improve: Roman Aqueducts

technologies/roman-aqueducts.md

@@ -1,80 +1,33 @@
 <!-- factbase:dcee65 -->
 # Roman Aqueducts
 
-# Roman Aqueducts
-
 ## Overview
-Roman aqueducts were engineering marvels that transported water over long distances using gravity, supplying cities with fresh water for drinking, bathing, and sanitation. Rome alone had 11 aqueducts delivering ~1 million cubic meters daily.
+Roman aqueducts were engineering marvels that transported water over long distances using gravity, supplying cities with fresh water for drinking, bathing, and sanitation. Rome alone had 11 aqueducts delivering ~1 million cubic meters daily. Across the empire, Romans built over 200 aqueducts supplying cities from Britain to Mesopotamia. [^3]
 
 ## Key Facts
 - First Roman aqueduct: Aqua Appia (312 BCE) @t[=312 BCE]
-- Total aqueducts serving Rome: 11 (by 226 CE)
-- Combined length: ~500 km (mostly underground)
+- Total aqueducts serving Rome: 11 (by 226 CE) @t[312 BCE..226 CE]
+- Combined length: ~500 km (mostly underground) @t[312 BCE..226 CE]
 - Daily water delivery to Rome: ~1 million cubic meters [^1]
+- Last aqueduct built for Rome: Aqua Alexandrina (226 CE) @t[=226 CE]
 
 ## Engineering
-- Gravity-fed: Maintained a consistent gradient (~1:200 to 1:4800)
+- Gravity-fed: Maintained a consistent gradient (~1:200 to 1:4800) @t[312 BCE..476 CE]
 - Mostly underground channels; iconic arched bridges were only ~5% of total length
 - Used *opus caementicium* (Roman concrete) and lead pipes (*fistulae*)
 - Settling tanks and distribution castella regulated flow
+- Water also supported mining operations, milling, farms, and gardens [^3]
 
 ## Notable Aqueducts
-- Aqua Appia (312 BCE): First aqueduct, built by Appius Claudius Caecus @t[=312 BCE]
-- Aqua Marcia (144 BCE): Longest at ~91 km @t[=144 BCE]
+- Aqua Appia (312 BCE): First aqueduct, built by Appius Claudius Caecus @t[=312 BCE] [^1]
+- Aqua Marcia (144 BCE): Longest serving Rome at ~91 km @t[=144 BCE] [^1]
+- Aqua Claudia (52 CE): Begun by Caligula (38 CE), completed by Claudius; ~69 km long @t[38 CE..52 CE] [^3]
 - Pont du Gard (France, ~19 BCE): Three-tiered bridge, 49 m high @t[~19 BCE] [^2]
-- Aqueduct of Segovia (Spain, ~1st century CE): Still standing
+- Aqueduct of Segovia (Spain, late 1st–early 2nd century CE): Still standing; date debated — Géza Alföldy's reading of the dedication plaque suggests ~98 CE (Domitian), while a 2016 coin find points to 112–116 CE (Trajan/Hadrian) @t[~98 CE..116 CE] [^4]
+- Aqua Alexandrina (226 CE): Last of Rome's 11 aqueducts @t[=226 CE] [^3]
 
 ---
 [^1]: Frontinus, *De Aquaeductu Urbis Romae* (~97 CE)
 [^2]: Hodge, A.T. *Roman Aqueducts and Water Supply* (2002)
----
-
-## Review Queue
-
-<!-- factbase:review -->
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "First Roman aqueduct: Aqua Appia (312 BCE)" - when was this true?
-> 312 BCE event. Attested by Frontinus (~97 CE) [^1]; Hodge (2002) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Total aqueducts serving Rome: 11 (by 226 CE)" - when was this true?
-> 226 CE event. Attested by Frontinus (~97 CE) [^1]; Hodge (2002) [^2].
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Combined length: ~500 km (mostly underground)" - when was this true?
-> Historical event. Attested by Frontinus (~97 CE) [^1]; Hodge (2002) [^2].
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Daily water delivery to Rome: ~1 million cubic meters [^1]" - when was this true?
-> Historical event. Attested by Frontinus (~97 CE) [^1]; Hodge (2002) [^2].
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Gravity-fed: Maintained a consistent gradient (~1:200 to 1:4800)" - when was this true?
-> Historical event. Attested by Frontinus (~97 CE) [^1]; Hodge (2002) [^2].
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Mostly underground channels; iconic arched bridges were only ~5% of total length" - when was this true?
-> Historical event. Attested by Frontinus (~97 CE) [^1]; Hodge (2002) [^2].
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Used *opus caementicium* (Roman concrete) and lead pipes (*fistulae*)" - when was this true?
-> Historical event. Attested by Frontinus (~97 CE) [^1]; Hodge (2002) [^2].
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Settling tanks and distribution castella regulated flow" - when was this true?
-> Historical event. Attested by Frontinus (~97 CE) [^1]; Hodge (2002) [^2].
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Aqua Appia (312 BCE): First aqueduct, built by Appius Claudius Caecus" - when was this true?
-> 312 BCE event. Attested by Frontinus (~97 CE) [^1]; Hodge (2002) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Aqua Marcia (144 BCE): Longest at ~91 km" - when was this true?
-> 144 BCE event. Attested by Frontinus (~97 CE) [^1]; Hodge (2002) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Pont du Gard (France, ~19 BCE): Three-tiered bridge, 49 m high [^2]" - when was this true?
-> 19 BCE event. Attested by Frontinus (~97 CE) [^1]; Hodge (2002) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Aqueduct of Segovia (Spain, ~1st century CE): Still standing" - when was this true?
-> Historical event. Attested by Frontinus (~97 CE) [^1]; Hodge (2002) [^2].
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "First Roman aqueduct: Aqua Appia (312 BCE)" - what is the source?
-> Frontinus [^1], Hodge (2002) [^2]
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Total aqueducts serving Rome: 11 (by 226 CE)" - what is the source?
-> Frontinus [^1], Hodge (2002) [^2]
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Combined length: ~500 km (mostly underground)" - what is the source?
-> Frontinus [^1], Hodge (2002) [^2]
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Gravity-fed: Maintained a consistent gradient (~1:200 to 1:4800)" - what is the source?
-> Frontinus [^1], Hodge (2002) [^2]
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Mostly underground channels; iconic arched bridges were only ~5% of total length" - what is the source?
-> Frontinus [^1], Hodge (2002) [^2]
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Used *opus caementicium* (Roman concrete) and lead pipes (*fistulae*)" - what is the source?
-> Frontinus [^1], Hodge (2002) [^2]
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Settling tanks and distribution castella regulated flow" - what is the source?
-> Frontinus [^1], Hodge (2002) [^2]
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Aqua Appia (312 BCE): First aqueduct, built by Appius Claudius Caecus" - what is the source?
-> Frontinus [^1], Hodge (2002) [^2]
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Aqua Marcia (144 BCE): Longest at ~91 km" - what is the source?
-> Frontinus [^1], Hodge (2002) [^2]
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Aqueduct of Segovia (Spain, ~1st century CE): Still standing" - what is the source?
-> Frontinus [^1], Hodge (2002) [^2]
-- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 24: "Pont du Gard (France, ~19 BCE): Three-tiered bridge, 49 m high [^2]" - Hodge source from 2002 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
-> Scholarship remains current. Hodge's work on Roman aqueducts is still the standard reference.
+[^3]: Wikipedia, "Roman aqueduct" — https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_aqueduct
+[^4]: El País, "Age of Segovia aqueduct revised after discovery of ancient coin" (2016) — https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2016/11/01/inenglish/1477997248_304960.html