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<!-- factbase:450ee0 -->
# Battle of Actium
# Battle of Actium
## Overview
The Battle of Actium (31 BCE) was the decisive naval engagement in which Octavian (later Augustus) defeated the combined forces of Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII, ending the Roman Republic's civil wars and paving the way for the Roman Empire.
## Key Facts
- Date: 2 September 31 BCE
- Location: Ionian Sea, near Actium (western Greece)
- Belligerents: Octavian vs. Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII
- Commanders: Agrippa (for Octavian), Antony and Cleopatra
- Result: Decisive victory for Octavian [^1]
## The Battle
- Octavian's fleet: ~400 ships; Antony's fleet: ~230 warships + 60 Egyptian ships
- Antony's forces were weakened by desertion and disease during a prolonged blockade
- Cleopatra's squadron broke through and fled; Antony followed
- Remaining fleet surrendered; Antony's legions defected to Octavian
## Aftermath
- Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide in Alexandria (30 BCE)
- Egypt became a Roman province
- Octavian became sole ruler; Senate granted him the title Augustus (27 BCE) [^2]
---
[^1]: Plutarch, *Life of Antony*
[^2]: Lange, C.H. *The Battle of Actium 31 BC* (Cambridge, 2022)
---
## Review Queue
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Date: 2 September 31 BCE" - when was this true?
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Location: Ionian Sea, near Actium (western Greece)" - when was this true?
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Belligerents: Octavian vs. Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII" - when was this true?
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Commanders: Agrippa (for Octavian), Antony and Cleopatra" - when was this true?
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Result: Decisive victory for Octavian [^1]" - when was this true?
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Octavian's fleet: ~400 ships; Antony's fleet: ~230 warships + 60 Egyptian ships" - when was this true?
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Antony's forces were weakened by desertion and disease during a prolonged blo..." - when was this true?
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Cleopatra's squadron broke through and fled; Antony followed" - when was this true?
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Remaining fleet surrendered; Antony's legions defected to Octavian" - when was this true?
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide in Alexandria (30 BCE)" - when was this true?
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Egypt became a Roman province" - when was this true?
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Octavian became sole ruler; Senate granted him the title Augustus (27 BCE) [^2]" - when was this true?
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Date: 2 September 31 BCE" - what is the source?
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Location: Ionian Sea, near Actium (western Greece)" - what is the source?
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Belligerents: Octavian vs. Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII" - what is the source?
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Commanders: Agrippa (for Octavian), Antony and Cleopatra" - what is the source?
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Octavian's fleet: ~400 ships; Antony's fleet: ~230 warships + 60 Egyptian ships" - what is the source?
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Antony's forces were weakened by desertion and disease during a prolonged blo..." - what is the source?
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Cleopatra's squadron broke through and fled; Antony followed" - what is the source?
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Remaining fleet surrendered; Antony's legions defected to Octavian" - what is the source?
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide in Alexandria (30 BCE)" - what is the source?
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Egypt became a Roman province" - what is the source?
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- [ ] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 12: "Belligerents: Octavian vs. Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII" - what does "VII" mean in this context?
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- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 25: "Octavian became sole ruler; Senate granted him the title Augustus (27 BCE) [^2]" - Lange source from 2022 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
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