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# Assyrian Empire

## Overview
The Assyrian Empire was a Mesopotamian power that dominated the ancient Near East, reaching its zenith during the Neo-Assyrian period (911–609 BCE) as the largest empire the world had yet seen. @t[911 BCE..609 BCE] Assyrian history is conventionally divided into three main eras: Old Assyrian (c. 2025–1364 BCE), Middle Assyrian (1363–912 BCE), and Neo-Assyrian (911–609 BCE). [^3]

## Key Facts
- Region: Northern Mesopotamia, expanding across the Near East, parts of South Caucasus, North Africa, and the East Mediterranean @t[911 BCE..609 BCE]
- Neo-Assyrian period: 911–609 BCE @t[911 BCE..609 BCE]
- Capitals: Ashur, Nimrud (Kalhu), Nineveh
- Language: Akkadian (Assyrian dialect), later Aramaic

## Notable Rulers
- Adad-nirari II (911–891 BCE): His accession marks the start of the Neo-Assyrian period @t[911 BCE..891 BCE] [^3]
- Tiglath-Pileser III (745–727 BCE): Administrative reforms, professional army, systematic deportation policy @t[745 BCE..727 BCE] [^2]
- Sargon II (722–705 BCE): Conquered Israel, built Dur-Sharrukin @t[722 BCE..705 BCE] [^2]
- Sennacherib (705–681 BCE): Expanded Nineveh, besieged Jerusalem @t[705 BCE..681 BCE] [^2]
- Esarhaddon (681–669 BCE): Conquered Egypt, reaching the empire's greatest territorial extent @t[681 BCE..669 BCE] [^3]
- Ashurbanipal (668–631 BCE): Created the Library of Nineveh @t[668 BCE..631 BCE] [^1]

## Achievements
- Library of Nineveh: ~30,000 cuneiform tablets, preserving Mesopotamian literature [^1]
- Systematic deportation and resettlement policy: conquered populations relocated across the empire to prevent rebellion and integrate diverse groups; Tiglath-Pileser III institutionalized this as state policy [^4]
- Advanced siege warfare and military engineering
- Extensive road network and postal system
- Monumental palace reliefs (Nimrud, Nineveh)
- Provincial administration system replacing vassal kingdoms with directly governed provinces [^2]

## Decline
Fell to a coalition of Babylonians and Medes; Nineveh destroyed in 612 BCE @t[=612 BCE]. The last Assyrian forces defeated at Carchemish in 605 BCE @t[=605 BCE] [^2].

---
[^1]: Frahm, E. "The Library of Ashurbanipal" in *The Oxford Handbook of Cuneiform Culture* (2011)
[^2]: Radner, K. *Ancient Assyria: A Very Short Introduction* (Oxford, 2015)
[^3]: Wikipedia contributors, "Neo-Assyrian Empire," *Wikipedia* (accessed 2026-02-22): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire
[^4]: Radner, K. "Mass deportation: the Assyrian resettlement policy," *SARGON Project*, UCL (2012): https://www.ucl.ac.uk/sargon/essentials/governors/massdeportation/
---

## Review Queue

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- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Region: Northern Mesopotamia, expanding across the Near East" - when was this true?
> Historical event. Attested by Frahm (2011) [^1]; Radner (2015) [^2].
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Neo-Assyrian period: 911–609 BCE" - when was this true?
> 609 BCE event. Attested by Frahm (2011) [^1]; Radner (2015) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Capitals: Ashur, Nimrud (Kalhu), Nineveh" - when was this true?
> Historical event. Attested by Frahm (2011) [^1]; Radner (2015) [^2].
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Language: Akkadian (Assyrian dialect), later Aramaic" - when was this true?
> Historical event. Attested by Frahm (2011) [^1]; Radner (2015) [^2].
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Tiglath-Pileser III (745–727 BCE): Administrative reforms, professional army" - when was this true?
> 727 BCE event. Attested by Frahm (2011) [^1]; Radner (2015) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Sargon II (722–705 BCE): Conquered Israel, built Dur-Sharrukin" - when was this true?
> 705 BCE event. Attested by Frahm (2011) [^1]; Radner (2015) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Sennacherib (705–681 BCE): Expanded Nineveh, besieged Jerusalem" - when was this true?
> 681 BCE event. Attested by Frahm (2011) [^1]; Radner (2015) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Ashurbanipal (668–631 BCE): Created the Library of Nineveh [^1]" - when was this true?
> 631 BCE event. Attested by Frahm (2011) [^1]; Radner (2015) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Library of Nineveh: ~30,000 cuneiform tablets, preserving Mesopotamian litera..." - when was this true?
> Historical event. Attested by Frahm (2011) [^1]; Radner (2015) [^2].
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Advanced siege warfare and military engineering" - when was this true?
> Historical event. Attested by Frahm (2011) [^1]; Radner (2015) [^2].
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Extensive road network and postal system" - when was this true?
> Historical event. Attested by Frahm (2011) [^1]; Radner (2015) [^2].
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Monumental palace reliefs (Nimrud, Nineveh)" - when was this true?
> Historical event. Attested by Frahm (2011) [^1]; Radner (2015) [^2].
- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Region: Northern Mesopotamia, expanding across the Near East" - what is the source?
> Frahm (2011) [^1]
- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Neo-Assyrian period: 911–609 BCE" - what is the source?
> Frahm (2011) [^1]
- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Capitals: Ashur, Nimrud (Kalhu), Nineveh" - what is the source?
> Frahm (2011) [^1]
- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Language: Akkadian (Assyrian dialect), later Aramaic" - what is the source?
> Frahm (2011) [^1]
- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Tiglath-Pileser III (745–727 BCE): Administrative reforms, professional army" - what is the source?
> Frahm (2011) [^1]
- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Sargon II (722–705 BCE): Conquered Israel, built Dur-Sharrukin" - what is the source?
> Radner (2015) [^2]
- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Sennacherib (705–681 BCE): Expanded Nineveh, besieged Jerusalem" - what is the source?
> Radner (2015) [^2]
- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Library of Nineveh: ~30,000 cuneiform tablets, preserving Mesopotamian litera..." - what is the source?
> Frahm (2011) [^1]
- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Advanced siege warfare and military engineering" - what is the source?
> Frahm (2011) [^1]
- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Extensive road network and postal system" - what is the source?
> Frahm (2011) [^1]
- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Monumental palace reliefs (Nimrud, Nineveh)" - what is the source?
> Frahm (2011) [^1]
- [x] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 16: "Tiglath-Pileser III (745–727 BCE): Administrative reforms, professional army" - what does "III" mean in this context?
> Roman numeral indicating third king of that name (Tiglath-Pileser the Third).
- [x] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 17: "Sargon II (722–705 BCE): Conquered Israel, built Dur-Sharrukin" - what does "II" mean in this context?
> Roman numeral indicating second king of that name (Sargon the Second).
- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 19: "Ashurbanipal (668–631 BCE): Created the Library of Nineveh [^1]" - Frahm source from 2011 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
> Scholarship remains current. Library of Nineveh significance is well-established.