initial repo seedings
This commit is contained in:
daniel
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legal-codes/code-of-hammurabi.md
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<!-- factbase:31de03 -->
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# Code of Hammurabi
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# Code of Hammurabi
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## Overview
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The Code of Hammurabi (~1754 BCE) is one of the most complete and well-known ancient legal codes, inscribed on a basalt stele and containing 282 laws governing Babylonian society.
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## Key Facts
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- Date: ~1754 BCE
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- Issuer: Hammurabi, King of Babylon
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- Language: Akkadian (Babylonian dialect)
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- Medium: Basalt stele, 2.25 m tall
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- Current location: Louvre Museum, Paris (discovered at Susa, 1901)
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## Structure
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- Prologue: Hammurabi as divinely appointed shepherd of his people
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- 282 laws organized by topic
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- Epilogue: Blessings for those who uphold the laws, curses for those who deface the stele [^1]
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## Legal Principles
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- *Lex talionis*: "An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth" (with class-based modifications)
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- Three social classes: *awilum* (free), *mushkenum* (dependent), *wardum* (slave)
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- Covers: Property, trade, family law, labor, personal injury, agriculture
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- Presumption of innocence in some cases; trial by ordeal in others [^2]
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## Significance
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- Not the earliest code (preceded by Code of Ur-Nammu) but the most complete
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- Provides detailed picture of Old Babylonian society
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- Influenced later Near Eastern legal traditions
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---
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[^1]: Roth, M.T. *Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor* (1997)
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[^2]: Driver, G.R. & Miles, J.C. *The Babylonian Laws* (Oxford, 1952–1955)
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---
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## Review Queue
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<!-- factbase:review -->
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Date: ~1754 BCE" - when was this true?
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Issuer: Hammurabi, King of Babylon" - when was this true?
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Language: Akkadian (Babylonian dialect)" - when was this true?
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Prologue: Hammurabi as divinely appointed shepherd of his people" - when was this true?
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "282 laws organized by topic" - when was this true?
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "*Lex talionis*: "An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth" (with class-based mo..." - when was this true?
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Three social classes: *awilum* (free), *mushkenum* (dependent), *wardum* (slave)" - when was this true?
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Covers: Property, trade, family law, labor, personal injury, agriculture" - when was this true?
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Presumption of innocence in some cases; trial by ordeal in others [^2]" - when was this true?
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 29: "Provides detailed picture of Old Babylonian society" - when was this true?
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 30: "Influenced later Near Eastern legal traditions" - when was this true?
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Date: ~1754 BCE" - what is the source?
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Issuer: Hammurabi, King of Babylon" - what is the source?
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Language: Akkadian (Babylonian dialect)" - what is the source?
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Medium: Basalt stele, 2.25 m tall" - what is the source?
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Current location: Louvre Museum, Paris (discovered at Susa, 1901)" - what is the source?
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Prologue: Hammurabi as divinely appointed shepherd of his people" - what is the source?
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "282 laws organized by topic" - what is the source?
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "*Lex talionis*: "An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth" (with class-based mo..." - what is the source?
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Three social classes: *awilum* (free), *mushkenum* (dependent), *wardum* (slave)" - what is the source?
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Covers: Property, trade, family law, labor, personal injury, agriculture" - what is the source?
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 28: "Not the earliest code (preceded by Code of Ur-Nammu) but the most complete" - what is the source?
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 29: "Provides detailed picture of Old Babylonian society" - what is the source?
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 30: "Influenced later Near Eastern legal traditions" - what is the source?
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- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 19: "Epilogue: Blessings for those who uphold the laws, curses for those who defac..." - Roth source from 1997 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 25: "Presumption of innocence in some cases; trial by ordeal in others [^2]" - Driver source from 1952 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
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>
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legal-codes/code-of-ur-nammu.md
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legal-codes/code-of-ur-nammu.md
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<!-- factbase:5a1717 -->
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# Code of Ur-Nammu
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# Code of Ur-Nammu
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## Overview
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The Code of Ur-Nammu (~2100–2050 BCE) is the oldest known legal code, predating the Code of Hammurabi by ~300 years. It was issued by Ur-Nammu (or his son Shulgi) of the Third Dynasty of Ur.
