Add BCE temporal tags to all documents; add temporal-dating steering doc
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# Phoenicia
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## Overview
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Phoenicia (~1500–300 BCE) was a maritime civilization of city-states along the coast of modern Lebanon. The Phoenicians were master sailors and traders who developed the alphabet that became the ancestor of Greek, Latin, and most modern alphabets.
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Phoenicia (~1500–300 BCE) was a maritime civilization of city-states along the coast of modern Lebanon. The Phoenicians were master sailors and traders who developed the alphabet that became the ancestor of Greek, Latin, and most modern alphabets. @t[1500 BCE..300 BCE]
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## Key Facts
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- Region: Coastal Lebanon, with colonies across the Mediterranean
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- Period: ~1500–300 BCE
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- Period: ~1500–300 BCE @t[1500 BCE..300 BCE]
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- Major cities: Tyre, Sidon, Byblos, Berytus (Beirut)
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- Language: Phoenician (Northwest Semitic)
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- Writing: Phoenician alphabet (~1050 BCE), ancestor of Greek and Latin alphabets [^1]
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- Writing: Phoenician alphabet (~1050 BCE), ancestor of Greek and Latin alphabets @t[~1050 BCE] [^1]
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## Achievements
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- Developed the first widely-used phonetic alphabet ~1050 BCE
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- Founded Carthage (~814 BCE) and colonies across the western Mediterranean
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- Developed the first widely-used phonetic alphabet ~1050 BCE @t[~1050 BCE]
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- Founded Carthage (~814 BCE) and colonies across the western Mediterranean @t[~814 BCE]
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- Pioneered long-distance maritime trade (tin from Britain, gold from West Africa)
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- Produced Tyrian purple dye from murex snails
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- Circumnavigated Africa under commission from Pharaoh Necho II (~600 BCE) [^2]
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- Circumnavigated Africa under commission from Pharaoh Necho II (~600 BCE) @t[~600 BCE] [^2]
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## Decline
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Phoenician city-states fell under successive foreign rule: Assyrian, Babylonian, Persian, and finally Macedonian. Tyre was besieged and captured by Alexander the Great in 332 BCE.
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Phoenician city-states fell under successive foreign rule: Assyrian, Babylonian, Persian, and finally Macedonian. Tyre was besieged and captured by Alexander the Great in 332 BCE. @t[=332 BCE]
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---
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[^1]: Markoe, G. *Phoenicians* (University of California Press, 2000)
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