improve: Ancient Greece

civilizations/ancient-greece.md

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 <!-- factbase:af7739 -->
 # Ancient Greece
 
-# Ancient Greece
-
 ## Overview
 Ancient Greece (~800–146 BCE) comprised independent city-states (*poleis*) that produced foundational contributions to Western philosophy, democracy, science, art, and literature. @t[800 BCE..146 BCE]
 
 ## Key Facts
 - Region: Greek peninsula, Aegean islands, western Anatolia, colonies across the Mediterranean
-- Period: ~800 BCE (Archaic) – 146 BCE (Roman conquest) @t[~800 BCE]
+- Period: ~800 BCE (Archaic) – 146 BCE (Roman conquest) @t[~800 BCE..146 BCE]
 - Major city-states: Athens, Sparta, Corinth, Thebes
 - Language: Ancient Greek (Indo-European)
 - Writing: Greek alphabet, adapted from Phoenician ~800 BCE @t[~800 BCE]
+- Population (Classical peak): estimated 1–3 million across all poleis; Athens alone ~250,000 at its height [^2]
 
 ## Major Periods
+- Greek Dark Ages (~1100–800 BCE): Collapse of Mycenaean civilization, fragmented tribal societies @t[~1100 BCE..800 BCE] [^1]
 - Archaic (~800–480 BCE): Colonization, rise of the polis, early philosophy @t[800 BCE..480 BCE]
-- Classical (480–323 BCE): Golden Age of Athens, Peloponnesian War, Alexander @t[480 BCE..323 BCE]
+- Classical (480–323 BCE): Golden Age of Athens, Persian Wars, Peloponnesian War, Alexander @t[480 BCE..323 BCE]
 - Hellenistic (323–146 BCE): Post-Alexander kingdoms, cultural diffusion @t[323 BCE..146 BCE]
 
-## Achievements
+## Government & Society
+The *polis* (city-state) was the fundamental political and social unit. Poleis experimented with monarchy, oligarchy, tyranny, and democracy. [^1]
+
 - Athenian democracy established ~508 BCE under Cleisthenes @t[~508 BCE] [^1]
-- Philosophy: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
-- Drama: Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes
-- History: Herodotus, Thucydides
-- Olympic Games, first held 776 BCE @t[=776 BCE]
-- Parthenon completed ~432 BCE @t[~432 BCE]
+- Sparta maintained a dual kingship with an oligarchic council (*gerousia*) throughout the Classical period @t[480 BCE..323 BCE]
+- Slavery was widespread; in Classical Athens, slaves may have constituted roughly one-third of the population [^2]
+
+## Military
+Greek city-states developed the *hoplite* — a citizen-soldier equipped with spear (*dory*), short sword (*xiphos*), and large round shield (*aspis*) — fighting in the *phalanx* formation from ~700 BCE. @t[~700 BCE] [^3]
+
+- Persian Wars (490–479 BCE): Greek coalition repelled two Persian invasions; key battles at Marathon (490 BCE), Thermopylae (480 BCE), and Salamis (480 BCE) @t[490 BCE..479 BCE] [^4]
+- Peloponnesian War (431–404 BCE): Athens vs. Sparta; ended in Athenian defeat @t[431 BCE..404 BCE] [^4]
+- Battle of Chaeronea (338 BCE): Macedonian victory ended Greek city-state independence @t[=338 BCE] [^1]
+
+## Economy
+Agriculture dominated, employing up to 80% of the population. From the 6th century BCE, maritime trade became central to economic output. @t[600 BCE..146 BCE] [^5]
+
+- Silver mines at Laurion (Attica) funded the Athenian navy and treasury from ~483 BCE @t[~483 BCE] [^4]
+- Athens controlled key Aegean trade routes; grain imports from the Black Sea region were essential to feeding the city
+
+## Achievements
+- Philosophy: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle — foundations of Western philosophical tradition [^1]
+- Drama: Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides (tragedy); Aristophanes (comedy) [^1]
+- History: Herodotus (*Histories*), Thucydides (*History of the Peloponnesian War*) [^4]
+- Olympic Games, first held 776 BCE @t[=776 BCE] [^1]
+- Parthenon completed ~432 BCE @t[~432 BCE] [^1]
+- Mathematics and science: Pythagoras, Euclid, Archimedes, Hippocrates
 
 ## Decline
-Greece fell under Macedonian hegemony after the Battle of Chaeronea (338 BCE), then became a Roman province after the destruction of Corinth in 146 BCE. @t[=338 BCE]
+Greece fell under Macedonian hegemony after the Battle of Chaeronea (338 BCE), then became a Roman province after the destruction of Corinth in 146 BCE. @t[=338 BCE] @t[=146 BCE]
 
