Twelve Tables: fix duplicate title, enrich with Greek influence, Solon delegation, Livy quote, Cicero ref, formal promulgation date

legal-codes/twelve-tables.md

@@ -1,87 +1,41 @@
 <!-- factbase:6beab6 -->
 # Twelve Tables
 
-# Twelve Tables
-
 ## Overview
-The Twelve Tables (~451–450 BCE) were the foundation of Roman law, the first written legal code of the Roman Republic. They were created in response to plebeian demands for publicly accessible laws. @t[451 BCE..450 BCE]
+The Twelve Tables (*Lex Duodecim Tabularum*, ~451–449 BCE) were the foundation of Roman law, the first written legal code of the Roman Republic. @t[451 BCE..449 BCE] Created in response to plebeian demands for publicly accessible laws, they ended the patrician monopoly on legal interpretation and established statute law in place of unwritten custom.
 
 ## Key Facts
-- Date: ~451–450 BCE @t[451 BCE..450 BCE]
-- Issuer: Decemviri (commission of ten men)
-- Language: Archaic Latin
-- Context: Conflict of the Orders between patricians and plebeians
+- Date: ~451–449 BCE @t[451 BCE..449 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
+- Issuer: Decemviri (commission of ten men, all patricians) <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
+- Language: Archaic Latin <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
+- Context: Conflict of the Orders between patricians and plebeians <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
+- Formal Latin name: *Lex Duodecim Tabularum* (Law of the Twelve Tables)
+
+## Creation
+- In 451 BCE, the *decemviri* were appointed under public pressure to codify Roman law [^3]
+- Before drafting, a delegation of three men was sent to Athens to study the laws of Solon (c. 640–560 BCE) [^3]
+- The first decemviri (all patricians) produced ten tables; a second commission added two more in 450 BCE [^3]
+- A plebeian uprising in 449 BCE forced the decemviri to resign; Rome's constitution was revised and tribunes and consuls were reinstated [^3]
+- Formally promulgated 449 BCE @t[=449 BCE]
 
 ## Content
-- Originally inscribed on twelve bronze tablets displayed in the Roman Forum
-- Covered: Court procedure, debt, family law, property, inheritance, torts, public law [^1]
-- Established legal equality (in principle) between patricians and plebeians
-- Prohibited intermarriage between classes (later repealed by *Lex Canuleia*, 445 BCE) @t[=445 BCE]
+- Originally inscribed on twelve bronze tablets displayed in the Roman Forum <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
+- Covered: Court procedure, debt, family law, property, inheritance, torts, public law [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
+- Focused primarily on private law and relations between individual citizens, not individuals vs. the state [^3]
+- Established legal equality (in principle) between patricians and plebeians <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
+- Prohibited intermarriage between classes (later repealed by *Lex Canuleia*, 445 BCE) @t[=445 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
+- Penalties included death by burning for arson, and banishment or loss of citizenship for property crimes [^3]
 
 ## Significance
-- Foundation of all subsequent Roman law (*ius civile*)
-- First written Roman law, ending patrician monopoly on legal interpretation
-- Roman schoolchildren memorized them for centuries
-- Original tablets lost (possibly in the Gallic sack of Rome, 390 BCE) @t[=390 BCE] [^2]
-- Survived through quotations in later Roman legal and literary sources
+- Foundation of all subsequent Roman law (*ius civile*) <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
+- Livy described them as *fons omnis publici privatique iuris* ("the source of all public and private law") [^3]
+- First written Roman law, ending patrician monopoly on legal interpretation <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
+- Cicero records that Roman schoolchildren memorized them as part of their education [^3] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
+- From the 3rd century BCE onward, steadily superseded by laws more relevant to the expanding Republic [^3]
+- Original tablets lost (possibly in the Gallic sack of Rome, 390 BCE) @t[=390 BCE] [^2] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
+- Survived through quotations in later Roman legal and literary sources <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
 
