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status: UPDATED | Hammurabi | changes: Fixed duplicate # heading; corrected stele material from "basalt" to "diorite" (per Louvre and scholarly sources); added father Sin-Muballit; expanded Achievements with specific conquered city-states (Larsa, Eshnunna, Mari) and Assyrian tribute; enriched Code of Hammurabi section with Akkadian cuneiform language, prologue/epilogue structure (~4,130 lines), and Shamash relief description; added World History Encyclopedia as [^3] source
status: UPDATED | Ashoka | changes: Fixed duplicate # Ashoka heading; added Family & Early Career section (father Bindusara, grandfather Chandragupta, wife Devi, children Mahinda and Sanghamitra, early career at Taxila and Ujjain, Arthashastra governance); added Empire Extent section (Iran/Afghanistan to Bangladesh, provincial capitals); expanded Edicts section (33 total, Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription detail, Sanchi stupa); added name meaning and Devanampiya Piyadassi epithet to Overview; added World History Encyclopedia as [^3] reference; committed and pushed
duration: 64s
[2026-02-22T22:35:02+00:00] 25cc1e | Hammurabi
status: UPDATED | Hammurabi | changes: Fixed duplicate # heading; corrected stele material from "basalt" to "diorite" (per Louvre and scholarly sources); added father Sin-Muballit; expanded Achievements with specific conquered city-states (Larsa, Eshnunna, Mari) and Assyrian tribute; enriched Code of Hammurabi section with Akkadian cuneiform language, prologue/epilogue structure (~4,130 lines), and Shamash relief description; added World History Encyclopedia as [^3] source
Augustus (63 BCE – 14 CE), born Gaius Octavius, was the first Roman emperor. He transformed Rome from a republic into an empire and inaugurated the Pax Romana.
Augustus (63 BCE – 14 CE), born Gaius Octavius, was the first Roman emperor. He transformed Rome from a republic into an empire and inaugurated the Pax Romana. He is considered one of the most effective leaders in Roman history, ruling for over 40 years.
## Key Facts
- Born: 23 September 63 BCE, Rome
- Died: 19 August 14 CE, Nola @t[=14]
- Reign: 27 BCE – 14 CE
- Original name: Gaius Octavius; adopted as Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus
- Title: Augustus ("the revered one"), granted 27 BCE
- Born: 23 September 63 BCE, Rome [^1]
- Died: 19 August 14 CE, Nola @t[=0014] [^1]
- Reign: 27 BCE – 14 CE [^1]
- Original name: Gaius Octavius; adopted as Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus [^1]
- Title: Augustus ("the revered one"), granted 27 BCE [^1]
- Wife: Livia Drusilla (married 38 BCE; marriage lasted until his death) [^3]
- Children: Julia the Elder (by Scribonia); no biological sons [^3]
## Rise to Power
- Adopted heir of Julius Caesar (44 BCE)
- Second Triumvirate with Mark Antony and Lepidus (43 BCE)
- Adopted heir of Julius Caesar (44 BCE) [^1]
- Second Triumvirate with Mark Antony and Lepidus (43 BCE) [^1]
- Battle of Actium (31 BCE): Defeated Antony and Cleopatra [^1]
- Senate granted him the title Augustus (27 BCE), marking the start of the Principate
- Senate granted him the title Augustus (27 BCE), marking the start of the Principate [^1]
## Achievements
- Pax Romana: Inaugurated ~200 years of relative peace
- Administrative reforms: Professionalized the army, created the Praetorian Guard
- Pax Romana: Inaugurated ~200 years of relative peace [^2]
- Administrative reforms: Professionalized the army, created the Praetorian Guard [^1]
- Building program: "Found Rome a city of brick and left it a city of marble" [^2]
- Established the imperial succession system
- Month of August named after him
- Established the imperial succession system; adopted stepson Tiberius as heir [^3]
- Month of August named after him [^1]
- Appointed *pontifex maximus*, becoming both secular and religious head of the empire [^4]
- Revived traditional Roman religion: restored temples, reintroduced festivals (Lupercalia, Ludi Saeculares in 17 BCE) [^4]
- Social and moral reforms: *Lex Julia* legislation incentivized marriage and childbearing, penalized adultery as a civil crime [^4]
- Established the Ara Pacis Augustae (Altar of Augustan Peace), dedicated 9 BCE [^4]
## Succession
Augustus was succeeded by his adopted stepson Tiberius (14–37 CE), founding the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Subsequent emperors — Caligula, Claudius, and Nero — were all descendants or adoptees within this line. [^3]
---
[^1]: Suetonius, *The Twelve Caesars*
[^2]: Everitt, A. *Augustus: The Life of Rome's First Emperor* (2006)
---
## Review Queue
<!-- factbase:review -->
- [x]`@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Born: 23 September 63 BCE, Rome" - when was this true?
