Add BCE temporal tags to all documents; add temporal-dating steering doc
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# Ancient Egypt
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## Overview
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Ancient Egypt was a civilization centered along the Nile River in northeastern Africa, lasting from ~3100 BCE to 30 BCE. It produced monumental architecture, a complex writing system, and one of the longest-lasting state structures in history.
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Ancient Egypt was a civilization centered along the Nile River in northeastern Africa, lasting from ~3100 BCE to 30 BCE. It produced monumental architecture, a complex writing system, and one of the longest-lasting state structures in history. @t[~3100 BCE]
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## Key Facts
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- Region: Nile Valley and Delta, northeastern Africa
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- Period: ~3100 BCE – 30 BCE (Roman annexation)
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- Period: ~3100 BCE – 30 BCE (Roman annexation) @t[3100 BCE..30 BCE]
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- Capital cities: Memphis, Thebes, Amarna, Alexandria (Ptolemaic)
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- Language: Egyptian (Afro-Asiatic family)
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- Writing systems: Hieroglyphic, Hieratic, Demotic
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- Religion: Polytheistic with pharaoh as divine intermediary
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## Major Periods
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- Early Dynastic (~3100–2686 BCE): Unification under Narmer/Menes
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- Old Kingdom (~2686–2181 BCE): Pyramid age, centralized power
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- Middle Kingdom (~2055–1650 BCE): Cultural golden age
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- New Kingdom (~1550–1069 BCE): Imperial expansion, Ramesses II, Tutankhamun
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- Ptolemaic Period (305–30 BCE): Greek-ruled Egypt after Alexander's conquest
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- Early Dynastic (~3100–2686 BCE): Unification under Narmer/Menes @t[3100 BCE..2686 BCE]
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- Old Kingdom (~2686–2181 BCE): Pyramid age, centralized power @t[2686 BCE..2181 BCE]
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- Middle Kingdom (~2055–1650 BCE): Cultural golden age @t[2055 BCE..1650 BCE]
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- New Kingdom (~1550–1069 BCE): Imperial expansion, Ramesses II, Tutankhamun @t[1550 BCE..1069 BCE]
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- Ptolemaic Period (305–30 BCE): Greek-ruled Egypt after Alexander's conquest @t[305 BCE..30 BCE]
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## Achievements
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- Great Pyramid of Giza, built ~2560 BCE under Khufu [^1]
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- Developed hieroglyphic writing ~3200 BCE
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- Great Pyramid of Giza, built ~2560 BCE under Khufu @t[~2560 BCE] [^1]
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- Developed hieroglyphic writing ~3200 BCE @t[~3200 BCE]
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- Advanced mummification and funerary practices
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- Sophisticated medicine, mathematics, and astronomy
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- Monumental temple complexes at Karnak and Luxor
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## Decline
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Egypt fell under Persian rule (525 BCE), then Macedonian (332 BCE), and finally became a Roman province after the death of Cleopatra VII in 30 BCE.
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Egypt fell under Persian rule (525 BCE), then Macedonian (332 BCE), and finally became a Roman province after the death of Cleopatra VII in 30 BCE. @t[=525 BCE]
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---
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[^1]: Lehner, M. *The Complete Pyramids* (Thames & Hudson, 1997)
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