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## Key Facts
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- Date: ~2100–2050 BCE
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- Issuer: Ur-Nammu or Shulgi, Third Dynasty of Ur
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- Language: Sumerian
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- Discovered: Fragments found at Nippur and Ur
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## Content
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- Prologue establishes the king as agent of divine justice
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- ~30 surviving laws (originally more)
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- Covers: Bodily injury, robbery, sexual offenses, marriage, slavery, agricultural disputes
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- Uses monetary compensation (fines) rather than *lex talionis* ("eye for an eye") [^1]
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## Significance
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- Oldest known legal code, predating Hammurabi by ~300 years
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- Shows that Sumerian legal tradition favored fines over physical punishment
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- Demonstrates sophisticated legal thinking in the 3rd millennium BCE [^2]
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---
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[^1]: Roth, M.T. *Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor* (1997)
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[^2]: Kramer, S.N. "Ur-Nammu Law Code" *Orientalia* 23 (1954)
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---
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## Review Queue
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<!-- factbase:review -->
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Date: ~2100–2050 BCE" - when was this true?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Language: Sumerian" - when was this true?
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "~30 surviving laws (originally more)" - what is the source?
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- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 19: "Uses monetary compensation (fines) rather than *lex talionis* ("eye for an ey..." - Roth source from 1997 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
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- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 24: "Demonstrates sophisticated legal thinking in the 3rd millennium BCE [^2]" - Kramer source from 1954 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
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112
legal-codes/twelve-tables.md
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legal-codes/twelve-tables.md
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<!-- factbase:6beab6 -->
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# Twelve Tables
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# Twelve Tables
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## Overview
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The Twelve Tables (~451–450 BCE) were the foundation of Roman law, the first written legal code of the Roman Republic. They were created in response to plebeian demands for publicly accessible laws.
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## Key Facts
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- Date: ~451–450 BCE
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- Issuer: Decemviri (commission of ten men)
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- Language: Archaic Latin
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- Context: Conflict of the Orders between patricians and plebeians
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## Content
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- Originally inscribed on twelve bronze tablets displayed in the Roman Forum
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- Covered: Court procedure, debt, family law, property, inheritance, torts, public law [^1]
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- Established legal equality (in principle) between patricians and plebeians
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- Prohibited intermarriage between classes (later repealed by *Lex Canuleia*, 445 BCE)
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## Significance
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- Foundation of all subsequent Roman law (*ius civile*)
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- First written Roman law, ending patrician monopoly on legal interpretation
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- Roman schoolchildren memorized them for centuries
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- Original tablets lost (possibly in the Gallic sack of Rome, 390 BCE) [^2]
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- Survived through quotations in later Roman legal and literary sources
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---
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[^1]: Crawford, M.H. *Roman Statutes* (1996)
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[^2]: Watson, A. *Rome of the XII Tables* (Princeton, 1975)
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---
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## Review Queue
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<!-- factbase:review -->
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Date: ~451–450 BCE" - when was this true?
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Issuer: Decemviri (commission of ten men)" - when was this true?
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Issuer: Decemviri (commission of ten men)" - what is the source?
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Language: Archaic Latin" - what is the source?
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Originally inscribed on twelve bronze tablets displayed in the Roman Forum" - what is the source?
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Established legal equality (in principle) between patricians and plebeians" - what is the source?
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Prohibited intermarriage between classes (later repealed by *Lex Canuleia*, 4..." - what is the source?
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Foundation of all subsequent Roman law (*ius civile*)" - what is the source?
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "First written Roman law, ending patrician monopoly on legal interpretation" - what is the source?
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Roman schoolchildren memorized them for centuries" - what is the source?
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 26: "Survived through quotations in later Roman legal and literary sources" - what is the source?
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- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "Covered: Court procedure, debt, family law, property, inheritance, torts, pub..." - Crawford source from 1996 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
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- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 25: "Original tablets lost (possibly in the Gallic sack of Rome, 390 BCE) [^2]" - Watson source from 1975 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
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>
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