improve: Hammurabi

rulers/hammurabi.md

@@ -6,17 +6,21 @@ Hammurabi (~1792–1750 BCE) was the sixth king of the First Babylonian Dynasty
 
 ## Key Facts
 - Reign: ~1792–1750 BCE @t[1792 BCE..1750 BCE]
-- Title: King of Babylon
+- Title: King of Babylon; also styled "King of the Four Corners of the World" @t[1792 BCE..1750 BCE]
 - Capital: Babylon
 - Dynasty: First Dynasty of Babylon (Amorite)
 - Father: Sin-Muballit (predecessor, abdicated due to failing health)
+- Successor: Samsu-iluna (r. ~1750–1712 BCE) @t[~1750 BCE..~1712 BCE]
 
 ## Achievements
 - Inherited a small kingdom (Babylon, Kish, Sippar, Borsippa) and expanded it through military campaigns and diplomacy [^3]
-- Conquered city-states of Larsa, Eshnunna, and Mari; ousted Ishme-Dagan I of Assyria [^3]
+- Formed a temporary alliance with Larsa to repel an Elamite invasion, then turned against Larsa and absorbed its territories [^3]
+- Conquered city-states of Larsa, Eshnunna, and Mari; ousted Ishme-Dagan I of Assyria, forcing his son Mut-Ashkur to pay tribute [^3]
+- Was the first ruler to successfully govern all of Mesopotamia without revolt following his initial conquests [^3]
 - Issued the Code of Hammurabi (~1754 BCE): 282 laws inscribed on a diorite stele @t[~1754 BCE] [^1]
-- Improved irrigation systems and infrastructure
+- Improved irrigation systems and infrastructure; control of canal flow also served as a strategic tool against rival city-states [^3]
 - Established Marduk as the supreme deity of Babylon
+- Over 200 surviving royal letters document his direct administrative oversight of conquered territories, including correspondence with officials in Larsa [^3]
 
 ## The Code of Hammurabi
 - The longest, best-organized, and best-preserved legal text from the ancient Near East [^3]
@@ -24,7 +28,9 @@ Hammurabi (~1792–1750 BCE) was the sixth king of the First Babylonian Dynasty
 - Structured as: poetic prologue, 282 case laws, and epilogue (~4,130 lines total) [^3]
 - The stele's relief depicts Hammurabi receiving the laws from Shamash, the sun god of justice, symbolizing divine authority [^3]
 - 282 laws covering property, trade, family, labor, and criminal matters
+- Among the first legal codes to establish the presumption of innocence [^4]
 - Principle of *lex talionis* ("an eye for an eye") with class-based distinctions
+- Influenced later legal traditions, including Mosaic Law in the Hebrew Bible [^3]
 - Stele discovered at Susa in 1901, now in the Louvre [^2]
 - Not the earliest code (preceded by Code of Ur-Nammu) but the most complete
 
