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<!-- factbase:2eca19 -->
# Battle of Gaugamela
# Battle of Gaugamela
## Overview
The Battle of Gaugamela (331 BCE) was the decisive battle in which Alexander the Great defeated the Persian King Darius III, effectively ending the Achaemenid Persian Empire.
## Key Facts
- Date: 1 October 331 BCE
- Location: Gaugamela (near modern Erbil, Iraq)
- Belligerents: Macedon vs. Persian Empire
- Commanders: Alexander the Great vs. Darius III
- Result: Decisive Macedonian victory [^1]
## The Battle
- Alexander: ~47,000 troops; Darius: ~50,000–100,000 (ancient sources claim up to 1 million)
- Darius prepared the battlefield with scythed chariots and leveled ground for cavalry
- Alexander used an oblique advance, drawing the Persian line apart
- Led a cavalry charge through a gap directly at Darius, who fled
- Persian army collapsed after Darius' flight
## Aftermath
- Alexander captured Babylon, Susa, and Persepolis
- Darius III was later murdered by his own satrap Bessus (330 BCE)
- Marked the end of the Achaemenid dynasty after ~220 years [^2]
---
[^1]: Arrian, *Anabasis of Alexander* 3.8–15
[^2]: Heckel, W. *The Conquests of Alexander the Great* (Cambridge, 2008)
---
## Review Queue
<!-- factbase:review -->
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Date: 1 October 331 BCE" - when was this true?
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Location: Gaugamela (near modern Erbil, Iraq)" - when was this true?
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Belligerents: Macedon vs. Persian Empire" - when was this true?
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Commanders: Alexander the Great vs. Darius III" - when was this true?
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Result: Decisive Macedonian victory [^1]" - when was this true?
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Alexander: ~47,000 troops; Darius: ~50,000–100,000 (ancient sources claim u..." - when was this true?
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Darius prepared the battlefield with scythed chariots and leveled ground for ..." - when was this true?
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Alexander used an oblique advance, drawing the Persian line apart" - when was this true?
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Led a cavalry charge through a gap directly at Darius, who fled" - when was this true?
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "Persian army collapsed after Darius' flight" - when was this true?
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Alexander captured Babylon, Susa, and Persepolis" - when was this true?
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Darius III was later murdered by his own satrap Bessus (330 BCE)" - when was this true?
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Marked the end of the Achaemenid dynasty after ~220 years [^2]" - when was this true?
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Date: 1 October 331 BCE" - what is the source?
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Location: Gaugamela (near modern Erbil, Iraq)" - what is the source?
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Belligerents: Macedon vs. Persian Empire" - what is the source?
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Commanders: Alexander the Great vs. Darius III" - what is the source?
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Alexander: ~47,000 troops; Darius: ~50,000–100,000 (ancient sources claim u..." - what is the source?
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Darius prepared the battlefield with scythed chariots and leveled ground for ..." - what is the source?
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Alexander used an oblique advance, drawing the Persian line apart" - what is the source?
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Led a cavalry charge through a gap directly at Darius, who fled" - what is the source?
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 21: "Persian army collapsed after Darius' flight" - what is the source?
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Alexander captured Babylon, Susa, and Persepolis" - what is the source?
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Darius III was later murdered by his own satrap Bessus (330 BCE)" - what is the source?
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- [ ] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 13: "Commanders: Alexander the Great vs. Darius III" - what does "III" mean in this context?
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- [ ] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 25: "Darius III was later murdered by his own satrap Bessus (330 BCE)" - what does "III" mean in this context?
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- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 26: "Marked the end of the Achaemenid dynasty after ~220 years [^2]" - Heckel source from 2008 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
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