From 62efdd28978e66602bec1edf6beaadc9caa7e3fb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: daniel Date: Sun, 22 Feb 2026 22:37:05 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Enrich Ramesses II: add regnal name, birth year, Nefertari, KV7 tomb, Ramesseum, military campaigns, mummy analysis, sarcophagus discovery; fix duplicate heading --- .factbase/factbase.db-shm | Bin 32768 -> 32768 bytes .factbase/factbase.db-wal | Bin 4152992 -> 4152992 bytes rulers/ramesses-ii.md | 80 +++++++------------------------------- 3 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 66 deletions(-) diff --git a/.factbase/factbase.db-shm b/.factbase/factbase.db-shm index 22f532a3de21323fe3002f5da50342704c846753..1891051b3ca3de445e4311742362dadfda45e008 100644 GIT binary patch delta 797 zcmZo@U}|V!s+V}A%K!o{%nS^S3=9H=Kw6oTf#K?r?U~d4W|ViIS|^@2JwH*5@%)Qr zc|jzr2OAC~K<0)5@qZ|Qif^o+$UFHCuY^)43j;$U5YGqVcR%D^BD#0o&SC;_oD z=j4Y8wUa+2ex`^AokVZramd za!!;~^pQ1OlR6L~lL@ZB(+e89nmF@CaRnE&Pyhd$=XN4K`IPUymJZ>V>j*j7$s+n-5etumb?riehX4 diff --git a/.factbase/factbase.db-wal b/.factbase/factbase.db-wal index 857bf112ed79995a2110b74366b7c0c6d484372f..f84dcc97652166b2ac00ceb8f524eec90234c665 100644 GIT binary patch delta 11569 zcmeHNd5|1ed7ti{YiD+jy|lYJtkz*^SK3+4)pJO;?3Ix%p~Gv-moT#3)7>-M>`eEl zduCT_DjLmZDiE6#Hg=^$io^<`AYcx2c`+sdLLfMa6Q{rq_u(7_DuxP4C_)J2_r0E( zT>(joe^U9ws+v{zJHGpR-|NeN_@CTm{4RC44&M%==lo#D<%XS6fc+0+^DOmrqYn>$-NTRYo2S9P{`#LkY+&d#pR?#|VnJ)OOssm^p~ zUuS=3rjzK*b`Ersom3~?$#k+E=|j0&&pQuf64Bt3h0ou0=$Z$fdgO`uEs?z*&%iE^ z$NOE6$HPB-U!L3hWH#|cEb=e&_i5_o_)mP1yF69r+4pAuijP#Cx4bXAXYJ&fneE~5 zuIDb{AMf$_{A+Ao_jJjqE81&^y^G4o~7IXqH=h?%tV)`1ms~?a4m- zopWCcg+K18g?`iPh!3Qmiv4r=Tj8%oeh~Ry3{E-nnDe|ro5?x3{~{@HuS4abxdj~ai@zkbOZiJHzM-;nk>b6?Ni z?TtJeZLFnE1fCys{{4+Jb58oZ(zDU%?|FOxaaQmQdsfe`{l-h#N4U{9eE)l|eR@@W zHWK?I4 z$|2|d@0uC8@yanpGOh25bXL*1?&f5=SPffiYIrExRGs7hq4$H^j_jOPnIv z&RNQWuF5rCHbkg!S}bXeWle*YFl*RMM`!8~tvo9pZ!lA_n|0S#0KE#;h*DBq(PYbJ zw!F~<6i8OClUb3BpiNmULr!e5^O>pKuyeUH>u+_L*r3Co$1YBhwSXqw5-rWHyJkkx zhR&~0=TVpQpXUwI%A{Vr^hi%;GomXKUtcI=3bgjO@1AIHg4VvUH<{N|Rl3p@-LVa> z==#(NS=H=?D?PD4cBLmemnJjYuI|hEXl13|U}7e99Mc;O*m&37oSVNnJMKL8(4NgV zGU>ZYRW*gMk+mqMQLZAA^q~=q#s9@K@FQpYJ7%}H0R5zFRGM-HUMVv8WMvDwW|@`h zN_|0B7>2pUMOmd8rDBYy^T=Xk}O_0uHkT z7Bu9FtQ)Y(7A($E6J)z9B8ZliMe^ID7aA7OAs84W!8#&QLsx*n(#p+>2F|C*SjB}V z!W)E1f~;uXpt8IvO6Y+TokSOlQL)!ZB4FXDH4a=!wG?kHQ9m?V0pcOvca+#G`UYh z-O?c#o3kB$OXfuGq}E`(fd^v$CT7YfASGt z*#TZEI^6DD&d2QBxy2`4d$^YzTp@_Rq?tSCADqoNm;W)Dah|w1>mB(8se?>@^W6v^ z_dT9&k0E@#aCf$-l-2Z=;lmy4hL81JbK3&43KUXu`SW>D0E?hJ^@c1vf9T zsEp7m*G!~07Lt)wp)jTs$WL1o;Z{g6T}6>F#gm$8Ao9c0$y(ePFZP^=q+FBXYA}di z$s${|?X2v$OS3Legb>vxG*@9-vf&Jd>Ku<`wmKjDgUonqu32fq#Je<7vH=~UDzC6; 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His Egyptian regnal name was Usermaatre Setepenre; in ancient Greek sources he is called Ozymandias, derived from the first part of that name. [^3] ## Key Facts +- Born: ~1303 BCE - Reign: ~1279–1213 BCE (66 years, one of the longest in Egyptian history) - Dynasty: 19th Dynasty, New Kingdom - Capital: Pi-Ramesses (Nile Delta) -- Died: ~age 90 +- Died: ~1213 BCE, age ~90 +- Principal wife: Nefertari (Nefertari Meritmut) +- Tomb: KV7, Valley of the Kings ## Major Events - Battle of Kadesh (~1274 BCE): Fought the Hittites under Muwatalli II; indecisive but claimed as victory [^1] -- Treaty of Kadesh (~1259 BCE): Signed peace with Hittite king Hattusili III +- Treaty of Kadesh (~1259 BCE): Signed peace with Hittite king Hattusili III; sealed by a diplomatic marriage to a Hittite princess +- Led at least 15 military campaigns in the Levant, reasserting Egyptian control over Canaan and Phoenicia [^3] +- Led multiple campaigns into Nubia, commemorated in inscriptions at Beit el-Wali and Gerf Hussein [^3] - Built Abu Simbel temples in Nubia +- Built the Ramesseum (mortuary temple) at Thebes - Expanded Karnak and Luxor temples - Completed the hypostyle hall at Karnak ## Legacy - Fathered over 100 children -- His mummy was discovered in the Deir el-Bahari cache (1881) [^2] +- His mummy was discovered in the Deir el-Bahari cache (1881) [^2]; analysis reveals severe arthritis, arteriosclerosis, and dental abscesses consistent with advanced age [^3] - Often identified (controversially) with the pharaoh of the Exodus narrative -- Nine subsequent pharaohs took the name Ramesses +- Nine subsequent pharaohs took the name Ramesses; he was referred to as the "Great Ancestor" by successor pharaohs [^3] +- His original sarcophagus was identified at KV7 by researchers from Sorbonne University [^4] --- [^1]: Kitchen, K.A. *Pharaoh Triumphant: The Life and Times of Ramesses II* (1982) [^2]: Tyldesley, J. *Ramesses: Egypt's Greatest Pharaoh* (2000) ---- - - -- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Reign: ~1279–1213 BCE (66 years, one of the longest in Egyptian history)" - when was this true? -> Static historical fact. 1279-1213 BCE. No temporal tag needed. -- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Dynasty: 19th Dynasty, New Kingdom" - when was this true? -> Static historical fact. 1279-1213 BCE. No temporal tag needed. -- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Capital: Pi-Ramesses (Nile Delta)" - when was this true? -> Static historical fact. 1279-1213 BCE. No temporal tag needed. -- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Died: ~age 90" - when was this true? -> Static historical fact. c. 1213 BCE. No temporal tag needed. -- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Battle of Kadesh (~1274 BCE): Fought the Hittites under Muwatalli II; indecis..." - when was this true? -> Static historical fact. c. 1274 BCE. No temporal tag needed. -- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Treaty of Kadesh (~1259 BCE): Signed peace with Hittite king Hattusili III" - when was this true? -> Static historical fact. c. 1259 BCE. No temporal tag needed. -- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Built Abu Simbel temples in Nubia" - when was this true? -> Static historical fact. 1279-1213 BCE. No temporal tag needed. -- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Expanded Karnak and Luxor temples" - when was this true? -> Static historical fact. 1279-1213 BCE. No temporal tag needed. -- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Completed the hypostyle hall at Karnak" - when was this true? -> Static historical fact. 1279-1213 BCE. No temporal tag needed. -- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Fathered over 100 children" - when was this true? -> Static historical fact. 1279-1213 BCE. No temporal tag needed. -- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "His mummy was discovered in the Deir el-Bahari cache (1881) [^2]" - when was this true? -> Static historical fact. 1881 CE discovery. No temporal tag needed. -- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Often identified (controversially) with the pharaoh of the Exodus narrative" - when was this true? -> Static historical fact. Modern scholarly debate. No temporal tag needed. -- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Nine