BCE] [^1]
- Second Triumvirate with Mark Antony and Lepidus (43 BCE) @t[=43 BCE] [^1]
- Battle of Philippi (42 BCE): Triumvirate defeated Caesar's assassins Brutus and Cassius @t[=42 BCE] [^5]
- Lepidus stripped of power (36 BCE), leaving Octavian and Antony as rivals @t[=36 BCE] [^5]
- Battle of Actium (31 BCE): Defeated Antony and Cleopatra @t[=31 BCE] [^1]
- Triple triumph celebrated in Rome (29 BCE) @t[=29 BCE] [^5]
- Senate granted him the title Augustus (27 BCE), marking the start of the Principate @t[=27 BCE] [^1]
- *Imperium Maius* (supreme power over all provinces) granted by Senate (19 BCE) @t[=19 BCE] [^5]
- Declared *Pater Patriae* ("Father of the Country") by the Senate (2 BCE) @t[=2 BCE] [^5]

## Achievements
- Pax Romana: Inaugurated ~200 years of relative peace [^2]
- Administrative reforms: Professionalized the army, created the Praetorian Guard [^1]
- Building program: "Found Rome a city of brick and left it a city of marble" [^2]; claimed to have restored or built 82 temples in a single year in his *Res Gestae Divi Augusti* [^5]
- Established the imperial succession system; adopted Tiberius as heir (4 CE) @t[=0004] [^3]
- Month of August named after him [^1]
- Appointed *pontifex maximus*, becoming both secular and religious head of the empire [^4]
- Revived traditional Roman religion: restored temples, reintroduced festivals (Lupercalia, Ludi Saeculares in 17 BCE) @t[=17 BCE] [^4]
- Social and moral reforms: *Lex Julia* legislation incentivized marriage and childbearing, penalized adultery as a civil crime [^4]
- Established the Ara Pacis Augustae (Altar of Augustan Peace), dedicated 9 BCE @t[=9 BCE] [^4]
- Inaugurated the Temple of Mars Ultor (2 BCE) to commemorate the Battle of Philippi @t[=2 BCE] [^5]
- Created the *Vigiles*, Rome's permanent firefighting force (6 CE) @t[=0006] [^5]
- Held *tribunicia potestas* (tribunician power) annually from 23 BCE, granting veto power over all legislation and personal sacrosanctity; alongside *Imperium Maius*, this formed the two constitutional pillars of the Principate @t[=23 BCE] [^5]
- Battle of Teutoburg Forest (9 CE): Germanic tribes under Arminius ambushed and annihilated three Roman legions (XVII, XVIII, XIX) under Publius Quinctilius Varus, halting Roman expansion east of the Rhine; Suetonius records Augustus crying out "Varus, give me back my legions!" @t[=0009] [^1]
- Patron of the arts: supported Virgil, whose *Aeneid* was composed during his reign [^5]
- Key general and second-in-command: Marcus Agrippa commanded the fleet at Actium and oversaw major building projects [^5]

## Res Gestae Divi Augusti
Augustus composed the *Res Gestae Divi Augusti* ("The Deeds of the Divine Augustus"), an autobiographical inscription recording his political and military achievements. Copies were inscribed on bronze tablets and displayed across the empire after his death. [^5]

## Succession
Augustus was succeeded by his adopted stepson Tiberius (14–37 CE), founding the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Subsequent emperors — Caligula, Claudius, and Nero — were all descendants or adoptees within this line. [^3]

After his death, Augustus was deified by the Senate and proclaimed a god in the Roman pantheon. [^5]

## Archaeology
University of Tokyo excavations at Somma Vesuviana (ongoing since 2002) have uncovered a sprawling ~40,000-square-foot villa buried by the 79 CE eruption of Mount Vesuvius. Researchers believe this may be the lost villa where Augustus died in 14 CE, as ancient sources describe him dying in a villa north of the mountain, in an area where his noble family is known to have had an estate. The site includes evidence of a private bathhouse and storage amphorae consistent with an elite residence. @t[~14] [^6]

In July 2025, the team unearthed five large furnaces used to heat an enormous bath complex — an unprecedented find at any Italian site. Lead archaeologist Mariko Muramatsu concluded that the scale of the structure points to imperial ownership: "There has never been a case where five large furnaces have been excavated from an Italian site. It makes sense as an explanation that no one else but the emperor could make such a magnificent feat possible." No indisputable direct epigraphic evidence linking the villa to Augustus has yet been found; excavations are ongoing. [^7]

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[^1]: Suetonius, *The Twelve Caesars*
[^2]: Everitt, A. *Augustus: The Life of Rome's First Emperor* (2006)
[^3]: World History Encyclopedia, "Rome under the Julio-Claudian Dynasty" (worldhistory.org/article/1468), 2022
[^4]: Fife, S. "Augustus' Political, Social, & Moral Reforms." *World History Encyclopedia* (worldhistory.org/article/116), 2023
[^5]: Mark, J. J. "Augustus." *World History Encyclopedia* (worldhistory.org/augustus/), 2018
[^6]: Anderson, S. "Archaeologists May Have Found the Villa Where the Roman Emperor Augustus Died." *Smithsonian Magazine*, April 24, 2024 (smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/covered-in-ash-by-the-same-eruption-that-buried-pompeii-this-villa-may-have-belonged-to-emperor-augustus-180984212/)
[^7]: "More Evidence Suggests Villa on Mount Vesuvius Belonged to Rome's First Emperor." *Archaeology Magazine* (archaeology.org/news/2025/07/08/more-evidence-suggests-villa-on-mount-vesuvius-belonged-to-romes-first-emperor/), July 8, 2025