Enrich Assyrian Empire: fix duplicate title, add Esarhaddon/Adad-nirari II, deportation policy, provincial admin, Carchemish tag; add Roman numerals to definitions

civilizations/assyrian-empire.md

@@ -1,35 +1,39 @@
 <!-- factbase:177c6a -->
 # Assyrian Empire
 
-# Assyrian Empire
-
 ## Overview
-The Assyrian Empire was a Mesopotamian power that dominated the ancient Near East, reaching its zenith during the Neo-Assyrian period (911–609 BCE) as the largest empire the world had yet seen. @t[911 BCE..609 BCE]
+The Assyrian Empire was a Mesopotamian power that dominated the ancient Near East, reaching its zenith during the Neo-Assyrian period (911–609 BCE) as the largest empire the world had yet seen. @t[911 BCE..609 BCE] Assyrian history is conventionally divided into three main eras: Old Assyrian (c. 2025–1364 BCE), Middle Assyrian (1363–912 BCE), and Neo-Assyrian (911–609 BCE). [^3]
 
 ## Key Facts
-- Region: Northern Mesopotamia, expanding across the Near East
+- Region: Northern Mesopotamia, expanding across the Near East, parts of South Caucasus, North Africa, and the East Mediterranean @t[911 BCE..609 BCE]
 - Neo-Assyrian period: 911–609 BCE @t[911 BCE..609 BCE]
 - Capitals: Ashur, Nimrud (Kalhu), Nineveh
 - Language: Akkadian (Assyrian dialect), later Aramaic
 
 ## Notable Rulers
-- Tiglath-Pileser III (745–727 BCE): Administrative reforms, professional army @t[745 BCE..727 BCE]
-- Sargon II (722–705 BCE): Conquered Israel, built Dur-Sharrukin @t[722 BCE..705 BCE]
-- Sennacherib (705–681 BCE): Expanded Nineveh, besieged Jerusalem @t[705 BCE..681 BCE]
+- Adad-nirari II (911–891 BCE): His accession marks the start of the Neo-Assyrian period @t[911 BCE..891 BCE] [^3]
+- Tiglath-Pileser III (745–727 BCE): Administrative reforms, professional army, systematic deportation policy @t[745 BCE..727 BCE] [^2]
+- Sargon II (722–705 BCE): Conquered Israel, built Dur-Sharrukin @t[722 BCE..705 BCE] [^2]
+- Sennacherib (705–681 BCE): Expanded Nineveh, besieged Jerusalem @t[705 BCE..681 BCE] [^2]
+- Esarhaddon (681–669 BCE): Conquered Egypt, reaching the empire's greatest territorial extent @t[681 BCE..669 BCE] [^3]
 - Ashurbanipal (668–631 BCE): Created the Library of Nineveh @t[668 BCE..631 BCE] [^1]
 
 ## Achievements
-- Library of Nineveh: ~30,000 cuneiform tablets, preserving Mesopotamian literature
+- Library of Nineveh: ~30,000 cuneiform tablets, preserving Mesopotamian literature [^1]
+- Systematic deportation and resettlement policy: conquered populations relocated across the empire to prevent rebellion and integrate diverse groups; Tiglath-Pileser III institutionalized this as state policy [^4]
 - Advanced siege warfare and military engineering
 - Extensive road network and postal system
 - Monumental palace reliefs (Nimrud, Nineveh)
+- Provincial administration system replacing vassal kingdoms with directly governed provinces [^2]
 
 ## Decline
-Fell to a coalition of Babylonians and Medes; Nineveh destroyed in 612 BCE. The last Assyrian forces defeated at Carchemish in 605 BCE [^2]. @t[=612 BCE]
+Fell to a coalition of Babylonians and Medes; Nineveh destroyed in 612 BCE @t[=612 BCE]. The last Assyrian forces defeated at Carchemish in 605 BCE @t[=605 BCE] [^2].
 
 ---
 [^1]: Frahm, E. "The Library of Ashurbanipal" in *The Oxford Handbook of Cuneiform Culture* (2011)
 [^2]: Radner, K. *Ancient Assyria: A Very Short Introduction* (Oxford, 2015)
+[^3]: Wikipedia contributors, "Neo-Assyrian Empire," *Wikipedia* (accessed 2026-02-22): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire
+[^4]: Radner, K. "Mass deportation: the Assyrian resettlement policy," *SARGON Project*, UCL (2012): https://www.ucl.ac.uk/sargon/essentials/governors/massdeportation/
 ---
 
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