subsequent pharaohs took the name Ramesses" - when was this true? -> Static historical fact. Post-1213 BCE. No temporal tag needed. -- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Reign: ~1279–1213 BCE (66 years, one of the longest in Egyptian history)" - what is the source? -> Kitchen (1982) [^1] and Tyldesley (2000) [^2]. -- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Dynasty: 19th Dynasty, New Kingdom" - what is the source? -> Kitchen (1982) [^1] and Tyldesley (2000) [^2]. -- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Capital: Pi-Ramesses (Nile Delta)" - what is the source? -> Kitchen (1982) [^1] and Tyldesley (2000) [^2]. -- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Died: ~age 90" - what is the source? -> Kitchen (1982) [^1] and Tyldesley (2000) [^2]. -- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Treaty of Kadesh (~1259 BCE): Signed peace with Hittite king Hattusili III" - what is the source? -> Kitchen (1982) [^1] and Tyldesley (2000) [^2]. -- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Built Abu Simbel temples in Nubia" - what is the source? -> Kitchen (1982) [^1] and Tyldesley (2000) [^2]. -- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Expanded Karnak and Luxor temples" - what is the source? -> Kitchen (1982) [^1] and Tyldesley (2000) [^2]. -- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Completed the hypostyle hall at Karnak" - what is the source? -> Kitchen (1982) [^1] and Tyldesley (2000) [^2]. -- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Fathered over 100 children" - what is the source? -> Kitchen (1982) [^1] and Tyldesley (2000) [^2]. -- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Often identified (controversially) with the pharaoh of the Exodus narrative" - what is the source? -> Kitchen (1982) [^1] and Tyldesley (2000) [^2]. -- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 26: "Nine subsequent pharaohs took the name Ramesses" - what is the source? -> Kitchen (1982) [^1] and Tyldesley (2000) [^2]. -- [x] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 16: "Battle of Kadesh (~1274 BCE): Fought the Hittites under Muwatalli II; indecis..." - what does "II" mean in this context? -> Regnal number. Standard historical convention. -- [x] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 17: "Treaty of Kadesh (~1259 BCE): Signed peace with Hittite king Hattusili III" - what does "III" mean in this context? -> Regnal number. Standard historical convention. -- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 16: "Battle of Kadesh (~1274 BCE): Fought the Hittites under Muwatalli II; indecis..." - Kitchen source from 1982 may be outdated, is this still accurate? -> Still accurate. Kitchen (1982) remains a standard reference. -- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 24: "His mummy was discovered in the Deir el-Bahari cache (1881) [^2]" - Tyldesley source from 2000 may be outdated, is this still accurate? -> Still accurate. Tyldesley (2000) remains a standard reference. \ No newline at end of file +[^3]: Wikipedia contributors. "Ramesses II." *Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia*. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesses_II +[^4]: "Ramesses II — Original Sarcophagus Identified Within the Valley of Kings." *Ancient Origins* (2025). https://www.ancient-origins.net/news-history-archaeology/ramesses-ii-original-sarcophagus-identified-within-valley-kings-0020845 \ No newline at end of file