<!-- factbase:61a12b -->
# Babylon

## Overview
Babylon was one of the most important cities of the ancient world, located on the Euphrates River in modern-day Iraq. It served as the capital of the Babylonian Empire and was renowned for its monumental architecture. The name derives from Akkadian *Bābilim*, meaning "gate of the god(s)." [^3]

## Key Facts
- Location: Central Mesopotamia, ~85 km south of modern Baghdad, Iraq @t[~1894 BCE..~1000 CE]
- Period of prominence: ~1894 BCE – 539 BCE @t[~1894 BCE..539 BCE]
- Neo-Babylonian Empire capital: 626–539 BCE @t[626 BCE..539 BCE]
- Modern site: Hillah, Babil Governorate, Iraq
- UNESCO World Heritage Site since July 2019 (criteria iii, vi; reference no. 278) @t[2019..]
- Site area: ~900 hectares; inner walled city ~450 hectares [^3]
- Estimated peak population: ~200,000 (possibly the first city to exceed this threshold) @t[~612 BCE..~320 BCE] [^3]

## Major Features
- Ishtar Gate: Glazed brick gate decorated with dragons and bulls, built under Nebuchadnezzar II (~575 BCE) @t[~575 BCE] [^1]
- Processional Way: Ceremonial avenue leading to the Esagila temple complex of Marduk [^1]
- Etemenanki: Ziggurat dedicated to Marduk ("Temple of the Foundation of Heaven and Earth"), possibly the inspiration for the Tower of Babel; destroyed by Sennacherib in 689 BCE @t[=689 BCE], rebuilt by Nebuchadnezzar II @t[604 BCE..562 BCE] [^3]
- Hanging Gardens: One of the Seven Wonders (existence and location debated; Dalley argues they were actually at Nineveh) [^2]
- Walls of Babylon: Also ranked among the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World [^3]
- Esagila: Main temple complex of Marduk, located at the Amran Ibn Ali mound [^3]

## Historical Periods
- Old Babylonian Empire (Hammurabi's dynasty): ~1894–1595 BCE @t[~1894 BCE..~1595 BCE]
- Kassite period: ~1595–1155 BCE @t[~1595 BCE..~1155 BCE]
- Assyrian domination and destruction by Sennacherib: 689 BCE @t[=689 BCE]
- Neo-Babylonian (Chaldean) Empire: 626–539 BCE @t[626 BCE..539 BCE]
- Persian conquest by Cyrus the Great: 539 BCE @t[=539 BCE]
- Alexander the Great enters Babylon: 331 BCE; dies there 323 BCE @t[=331 BCE] @t[=323 BCE]
- City gradually abandoned: ~2nd century BCE – ~1000 CE @t[~200 BCE..~1000 CE]

## Archaeological History
- Claudius Rich: first systematic survey, 1811–12 @t[1811 CE..1812 CE] [^3]
- Excavated by Robert Koldewey (1899–1917) for the German Oriental Society — first scientific excavation @t[1899 CE..1917 CE] [^1]
- Ishtar Gate reconstructed in the Pergamon Museum (Vorderasiatisches Museum), Berlin [^1]
- Saddam Hussein reconstruction project (1978–2003): rebuilt structures atop ruins, inscribed bricks with his name @t[1978 CE..2003 CE] [^3]
- Site suffered damage during the Iraq War (2003–2004) from US military base construction; British Museum report documented crushing of 2,600-year-old brick pavements @t[2003 CE..2004 CE] [^3]
- 2024 Iraqi excavation (Al-Fayadiya district, site 19/3): 478 artifacts recovered including cuneiform tablets, cylinder seals, and ceramic vessels; Old Babylonian and Sasanian strata identified @t[2024 CE] [^4]

---
[^1]: Koldewey, R. *The Excavations at Babylon* (1914)
[^2]: Dalley, S. *The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon* (2013)
[^3]: Wikipedia contributors. "Babylon." *Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia*. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon (accessed February 2026), citing Chandler, T. *Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth* (1987); Curtis, J. British Museum Near East Department report (2004–2009); UNESCO World Heritage List no. 278 (2019)
[^4]: Iraq State Board of Antiquities and Heritage, excavation report via LBV Magazine (October 2024). https://www.labrujulaverde.com/en/2024/10/buildings-cuneiform-tablets-cylinder-seals-and-more-than-400-archaeological-artifacts-discovered-in-ancient-babylon/