> Static historical fact. No temporal tag needed.
- [x]`@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Reign: 27 BCE – 14 CE" - when was this true?
> Static historical fact. No temporal tag needed.
- [x]`@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Original name: Gaius Octavius; adopted as Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus" - when was this true?
> Static historical fact. No temporal tag needed.
- [x]`@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Title: Augustus ("the revered one"), granted 27 BCE" - when was this true?
> Static historical fact. No temporal tag needed.
- [x]`@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Adopted heir of Julius Caesar (44 BCE)" - when was this true?
> Static historical fact. No temporal tag needed.
- [x]`@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Second Triumvirate with Mark Antony and Lepidus (43 BCE)" - when was this true?
> Static historical fact. No temporal tag needed.
- [x]`@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Battle of Actium (31 BCE): Defeated Antony and Cleopatra [^1]" - when was this true?
> Static historical fact. No temporal tag needed.
- [x]`@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Senate granted him the title Augustus (27 BCE), marking the start of the Prin..." - when was this true?
> Static historical fact. No temporal tag needed.
- [x]`@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Pax Romana: Inaugurated ~200 years of relative peace" - when was this true?
> Static historical fact. No temporal tag needed.
- [x]`@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Administrative reforms: Professionalized the army, created the Praetorian Guard" - when was this true?
> Static historical fact. No temporal tag needed.
- [x]`@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Building program: "Found Rome a city of brick and left it a city of marble" [^2]" - when was this true?
> Static historical fact. No temporal tag needed.
- [x]`@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Established the imperial succession system" - when was this true?
> Static historical fact. No temporal tag needed.
- [x]`@q[temporal]` Line 27: "Month of August named after him" - when was this true?
> Static historical fact. No temporal tag needed.
- [x]`@q[temporal]` Line 11: Malformed temporal tag @t[=14] — see docs for valid syntax
> @t[0014]
- [x]`@q[missing]` Line 10: "Born: 23 September 63 BCE, Rome" - what is the source?
> Suetonius [^1]
- [x]`@q[missing]` Line 11: "Died: 19 August 14 CE, Nola @t[=14]" - what is the source?
> Suetonius [^1]
- [x]`@q[missing]` Line 12: "Reign: 27 BCE – 14 CE" - what is the source?
> Suetonius [^1]
- [x]`@q[missing]` Line 13: "Original name: Gaius Octavius; adopted as Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus" - what is the source?
> Suetonius [^1]
- [x]`@q[missing]` Line 14: "Title: Augustus ("the revered one"), granted 27 BCE" - what is the source?
> Suetonius [^1]
- [x]`@q[missing]` Line 17: "Adopted heir of Julius Caesar (44 BCE)" - what is the source?
> Suetonius [^1]
- [x]`@q[missing]` Line 18: "Second Triumvirate with Mark Antony and Lepidus (43 BCE)" - what is the source?
> Suetonius [^1]
- [x]`@q[missing]` Line 20: "Senate granted him the title Augustus (27 BCE), marking the start of the Prin..." - what is the source?
> Suetonius [^1]
- [x]`@q[missing]` Line 23: "Pax Romana: Inaugurated ~200 years of relative peace" - what is the source?
> Everitt (2006) [^2]
- [x]`@q[missing]` Line 24: "Administrative reforms: Professionalized the army, created the Praetorian Guard" - what is the source?
> Suetonius [^1]
- [x]`@q[missing]` Line 26: "Established the imperial succession system" - what is the source?
> Suetonius [^1]
- [x]`@q[missing]` Line 27: "Month of August named after him" - what is the source?
> Suetonius [^1]
- [x]`@q[stale]` Line 25: "Building program: "Found Rome a city of brick and left it a city of marble" [^2]" - Everitt source from 2006 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
> Established scholarship remains current.
[^3]: World History Encyclopedia, "Rome under the Julio-Claudian Dynasty" (worldhistory.org/article/1468), 2022
[^4]: Fife, S. "Augustus' Political, Social, & Moral Reforms." *World History Encyclopedia* (worldhistory.org/article/116), 2023
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