Add BCE temporal tags to all documents; add temporal-dating steering doc
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# Greek Philosophy
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## Overview
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Greek philosophy (~600 BCE – ~500 CE) laid the foundations of Western intellectual tradition, encompassing metaphysics, ethics, logic, political theory, and natural science.
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Greek philosophy (~600 BCE – ~500 CE) laid the foundations of Western intellectual tradition, encompassing metaphysics, ethics, logic, political theory, and natural science. @t[600 BCE..500]
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## Key Facts
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- Period: ~600 BCE (Thales) – ~529 CE (closure of Plato's Academy by Justinian)
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- Period: ~600 BCE (Thales) – ~529 CE (closure of Plato's Academy by Justinian) @t[~600 BCE]
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- Region: Greek world (Ionia, Athens, Alexandria, Rome)
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- Major schools: Pre-Socratics, Pythagoreanism, Platonism, Aristotelianism, Cynicism, Stoicism, Epicureanism, Skepticism, Neoplatonism
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## Major Figures
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- Thales of Miletus (~624–546 BCE): First philosopher, proposed water as the fundamental substance [^1]
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- Pythagoras (~570–495 BCE): Founded Pythagoreanism; blended mathematics, mysticism, and ethics; taught metempsychosis (transmigration of souls); influenced Plato [^3]
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- Heraclitus (~535–475 BCE): "Everything flows" (*panta rhei*)
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- Pyrrho of Elis (~360–270 BCE): Founded Pyrrhonism (radical skepticism); advocated suspension of judgment (*epoché*) to achieve tranquility (*ataraxia*) [^3]
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- Diogenes of Sinope (~412–323 BCE): Leading Cynic philosopher; rejected social conventions and material wealth in favor of virtue and self-sufficiency [^3]
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- Socrates (~470–399 BCE): Socratic method, executed for impiety
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- Plato (~428–348 BCE): Theory of Forms, founded the Academy
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- Aristotle (384–322 BCE): Logic, natural science, ethics, politics; founded the Lyceum
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- Epicurus (341–270 BCE): Atomism, pleasure as the highest good
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- Zeno of Citium (~334–262 BCE): Founded Stoicism [^2]
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- Thales of Miletus (~624–546 BCE): First philosopher, proposed water as the fundamental substance @t[624 BCE..546 BCE] [^1]
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- Pythagoras (~570–495 BCE): Founded Pythagoreanism; blended mathematics, mysticism, and ethics; taught metempsychosis (transmigration of souls); influenced Plato @t[570 BCE..495 BCE] [^3]
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- Heraclitus (~535–475 BCE): "Everything flows" (*panta rhei*) @t[535 BCE..475 BCE]
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- Pyrrho of Elis (~360–270 BCE): Founded Pyrrhonism (radical skepticism); advocated suspension of judgment (*epoché*) to achieve tranquility (*ataraxia*) @t[360 BCE..270 BCE] [^3]
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- Diogenes of Sinope (~412–323 BCE): Leading Cynic philosopher; rejected social conventions and material wealth in favor of virtue and self-sufficiency @t[412 BCE..323 BCE] [^3]
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- Socrates (~470–399 BCE): Socratic method, executed for impiety @t[470 BCE..399 BCE]
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- Plato (~428–348 BCE): Theory of Forms, founded the Academy @t[428 BCE..348 BCE]
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- Aristotle (384–322 BCE): Logic, natural science, ethics, politics; founded the Lyceum @t[384 BCE..322 BCE]
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- Epicurus (341–270 BCE): Atomism, pleasure as the highest good @t[341 BCE..270 BCE]
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- Zeno of Citium (~334–262 BCE): Founded Stoicism @t[334 BCE..262 BCE] [^2]
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- Plotinus (204/5–270 CE): Founded Neoplatonism; posited emanation from "the One" as the source of all reality; among the most influential philosophers of late antiquity [^3]
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## Legacy
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# Hellenism
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## Overview
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Hellenism refers to the spread of Greek language, culture, art, and thought across the eastern Mediterranean and Near East following Alexander the Great's conquests (323 BCE onward). The Hellenistic period lasted until Roman absorption of the last successor kingdom (30 BCE).
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Hellenism refers to the spread of Greek language, culture, art, and thought across the eastern Mediterranean and Near East following Alexander the Great's conquests (323 BCE onward). The Hellenistic period lasted until Roman absorption of the last successor kingdom (30 BCE). @t[=323 BCE]
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## Key Facts
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- Period: 323–30 BCE (death of Alexander to death of Cleopatra VII)
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- Period: 323–30 BCE (death of Alexander to death of Cleopatra VII) @t[323 BCE..30 BCE]
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- Region: Eastern Mediterranean, Near East, Central Asia, Egypt
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- Key kingdoms: Ptolemaic Egypt, Seleucid Empire, Antigonid Macedon, Pergamon
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- Lingua franca: Koine Greek
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