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<!-- factbase:c1f224 -->
# Babylonia
# Babylonia
## Overview
Babylonia was a major Mesopotamian civilization centered on the city of Babylon, with two principal periods of dominance: the Old Babylonian period under Hammurabi (~1792–1750 BCE) and the Neo-Babylonian Empire (626–539 BCE) under Nebuchadnezzar II.
## Key Facts
- Region: Central-southern Mesopotamia (modern Iraq)
- Old Babylonian period: ~1894–1595 BCE
- Neo-Babylonian period: 626–539 BCE
- Capital: Babylon
- Language: Akkadian (Babylonian dialect)
## Notable Rulers
- Hammurabi (~1792–1750 BCE): Unified Mesopotamia, issued the Code of Hammurabi [^1]
- Nebuchadnezzar II (605–562 BCE): Built the Ishtar Gate, destroyed the Temple of Jerusalem (586 BCE)
- Nabonidus (556–539 BCE): Last native king, defeated by Cyrus the Great
## Achievements
- Code of Hammurabi: One of the earliest comprehensive legal codes (~1754 BCE)
- Advanced astronomy and mathematics (predicted eclipses, developed algebra)
- Hanging Gardens of Babylon (one of the Seven Wonders, existence debated) [^2]
- Ishtar Gate and Processional Way
## Decline
The Neo-Babylonian Empire fell to Cyrus the Great of Persia in 539 BCE.
---
[^1]: Roth, M.T. *Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor* (1997)
[^2]: Dalley, S. *The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon* (2013)
---
## Review Queue
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Nebuchadnezzar II (605–562 BCE): Built the Ishtar Gate, destroyed the Templ..." - when was this true?
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Nabonidus (556–539 BCE): Last native king, defeated by Cyrus the Great" - when was this true?
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Code of Hammurabi: One of the earliest comprehensive legal codes (~1754 BCE)" - when was this true?
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