Add BCE temporal tags to all documents; add temporal-dating steering doc

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daniel
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# Battle of Actium
## Overview
The Battle of Actium (31 BCE) was the decisive naval engagement in which Octavian (later Augustus) defeated the combined forces of Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII, ending the Roman Republic's civil wars and paving the way for the Roman Empire.
The Battle of Actium (31 BCE) was the decisive naval engagement in which Octavian (later Augustus) defeated the combined forces of Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII, ending the Roman Republic's civil wars and paving the way for the Roman Empire. @t[=31 BCE]
## Key Facts
- Date: 2 September 31 BCE
- Date: 2 September 31 BCE @t[=31 BCE]
- Location: Ionian Sea, near Actium (western Greece)
- Belligerents: Octavian vs. Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII
- Commanders: Agrippa (for Octavian), Antony and Cleopatra
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- Remaining fleet surrendered; Antony's legions defected to Octavian
## Aftermath
- Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide in Alexandria (30 BCE)
- Egypt became a Roman province (30 BCE)
- Octavian became sole ruler; Senate granted him the title Augustus (27 BCE) [^2]
- Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide in Alexandria (30 BCE) @t[=30 BCE]
- Egypt became a Roman province (30 BCE) @t[=30 BCE]
- Octavian became sole ruler; Senate granted him the title Augustus (27 BCE) @t[=27 BCE] [^2]
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[^1]: Plutarch, *Life of Antony*

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# Battle of Cannae
## Overview
The Battle of Cannae (216 BCE) was Hannibal Barca's masterpiece — a devastating double envelopment of a much larger Roman army during the Second Punic War. It remains one of the most studied tactical victories in military history.
The Battle of Cannae (216 BCE) was Hannibal Barca's masterpiece — a devastating double envelopment of a much larger Roman army during the Second Punic War. It remains one of the most studied tactical victories in military history. @t[=216 BCE]
## Key Facts
- Date: 2 August 216 BCE
- Date: 2 August 216 BCE @t[=216 BCE]
- Location: Cannae, Apulia (southeastern Italy), near the River Aufidus (modern Ofanto)
- Belligerents: Carthage vs. Roman Republic
- Commanders: Hannibal Barca (Carthage), Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Gaius Terentius Varro (Rome)
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- Hannibal's double envelopment became the gold standard of tactical warfare
- Despite the victory, Hannibal could not take Rome itself
- Rome eventually adopted Fabian attrition strategy and won the war
- Scipio Africanus later used Hannibal's own encirclement tactics to defeat him at the Battle of Zama (202 BCE), ending the Second Punic War [^1]
- Scipio Africanus later used Hannibal's own encirclement tactics to defeat him at the Battle of Zama (202 BCE), ending the Second Punic War @t[=202 BCE] [^1]
- Cannae is still studied in military academies worldwide as a model of operational art [^2]
## Archaeology

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# Battle of Gaugamela
## Overview
The Battle of Gaugamela (331 BCE) was the decisive battle in which Alexander the Great defeated the Persian King Darius III, effectively ending the Achaemenid Persian Empire.
The Battle of Gaugamela (331 BCE) was the decisive battle in which Alexander the Great defeated the Persian King Darius III, effectively ending the Achaemenid Persian Empire. @t[=331 BCE]
## Key Facts
- Date: 1 October 331 BCE
- Date: 1 October 331 BCE @t[=331 BCE]
- Location: Gaugamela (near modern Erbil, Iraq)
- Belligerents: Macedon vs. Persian Empire
- Commanders: Alexander the Great vs. Darius III
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ The Battle of Gaugamela (331 BCE) was the decisive battle in which Alexander the
## Aftermath
- Alexander captured Babylon, Susa, and Persepolis
- Darius III was later murdered by his own satrap Bessus (330 BCE)
- Darius III was later murdered by his own satrap Bessus (330 BCE) @t[=330 BCE]
- Marked the end of the Achaemenid dynasty after ~220 years [^2]
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# Battle of Kadesh
## Overview
The Battle of Kadesh (~1274 BCE) was fought between the Egyptian Empire under Ramesses II and the Hittite Empire under Muwatalli II near the city of Kadesh on the Orontes River (modern Syria). It is the earliest battle for which detailed tactical accounts survive from both sides.
The Battle of Kadesh (~1274 BCE) was fought between the Egyptian Empire under Ramesses II and the Hittite Empire under Muwatalli II near the city of Kadesh on the Orontes River (modern Syria). It is the earliest battle for which detailed tactical accounts survive from both sides. @t[~1274 BCE]
## Key Facts
- Date: ~1274 BCE
- Date: ~1274 BCE @t[~1274 BCE]
- Location: Kadesh, on the Orontes River (modern Tell Nebi Mend, Syria)
- Belligerents: Egypt vs. Hittite Empire
- Commanders: Ramesses II (Egypt), Muwatalli II (Hittites)
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- Ramesses personally led a counterattack
## Aftermath
- Led to the Treaty of Kadesh (~1259 BCE), the earliest known international peace treaty
- Led to the Treaty of Kadesh (~1259 BCE), the earliest known international peace treaty @t[~1259 BCE]
- Egypt retained influence in Canaan; Hittites kept Syria
- Ramesses commissioned extensive propaganda reliefs at Abu Simbel, Karnak, and the Ramesseum [^2]

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# Battle of Marathon
## Overview
The Battle of Marathon (490 BCE) was a decisive Greek victory over the Persian Empire during the first Persian invasion of Greece. It demonstrated that the Persians could be defeated and became a symbol of Greek resistance.
The Battle of Marathon (490 BCE) was a decisive Greek victory over the Persian Empire during the first Persian invasion of Greece. It demonstrated that the Persians could be defeated and became a symbol of Greek resistance. @t[=490 BCE]
## Key Facts
- Date: September 490 BCE
- Date: September 490 BCE @t[=490 BCE]
- Location: Plain of Marathon, ~40 km northeast of Athens
- Belligerents: Athens and Plataea vs. Persian Empire
- Commanders: Miltiades (Athens), Datis and Artaphernes (Persia)

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# Battle of Thermopylae
## Overview
The Battle of Thermopylae (480 BCE) was a famous last stand by a Greek force led by King Leonidas I of Sparta against the massive Persian army of Xerxes I during the second Persian invasion of Greece.
The Battle of Thermopylae (480 BCE) was a famous last stand by a Greek force led by King Leonidas I of Sparta against the massive Persian army of Xerxes I during the second Persian invasion of Greece. @t[=480 BCE]
## Key Facts
- Date: August 480 BCE (three days)
- Date: August 480 BCE (three days) @t[=480 BCE]
- Location: Thermopylae pass ("Hot Gates"), central Greece
- Belligerents: Greek alliance vs. Persian Empire
- Commanders: Leonidas I (Sparta), Xerxes I (Persia)