improve: Carthage
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[2026-02-23T02:18:43+00:00] 86e2bb | Maurya Empire
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[2026-02-23T02:18:43+00:00] 86e2bb | Maurya Empire
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status: UPDATED | Maurya Empire | changes: Fixed duplicate title heading; enriched Chandragupta entry with Seleucid-Mauryan War (305-303 BCE) details and territory exchange; enriched Ashoka entry with Kalinga War date (~261 BCE) and edict count (33); added Administration section covering Megasthenes' Indica and centralized bureaucracy; added footnotes [^3] and [^4] for Arthashastra translation and Megasthenes sources
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status: UPDATED | Maurya Empire | changes: Fixed duplicate title heading; enriched Chandragupta entry with Seleucid-Mauryan War (305-303 BCE) details and territory exchange; enriched Ashoka entry with Kalinga War date (~261 BCE) and edict count (33); added Administration section covering Megasthenes' Indica and centralized bureaucracy; added footnotes [^3] and [^4] for Arthashastra translation and Megasthenes sources
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duration: 84s
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duration: 84s
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[2026-02-23T02:20:09+00:00] 8dbea7 | Battle of Marathon
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status: UPDATED | Battle of Marathon | changes: Added Context section (Darius I, Ionian Revolt, Persian fleet route); expanded commanders to include Callimachus (polemarch, killed in battle) and Arimnestos (Plataea); added Persian cavalry absence note; added Aftermath section (Persian fleet's move on Athens, Spartan late arrival, soros burial, Artemis sacrifice, Phidias monuments); added Scholarly Notes section (Olson 2004 date debate, precise Pheidippides tradition); added two new footnotes (Cartwright/WHE 2013, Olson 2004)
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duration: 78s
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<!-- factbase:91256b -->
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<!-- factbase:91256b -->
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# Carthage
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# Carthage
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# Carthage
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## Overview
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## Overview
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Carthage (~814–146 BCE) was a Phoenician colony that grew into a major Mediterranean power, rivaling Rome in three devastating Punic Wars before its total destruction. @t[814 BCE..146 BCE]
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Carthage (~814–146 BCE) was a Phoenician colony that grew into a major Mediterranean power, rivaling Rome in three devastating Punic Wars before its total destruction. @t[814 BCE..146 BCE] Known in Punic as *Qart Hadasht* ("New City"), it reached its height in the 4th century BCE as one of the largest cities in the ancient world.
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## Key Facts
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## Key Facts
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- Region: North Africa (modern Tunisia), with territories in western Mediterranean
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- Region: North Africa (modern Tunisia), with territories in western Mediterranean
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- Agricultural expertise (Mago's treatise on farming)
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- Agricultural expertise (Mago's treatise on farming)
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- Hannibal Barca: One of history's greatest military commanders [^2]
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- Hannibal Barca: One of history's greatest military commanders [^2]
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## Religion
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Carthaginian religion derived from Phoenician polytheism, with Baal Hammon and Tanit as the supreme divine couple and patron deities of the city. [^3] The *tophet* of Carthage — a large open-air sanctuary first excavated in 1921 — contains thousands of urns with cremated remains of infants and animals dedicated to these deities. The practice of child sacrifice at the tophet remains a subject of scholarly debate: Greco-Roman literary sources describe it, and skeletal analysis confirms infant cremation, but some scholars argue the site was primarily a burial ground for children who died of natural causes. [^3]
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## Military
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Carthage fielded a combined-arms force of heavy and light infantry, cavalry, war elephants, and mercenaries drawn from across its empire — Libyans, Iberians, Gauls, and Balearic slingers. [^3] The Barcid dynasty dominated Carthaginian military leadership during the Punic Wars: Hamilcar Barca (~275–228 BCE) @t[~275 BCE..228 BCE] established Carthaginian control over silver-rich Iberia after the First Punic War, and his son Hannibal (247–183 BCE) @t[247 BCE..183 BCE] built on that foundation for his Italian campaigns. [^1]
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## Economy and Trade
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Carthage's wealth rested on maritime commerce spanning the Mediterranean and beyond. Key trade goods included silver and tin from Iberian mines, Tyrian purple dye, textiles, wine, olive oil, and slaves. [^3] Hanno the Navigator (~5th century BCE) @t[~480 BCE] led a Carthaginian expedition down the west coast of Africa, recorded in the *Periplus of Hanno* — one of the earliest surviving accounts of African exploration. [^4]
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## Destruction
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## Destruction
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Rome destroyed Carthage in 146 BCE. The site was later refounded as a Roman colony by Julius Caesar in 46 BCE. @t[=146 BCE]
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Rome destroyed Carthage in 146 BCE. The site was later refounded as a Roman colony by Julius Caesar in 46 BCE. @t[=146 BCE]
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---
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---
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[^1]: Goldsworthy, A. *The Fall of Carthage* (2003)
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[^1]: Goldsworthy, A. *The Fall of Carthage* (2003)
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[^2]: Lancel, S. *Hannibal* (Blackwell, 1998)
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[^2]: Lancel, S. *Hannibal* (Blackwell, 1998)
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[^3]: Hoyos, D. *The Carthaginians* (Routledge, 2010)
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[^4]: *Periplus of Hanno* (primary source, ~5th century BCE)
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---
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---
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## Review Queue
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<!-- factbase:review -->
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- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Region: North Africa (modern Tunisia), with territories in western Mediterranean" - when was this true?
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- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Region: North Africa (modern Tunisia), with territories in western Mediterranean" - when was this true?
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> Historical event. Attested by Goldsworthy (2003) [^1]; Lancel (1998) [^2].
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> Historical event. Attested by Goldsworthy (2003) [^1]; Lancel (1998) [^2].
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- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Period: ~814–146 BCE" - when was this true?
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- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Period: ~814–146 BCE" - when was this true?
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