 ---
 [^1]: Crawford, M.H. *Roman Statutes* (1996)
 [^2]: Watson, A. *Rome of the XII Tables* (Princeton, 1975)
----
-
-## Review Queue
-
-<!-- factbase:review -->
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Date: ~451–450 BCE" - when was this true?
-> 450 BCE event. Attested by Crawford (1996) [^1]; Watson (1975) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Issuer: Decemviri (commission of ten men)" - when was this true?
-> Historical event. Attested by Crawford (1996) [^1]; Watson (1975) [^2].
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Language: Archaic Latin" - when was this true?
-> Historical event. Attested by Crawford (1996) [^1]; Watson (1975) [^2].
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Context: Conflict of the Orders between patricians and plebeians" - when was this true?
-> Historical event. Attested by Crawford (1996) [^1]; Watson (1975) [^2].
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Originally inscribed on twelve bronze tablets displayed in the Roman Forum" - when was this true?
-> Historical event. Attested by Crawford (1996) [^1]; Watson (1975) [^2].
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Covered: Court procedure, debt, family law, property, inheritance, torts, pub..." - when was this true?
-> Historical event. Attested by Crawford (1996) [^1]; Watson (1975) [^2].
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Established legal equality (in principle) between patricians and plebeians" - when was this true?
-> Historical event. Attested by Crawford (1996) [^1]; Watson (1975) [^2].
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Prohibited intermarriage between classes (later repealed by *Lex Canuleia*, 4..." - when was this true?
-> Historical event. Attested by Crawford (1996) [^1]; Watson (1975) [^2].
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Foundation of all subsequent Roman law (*ius civile*)" - when was this true?
-> Historical event. Attested by Crawford (1996) [^1]; Watson (1975) [^2].
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "First written Roman law, ending patrician monopoly on legal interpretation" - when was this true?
-> Historical event. Attested by Crawford (1996) [^1]; Watson (1975) [^2].
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Roman schoolchildren memorized them for centuries" - when was this true?
-> Historical event. Attested by Crawford (1996) [^1]; Watson (1975) [^2].
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Original tablets lost (possibly in the Gallic sack of Rome, 390 BCE) [^2]" - when was this true?
-> 390 BCE event. Attested by Crawford (1996) [^1]; Watson (1975) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Survived through quotations in later Roman legal and literary sources" - when was this true?
-> Historical event. Attested by Crawford (1996) [^1]; Watson (1975) [^2].
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Date: ~451–450 BCE" - what is the source?
-> Crawford (1996) [^1], Watson (1975) [^2]
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Issuer: Decemviri (commission of ten men)" - what is the source?
-> Crawford (1996) [^1], Watson (1975) [^2]
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Language: Archaic Latin" - what is the source?
-> Crawford (1996) [^1], Watson (1975) [^2]
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Context: Conflict of the Orders between patricians and plebeians" - what is the source?
-> Crawford (1996) [^1], Watson (1975) [^2]
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Originally inscribed on twelve bronze tablets displayed in the Roman Forum" - what is the source?
-> Crawford (1996) [^1], Watson (1975) [^2]
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Established legal equality (in principle) between patricians and plebeians" - what is the source?
-> Crawford (1996) [^1], Watson (1975) [^2]
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Prohibited intermarriage between classes (later repealed by *Lex Canuleia*, 4..." - what is the source?
-> Crawford (1996) [^1], Watson (1975) [^2]
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Foundation of all subsequent Roman law (*ius civile*)" - what is the source?
-> Crawford (1996) [^1], Watson (1975) [^2]
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "First written Roman law, ending patrician monopoly on legal interpretation" - what is the source?
-> Crawford (1996) [^1], Watson (1975) [^2]
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Roman schoolchildren memorized them for centuries" - what is the source?
-> Crawford (1996) [^1], Watson (1975) [^2]
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 26: "Survived through quotations in later Roman legal and literary sources" - what is the source?
-> Crawford (1996) [^1], Watson (1975) [^2]
-- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "Covered: Court procedure, debt, family law, property, inheritance, torts, pub..." - Crawford source from 1996 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
-> Scholarship remains current. Crawford's work on early Roman law is still authoritative.
-- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 25: "Original tablets lost (possibly in the Gallic sack of Rome, 390 BCE) [^2]" - Watson source from 1975 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
-> Scholarship remains current. Watson's work on Roman legal history is still foundational.
+[^3]: Cartwright, M. "Twelve Tables." *World History Encyclopedia*, 11 Apr 2016. https://www.worldhistory.org/Twelve_Tables/