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Enrich Ancient Egypt: add intermediate periods, Late Period, Narmer Palette, fix duplicate heading, add Shaw (2000) source

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daniel
2026-02-23 00:02:23 +00:00
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civilizations/ancient-egypt.md
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@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
<!-- factbase:2ac383 -->
# Ancient Egypt
# Ancient Egypt
## Overview
Ancient Egypt was a civilization centered along the Nile River in northeastern Africa, lasting from ~3100 BCE to 30 BCE. It produced monumental architecture, a complex writing system, and one of the longest-lasting state structures in history. @t[~3100 BCE]
@@ -15,14 +13,19 @@ Ancient Egypt was a civilization centered along the Nile River in northeastern A
- Religion: Polytheistic with pharaoh as divine intermediary
## Major Periods
- Early Dynastic (~3100–2686 BCE): Unification under Narmer/Menes @t[3100 BCE..2686 BCE]
- Early Dynastic (~3100–2686 BCE): Unification under Narmer/Menes @t[~3100 BCE..2686 BCE]
- Old Kingdom (~2686–2181 BCE): Pyramid age, centralized power @t[2686 BCE..2181 BCE]
- Middle Kingdom (~2055–1650 BCE): Cultural golden age @t[2055 BCE..1650 BCE]
- First Intermediate Period (~2181–2055 BCE): Political fragmentation, regional rulers @t[~2181 BCE..2055 BCE] [^2]
- Middle Kingdom (~2055–1650 BCE): Cultural golden age, reunification under Mentuhotep II @t[2055 BCE..1650 BCE]
- Second Intermediate Period (~1650–1550 BCE): Hyksos rule in Lower Egypt, Nubian Kerma kingdom in the south @t[~1650 BCE..1550 BCE] [^2]
- New Kingdom (~1550–1069 BCE): Imperial expansion, Ramesses II, Tutankhamun @t[1550 BCE..1069 BCE]
- Third Intermediate Period (~1069–664 BCE): Political fragmentation, Libyan and Nubian dynasties @t[~1069 BCE..664 BCE] [^2]
- Late Period (~664–332 BCE): Last native dynasties (Saite 26th Dynasty), Persian invasions (525 BCE, 343 BCE) @t[~664 BCE..332 BCE] [^2]
- Ptolemaic Period (305–30 BCE): Greek-ruled Egypt after Alexander's conquest @t[305 BCE..30 BCE]
## Achievements
- Great Pyramid of Giza, built ~2560 BCE under Khufu @t[~2560 BCE] [^1]
- Narmer Palette (~3100 BCE): ceremonial artifact commemorating unification of Upper and Lower Egypt @t[~3100 BCE] [^2]
- Developed hieroglyphic writing ~3200 BCE @t[~3200 BCE]
- Advanced mummification and funerary practices
- Sophisticated medicine, mathematics, and astronomy
@@ -33,11 +36,10 @@ Egypt fell under Persian rule (525 BCE), then Macedonian (332 BCE), and finally
---
[^1]: Lehner, M. *The Complete Pyramids* (Thames & Hudson, 1997)
[^2]: Shaw, I. (ed.) *The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt* (Oxford University Press, 2000)
---
## Review Queue
<!-- factbase:review -->
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Region: Nile Valley and Delta, northeastern Africa" - when was this true?
> Historical event. Attested by Lehner (1997) [^1].
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Period: ~3100 BCE – 30 BCE (Roman annexation)" - when was this true?