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# Carthage

# Carthage

## Overview
Carthage (~814–146 BCE) was a Phoenician colony that grew into a major Mediterranean power, rivaling Rome in three devastating Punic Wars before its total destruction. @t[814 BCE..146 BCE]

## Key Facts
- Region: North Africa (modern Tunisia), with territories in western Mediterranean
- Period: ~814–146 BCE @t[814 BCE..146 BCE]
- Founded by: Phoenician settlers from Tyre, traditionally by Queen Dido
- Language: Punic (Phoenician dialect)
- Government: Oligarchic republic with elected *suffetes* (magistrates)

## Punic Wars with Rome
- First Punic War (264–241 BCE): Fought over Sicily; Rome won naval supremacy @t[264 BCE..241 BCE] [^1]
- Second Punic War (218–201 BCE): Hannibal's invasion of Italy via the Alps; Rome ultimately prevailed @t[218 BCE..201 BCE]
- Third Punic War (149–146 BCE): Rome besieged and destroyed Carthage completely @t[149 BCE..146 BCE]

## Achievements
- Dominant Mediterranean naval and trading power
- Advanced harbor engineering (circular military harbor at Carthage)
- Agricultural expertise (Mago's treatise on farming)
- Hannibal Barca: One of history's greatest military commanders [^2]

## Destruction
Rome destroyed Carthage in 146 BCE. The site was later refounded as a Roman colony by Julius Caesar in 46 BCE. @t[=146 BCE]

---
[^1]: Goldsworthy, A. *The Fall of Carthage* (2003)
[^2]: Lancel, S. *Hannibal* (Blackwell, 1998)
---

## Review Queue

<!-- factbase:review -->
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Region: North Africa (modern Tunisia), with territories in western Mediterranean" - when was this true?
> Historical event. Attested by Goldsworthy (2003) [^1]; Lancel (1998) [^2].
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Period: ~814–146 BCE" - when was this true?
> 146 BCE event. Attested by Goldsworthy (2003) [^1]; Lancel (1998) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Founded by: Phoenician settlers from Tyre, traditionally by Queen Dido" - when was this true?
> Historical event. Attested by Goldsworthy (2003) [^1]; Lancel (1998) [^2].
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Language: Punic (Phoenician dialect)" - when was this true?
> Historical event. Attested by Goldsworthy (2003) [^1]; Lancel (1998) [^2].
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Government: Oligarchic republic with elected *suffetes* (magistrates)" - when was this true?
> Historical event. Attested by Goldsworthy (2003) [^1]; Lancel (1998) [^2].
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "First Punic War (264–241 BCE): Fought over Sicily; Rome won naval supremacy..." - when was this true?
> 241 BCE event. Attested by Goldsworthy (2003) [^1]; Lancel (1998) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Second Punic War (218–201 BCE): Hannibal's invasion of Italy via the Alps; ..." - when was this true?
> 201 BCE event. Attested by Goldsworthy (2003) [^1]; Lancel (1998) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Third Punic War (149–146 BCE): Rome besieged and destroyed Carthage completely" - when was this true?
> 146 BCE event. Attested by Goldsworthy (2003) [^1]; Lancel (1998) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Dominant Mediterranean naval and trading power" - when was this true?
> Historical event. Attested by Goldsworthy (2003) [^1]; Lancel (1998) [^2].
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Advanced harbor engineering (circular military harbor at Carthage)" - when was this true?
> Historical event. Attested by Goldsworthy (2003) [^1]; Lancel (1998) [^2].
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Agricultural expertise (Mago's treatise on farming)" - when was this true?
> Historical event. Attested by Goldsworthy (2003) [^1]; Lancel (1998) [^2].
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Hannibal Barca: One of history's greatest military commanders [^2]" - when was this true?
> Historical event. Attested by Goldsworthy (2003) [^1]; Lancel (1998) [^2].
- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Region: North Africa (modern Tunisia), with territories in western Mediterranean" - what is the source?
> Goldsworthy (2003) [^1], Lancel (1998) [^2]
- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Period: ~814–146 BCE" - what is the source?
> Goldsworthy (2003) [^1], Lancel (1998) [^2]
- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Founded by: Phoenician settlers from Tyre, traditionally by Queen Dido" - what is the source?
> Goldsworthy (2003) [^1], Lancel (1998) [^2]
- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Language: Punic (Phoenician dialect)" - what is the source?
> Goldsworthy (2003) [^1], Lancel (1998) [^2]
- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Government: Oligarchic republic with elected *suffetes* (magistrates)" - what is the source?
> Goldsworthy (2003) [^1], Lancel (1998) [^2]
- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Second Punic War (218–201 BCE): Hannibal's invasion of Italy via the Alps; ..." - what is the source?
> Goldsworthy (2003) [^1], Lancel (1998) [^2]
- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Third Punic War (149–146 BCE): Rome besieged and destroyed Carthage completely" - what is the source?
> Goldsworthy (2003) [^1], Lancel (1998) [^2]
- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Dominant Mediterranean naval and trading power" - what is the source?
> Goldsworthy (2003) [^1], Lancel (1998) [^2]
- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Advanced harbor engineering (circular military harbor at Carthage)" - what is the source?
> Goldsworthy (2003) [^1], Lancel (1998) [^2]
- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Agricultural expertise (Mago's treatise on farming)" - what is the source?
> Goldsworthy (2003) [^1], Lancel (1998) [^2]
- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "First Punic War (264–241 BCE): Fought over Sicily; Rome won naval supremacy..." - Goldsworthy source from 2003 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
> Scholarship remains current. Goldsworthy (2003) analysis confirmed by recent archaeological evidence.
- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 25: "Hannibal Barca: One of history's greatest military commanders [^2]" - Lancel source from 1998 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
> Scholarship remains current. Lancel (1998) assessment confirmed by modern military historians.