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# Amber Road

## Overview
The Amber Road was an ancient trade route connecting the Baltic Sea coast to the Mediterranean, primarily transporting amber from northern Europe to the civilizations of Greece, Rome, and Egypt. Prehistoric trade routes between Northern and Southern Europe were largely defined by the amber trade, with amber sometimes called "the gold of the north." @t[~3000 BCE..~400 CE]

## Key Facts
- Period: ~3000 BCE – Roman era @t[~3000 BCE..~400 CE]
- Key good: Baltic amber (fossilized tree resin)
- Northern terminus: Baltic coast (modern Poland, Lithuania)
- Southern terminus: Adriatic (Aquileia), Greece, Egypt
- Return goods: Romans exported glass, brass, gold, tin, and copper northward in exchange [^3]

## Route
- From the Baltic coast through the Vistula, Dnieper, and Danube river corridors [^3]
- Key waypoints: Biskupin, Wrocław, Carnuntum, Aquileia [^1]
- In Roman times, the main route ran south from the Baltic coast (modern Lithuania) through Poland, through the land of the Boii (modern Czech Republic/Slovakia), to Aquileia at the Adriatic [^3]
- Connected to Mediterranean trade networks at the Adriatic, and onward to the Silk Road via the Black Sea [^1] [^3]
- Roman military fortifications were built along the route to protect merchants from Germanic raids [^3]

## Significance
- Baltic amber found in Mycenaean shaft graves @t[~1600 BCE] and in Tutankhamun's breast ornament @t[~1330 BCE]; spectroscopic analysis confirmed Baltic origin [^3]
- Amber from the Amber Road reached the Royal Hypogeum of Qatna (Syria) in unparalleled quantities for the ancient Near East @t[~1500 BCE..~1200 BCE] [^3]
- Amber was sent as an offering to the Temple of Apollo at Delphi [^3]
- Romans valued amber highly; Nero sent an expedition to the Baltic to procure it @t[~61] [^2]
- The Amber Road likely stimulated the Nordic Bronze Age, bringing Mediterranean influences northward [^3]
- World's largest archaeological amber find (~1,240–1,760 kg) discovered at Partynice near Wrocław, dating to the 1st century BCE @t[~100 BCE] [^3]
- Facilitated cultural exchange between northern and southern Europe [^2]

## Origins: Sicilian Amber
Before Baltic amber dominated, Sicilian amber was the primary source for Greece, North Africa, and Spain. Baltic amber gradually displaced Sicilian amber on the Iberian Peninsula from around 1000 BCE @t[~1000 BCE]. [^3]

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[^1]: Bouzek, J. "The Amber Route" in *Greece, Anatolia and Europe* (1997)
[^2]: Causey, F. *Amber and the Ancient World* (Getty Museum, 2011)
[^3]: Wikipedia contributors, "Amber Road," *Wikipedia* (accessed 2026-02-23), citing de Navarro (1925), Reeves (1990), Mukherjee et al. (2008), Jovaiša (2001), Schachinger (2020)