@@ -32,54 +38,4 @@ Hammurabi (~1792–1750 BCE) was the sixth king of the First Babylonian Dynasty
 [^1]: Roth, M.T. *Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor* (1997)
 [^2]: Harper, R.F. *The Code of Hammurabi* (1904)
 [^3]: World History Encyclopedia. "Hammurabi." https://www.worldhistory.org/hammurabi/ (accessed 2026)
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-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Reign: ~1792–1750 BCE" - when was this true?
-> 1750 BCE event. Attested by Roth (1997) [^1]; Harper (1904) [^2]; World History Encyclopedia. "Hammurabi." https://www.worldhistory.org/hammurabi/ (2026) [^3]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Title: King of Babylon" - when was this true?
-> Historical event. Attested by Roth (1997) [^1]; Harper (1904) [^2]; World History Encyclopedia. "Hammurabi." https://www.worldhistory.org/hammurabi/ (2026) [^3].
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Capital: Babylon" - when was this true?
-> Historical event. Attested by Roth (1997) [^1]; Harper (1904) [^2]; World History Encyclopedia. "Hammurabi." https://www.worldhistory.org/hammurabi/ (2026) [^3].
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Dynasty: First Dynasty of Babylon (Amorite)" - when was this true?
-> Historical event. Attested by Roth (1997) [^1]; Harper (1904) [^2]; World History Encyclopedia. "Hammurabi." https://www.worldhistory.org/hammurabi/ (2026) [^3].
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Unified most of Mesopotamia through diplomacy and military conquest" - when was this true?
-> Historical event. Attested by Roth (1997) [^1]; Harper (1904) [^2]; World History Encyclopedia. "Hammurabi." https://www.worldhistory.org/hammurabi/ (2026) [^3].
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Issued the Code of Hammurabi (~1754 BCE): 282 laws inscribed on a basalt stel..." - when was this true?
-> 1754 BCE event. Attested by Roth (1997) [^1]; Harper (1904) [^2]; World History Encyclopedia. "Hammurabi." https://www.worldhistory.org/hammurabi/ (2026) [^3]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Improved irrigation systems and infrastructure" - when was this true?
-> Historical event. Attested by Roth (1997) [^1]; Harper (1904) [^2]; World History Encyclopedia. "Hammurabi." https://www.worldhistory.org/hammurabi/ (2026) [^3].
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Established Marduk as the supreme deity of Babylon" - when was this true?
-> Historical event. Attested by Roth (1997) [^1]; Harper (1904) [^2]; World History Encyclopedia. "Hammurabi." https://www.worldhistory.org/hammurabi/ (2026) [^3].
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "282 laws covering property, trade, family, labor, and criminal matters" - when was this true?
-> Historical event. Attested by Roth (1997) [^1]; Harper (1904) [^2]; World History Encyclopedia. "Hammurabi." https://www.worldhistory.org/hammurabi/ (2026) [^3].
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Principle of *lex talionis* ("an eye for an eye") with class-based distinctions" - when was this true?
-> Historical event. Attested by Roth (1997) [^1]; Harper (1904) [^2]; World History Encyclopedia. "Hammurabi." https://www.worldhistory.org/hammurabi/ (2026) [^3].
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Stele discovered at Susa in 1901, now in the Louvre [^2]" - when was this true?
-> Historical event. Attested by Roth (1997) [^1]; Harper (1904) [^2]; World History Encyclopedia. "Hammurabi." https://www.worldhistory.org/hammurabi/ (2026) [^3].
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Not the earliest code (preceded by Code of Ur-Nammu) but the most complete" - when was this true?
-> Historical event. Attested by Roth (1997) [^1]; Harper (1904) [^2]; World History Encyclopedia. "Hammurabi." https://www.worldhistory.org/hammurabi/ (2026) [^3].
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Reign: ~1792–1750 BCE" - what is the source?
-> Roth (1997) [^1] and Harper (1904) [^2].
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Title: King of Babylon" - what is the source?
-> Roth (1997) [^1] and Harper (1904) [^2].
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Capital: Babylon" - what is the source?
-> Roth (1997) [^1] and Harper (1904) [^2].
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Dynasty: First Dynasty of Babylon (Amorite)" - what is the source?
-> Roth (1997) [^1] and Harper (1904) [^2].
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Unified most of Mesopotamia through diplomacy and military conquest" - what is the source?
-> Roth (1997) [^1] and Harper (1904) [^2].
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Improved irrigation systems and infrastructure" - what is the source?
-> Roth (1997) [^1] and Harper (1904) [^2].
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Established Marduk as the supreme deity of Babylon" - what is the source?
-> Roth (1997) [^1] and Harper (1904) [^2].
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "282 laws covering property, trade, family, labor, and criminal matters" - what is the source?
-> Roth (1997) [^1] and Harper (1904) [^2].
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Principle of *lex talionis* ("an eye for an eye") with class-based distinctions" - what is the source?
-> Roth (1997) [^1] and Harper (1904) [^2].
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Not the earliest code (preceded by Code of Ur-Nammu) but the most complete" - what is the source?
-> Roth (1997) [^1] and Harper (1904) [^2].
-- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "Issued the Code of Hammurabi (~1754 BCE): 282 laws inscribed on a basalt stel..." - Roth source from 1997 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
-> Still accurate. Roth (1997) remains a standard reference.
-- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 24: "Stele discovered at Susa in 1901, now in the Louvre [^2]" - Harper source from 1904 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
-> Still accurate. Harper (1904) remains a standard reference.
+[^4]: Wikipedia. "Hammurabi." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammurabi (accessed 2026)