[2026-02-23T00:18:30+00:00] 5f1362 | Julius Caesar
[2026-02-23T00:18:30+00:00] 5f1362 | Julius Caesar
status: UPDATED | Julius Caesar | changes: fixed duplicate title heading; removed answered review queue section; added Early Career section (aedile 65 BCE, pontifex maximus 63 BCE, praetor 62 BCE, governor of Hispania 61–60 BCE); added temporal tags to all Legacy items; enriched with Battle of Thapsus, Battle of Munda, Carthage refounding, Caesarion, deification 42 BCE, Octavian→Augustus 27 BCE; added Suetonius as third footnote
status: UPDATED | Julius Caesar | changes: fixed duplicate title heading; removed answered review queue section; added Early Career section (aedile 65 BCE, pontifex maximus 63 BCE, praetor 62 BCE, governor of Hispania 61–60 BCE); added temporal tags to all Legacy items; enriched with Battle of Thapsus, Battle of Munda, Carthage refounding, Caesarion, deification 42 BCE, Octavian→Augustus 27 BCE; added Suetonius as third footnote
duration: 74s
duration: 74s
[2026-02-23T00:20:04+00:00] 61a12b | Babylon
status: UPDATED | Babylon | changes: Fixed duplicate heading; removed review queue block (apply_review_answers bug worked around); added BCE temporal tags throughout; enriched with Akkadian etymology, peak population (~200k), site area (~900ha), Walls of Babylon as 7th Wonder, Sennacherib 689 BCE destruction, Neo-Babylonian empire dates, Nebuchadnezzar II reign, Dalley Nineveh theory, Saddam Hussein reconstruction, 2024 Iraqi excavation (478 artifacts); added footnotes [^3][^4]; filed Vikunja bug #87 for apply_review_answers silent failure
Egyptian hieroglyphics were the formal writing system of ancient Egypt, used for ~3,500 years on monuments, temples, and tombs. Deciphered by Jean-François Champollion in 1822 using the Rosetta Stone.
Egyptian hieroglyphics were the formal writing system of ancient Egypt, used for ~3,500 years on monuments, temples, and tombs. Deciphered by Jean-François Champollion in 1822 using the Rosetta Stone.
## Key Facts
## Key Facts
- Origin: ~3200 BCE (earliest examples from Abydos) @t[~3200 BCE]
- Written left-to-right, right-to-left, or top-to-bottom (direction indicated by which way figures face)
- Written left-to-right, right-to-left, or top-to-bottom (direction indicated by which way figures face)<!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
- Hieratic: Cursive form for everyday use (~2600 BCE onward) @t[~2600 BCE]
- Hieratic: Cursive form for everyday use (~2600 BCE onward) @t[~2600 BCE..] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
- Demotic: Later cursive form (~650 BCE onward) @t[~650 BCE]
- Demotic: Later cursive form (~650 BCE onward) @t[~650 BCE..] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
- Coptic: Final stage of the Egyptian language, using Greek alphabet with Demotic-derived letters (~300 CE onward)
## Key Artifacts
## Key Artifacts
- Rosetta Stone (196 BCE): Trilingual decree (hieroglyphic, Demotic, Greek) that enabled decipherment @t[=196 BCE] [^2]
- Rosetta Stone (196 BCE): Trilingual decree (hieroglyphic, Demotic, Greek) that enabled decipherment @t[=196 BCE] [^2]<!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
- Narmer Palette (~3100 BCE): Among the earliest hieroglyphic inscriptions @t[~3100 BCE]
- Narmer Palette (~3100 BCE): Among the earliest hieroglyphic inscriptions @t[~3100 BCE]<!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
- Book of the Dead: Funerary texts with hieroglyphic illustrations
- Book of the Dead: Funerary texts with hieroglyphic illustrations, used from the New Kingdom (~1550 BCE) to ~50 BCE @t[~1550 BCE..~50 BCE] [^4] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
---
---
[^1]: Robinson, A. *Cracking the Egyptian Code* (Thames & Hudson, 2012)
[^1]: Robinson, A. *Cracking the Egyptian Code* (Thames & Hudson, 2012)
[^2]: Parkinson, R. *The Rosetta Stone* (British Museum, 2005)
[^2]: Parkinson, R. *The Rosetta Stone* (British Museum, 2005)
---
[^3]: World History Encyclopedia. "Egyptian Hieroglyphs." worldhistory.org (2025)
[^4]: Wikipedia. "Book of the Dead." en.wikipedia.org (accessed 2026)
## Review Queue
<!-- factbase:review -->
- [x]`@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Origin: ~3200 BCE (earliest examples from Abydos)" - when was this true?
> 3200 BCE event. Attested by Robinson (2012) [^1]; Parkinson (2005) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
- [x]`@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Period of use: ~3200 BCE – ~400 CE" - when was this true?
> 3200 BCE event. Attested by Robinson (2012) [^1]; Parkinson (2005) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
- [x]`@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Number of signs: ~700 in classical usage (expanded to ~5,000 in Ptolemaic per..." - when was this true?
- [x]`@q[missing]` Line 10: "Origin: ~3200 BCE (earliest examples from Abydos)" - what is the source?
> Robinson (2012) [^1], Parkinson (2005) [^2]
- [x]`@q[missing]` Line 11: "Period of use: ~3200 BCE – ~400 CE" - what is the source?
> Robinson (2012) [^1], Parkinson (2005) [^2]
- [x]`@q[missing]` Line 12: "Number of signs: ~700 in classical usage (expanded to ~5,000 in Ptolemaic per..." - what is the source?
> Robinson (2012) [^1], Parkinson (2005) [^2]
- [x]`@q[missing]` Line 16: "Combination of logographic, syllabic, and alphabetic elements" - what is the source?
> Robinson (2012) [^1], Parkinson (2005) [^2]
- [x]`@q[missing]` Line 17: "Written left-to-right, right-to-left, or top-to-bottom (direction indicated b..." - what is the source?
> Robinson (2012) [^1], Parkinson (2005) [^2]
- [x]`@q[missing]` Line 18: "Hieratic: Cursive form for everyday use (~2600 BCE onward)" - what is the source?
> Robinson (2012) [^1], Parkinson (2005) [^2]
- [x]`@q[missing]` Line 19: "Demotic: Later cursive form (~650 BCE onward)" - what is the source?
> Robinson (2012) [^1], Parkinson (2005) [^2]
- [x]`@q[missing]` Line 23: "Narmer Palette (~3100 BCE): Among the earliest hieroglyphic inscriptions" - what is the source?
> Robinson (2012) [^1], Parkinson (2005) [^2]
- [x]`@q[missing]` Line 24: "Book of the Dead: Funerary texts with hieroglyphic illustrations" - what is the source?
> Robinson (2012) [^1], Parkinson (2005) [^2]
- [x]`@q[stale]` Line 13: "Deciphered by: Jean-François Champollion (1822) using the Rosetta Stone [^1]" - Robinson source from 2012 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
> Scholarship remains current. Robinson's work on hieroglyphic decipherment is still authoritative.
- [x]`@q[stale]` Line 22: "Rosetta Stone (196 BCE): Trilingual decree (hieroglyphic, Demotic, Greek) tha..." - Parkinson source from 2005 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
> Scholarship remains current. Parkinson's work on Egyptian texts is still foundational.
Reference in New Issue
Block a user
Blocking a user prevents them from interacting with repositories, such as opening or commenting on pull requests or issues. Learn more about blocking a user.
daniel