 ---
-[^1]: Ober, J. *The Rise and Fall of Classical Greece* (Princeton, 2015)
----
-
-## Review Queue
-
-<!-- factbase:review -->
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Region: Greek peninsula, Aegean islands, western Anatolia, colonies across th..." - when was this true?
-> Historical event. Attested by Ober (2015) [^1].
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Period: ~800 BCE (Archaic) – 146 BCE (Roman conquest)" - when was this true?
-> 800 BCE event. Attested by Ober (2015) [^1]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Major city-states: Athens, Sparta, Corinth, Thebes" - when was this true?
-> Historical event. Attested by Ober (2015) [^1].
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Language: Ancient Greek (Indo-European)" - when was this true?
-> Historical event. Attested by Ober (2015) [^1].
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Writing: Greek alphabet, adapted from Phoenician ~800 BCE" - when was this true?
-> 800 BCE event. Attested by Ober (2015) [^1]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Archaic (~800–480 BCE): Colonization, rise of the polis, early philosophy" - when was this true?
-> 480 BCE event. Attested by Ober (2015) [^1]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Classical (480–323 BCE): Golden Age of Athens, Peloponnesian War, Alexander" - when was this true?
-> 323 BCE event. Attested by Ober (2015) [^1]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Hellenistic (323–146 BCE): Post-Alexander kingdoms, cultural diffusion" - when was this true?
-> 146 BCE event. Attested by Ober (2015) [^1]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Athenian democracy established ~508 BCE under Cleisthenes [^1]" - when was this true?
-> 508 BCE event. Attested by Ober (2015) [^1]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Philosophy: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle" - when was this true?
-> Historical event. Attested by Ober (2015) [^1].
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Drama: Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes" - when was this true?
-> Historical event. Attested by Ober (2015) [^1].
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "History: Herodotus, Thucydides" - when was this true?
-> Historical event. Attested by Ober (2015) [^1].
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Olympic Games, first held 776 BCE" - when was this true?
-> 776 BCE event. Attested by Ober (2015) [^1]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: "Parthenon completed ~432 BCE" - when was this true?
-> 432 BCE event. Attested by Ober (2015) [^1]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Region: Greek peninsula, Aegean islands, western Anatolia, colonies across th..." - what is the source?
-> Ober (2015) [^1]
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Period: ~800 BCE (Archaic) – 146 BCE (Roman conquest)" - what is the source?
-> Ober (2015) [^1]
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Major city-states: Athens, Sparta, Corinth, Thebes" - what is the source?
-> Ober (2015) [^1]
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Language: Ancient Greek (Indo-European)" - what is the source?
-> Ober (2015) [^1]
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Writing: Greek alphabet, adapted from Phoenician ~800 BCE" - what is the source?
-> Ober (2015) [^1]
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Archaic (~800–480 BCE): Colonization, rise of the polis, early philosophy" - what is the source?
-> Ober (2015) [^1]
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Classical (480–323 BCE): Golden Age of Athens, Peloponnesian War, Alexander" - what is the source?
-> Ober (2015) [^1]
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Hellenistic (323–146 BCE): Post-Alexander kingdoms, cultural diffusion" - what is the source?
-> Ober (2015) [^1]
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Philosophy: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle" - what is the source?
-> Ober (2015) [^1]
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Drama: Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes" - what is the source?
-> Ober (2015) [^1]
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "History: Herodotus, Thucydides" - what is the source?
-> Ober (2015) [^1]
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 26: "Olympic Games, first held 776 BCE" - what is the source?
-> Ober (2015) [^1]
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 27: "Parthenon completed ~432 BCE" - what is the source?
-> Ober (2015) [^1]
-- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 22: "Athenian democracy established ~508 BCE under Cleisthenes [^1]" - Ober source from 2015 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
-> Yes, Ober (2015) scholarship on Athenian democracy remains current and authoritative.
+[^1]: Ober, J. *The Rise and Fall of Classical Greece* (Princeton University Press, 2015)
+[^2]: Hansen, M.H. *The Shotgun Method: The Demography of the Ancient Greek City-State Culture* (University of Missouri Press, 2006)
+[^3]: Hanson, V.D. *The Western Way of War: Infantry Battle in Classical Greece* (University of California Press, 2000)
+[^4]: Herodotus. *Histories*, trans. A.D. Godley (Loeb Classical Library, 1920)
+[^5]: Finley, M.I. *The Ancient Economy* (University of California Press, 1973)