Enrich Babylon: add temporal tags, population, Sennacherib, Neo-Babylonian dates, 2024 excavation, remove duplicate heading and review queue
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@@ -4336,3 +4336,13 @@ To https://gitea.home.everyonce.com/daniel/factbase-ancient-history.git
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status: UPDATED | Julius Caesar | changes: fixed duplicate title heading; removed answered review queue section; added Early Career section (aedile 65 BCE, pontifex maximus 63 BCE, praetor 62 BCE, governor of Hispania 61–60 BCE); added temporal tags to all Legacy items; enriched with Battle of Thapsus, Battle of Munda, Carthage refounding, Caesarion, deification 42 BCE, Octavian→Augustus 27 BCE; added Suetonius as third footnote
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[main e7a9206] improve: Julius Caesar
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5 files changed, 171 insertions(+)
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delete mode 100644 .factbase/factbase.db-shm
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delete mode 100644 .factbase/factbase.db-wal
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[2026-02-23 00:18:30] ✅ Committed: improve: Julius Caesar
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[2026-02-23 00:18:30] Done (74s) — UPDATED
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[2026-02-23 00:18:35] [21/66] Next up...
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[2026-02-23 00:18:35] ━━━ [Babylon] (61a12b) reviews=0 garbage=0 ━━━
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[2026-02-23 00:18:35] 🧹 Bash cleanup applied
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[2026-02-23 00:18:35] 🔍 Enrichment + review pass
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@@ -82,3 +82,6 @@
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[2026-02-23T00:17:08+00:00] 5dccc5 | Mesopotamian Religion
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status: UPDATED | Mesopotamian Religion | changes: Fixed duplicate title heading; corrected temporal tags (~4000 BCE..~500 CE range); expanded Major Deities with Nanna/Sin, Nergal, and Tiamat; enriched Key Concepts with city-patron system, temple economy, personal piety, hierarchical pantheon, and Atrahasis Epic; added [^3] footnote (World History Encyclopedia); committed and pushed
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duration: 62s
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[2026-02-23T00:18:30+00:00] 5f1362 | Julius Caesar
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status: UPDATED | Julius Caesar | changes: fixed duplicate title heading; removed answered review queue section; added Early Career section (aedile 65 BCE, pontifex maximus 63 BCE, praetor 62 BCE, governor of Hispania 61–60 BCE); added temporal tags to all Legacy items; enriched with Battle of Thapsus, Battle of Munda, Carthage refounding, Caesarion, deification 42 BCE, Octavian→Augustus 27 BCE; added Suetonius as third footnote
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duration: 74s
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<!-- factbase:61a12b -->
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# Babylon
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# Babylon
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## Overview
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Babylon was one of the most important cities of the ancient world, located on the Euphrates River in modern-day Iraq. It served as the capital of the Babylonian Empire and was renowned for its monumental architecture.
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Babylon was one of the most important cities of the ancient world, located on the Euphrates River in modern-day Iraq. It served as the capital of the Babylonian Empire and was renowned for its monumental architecture. The name derives from Akkadian *Bābilim*, meaning "gate of the god(s)." [^3]
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## Key Facts
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- Location: Central Mesopotamia, ~85 km south of modern Baghdad, Iraq
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- Period of prominence: ~1894 BCE – 539 BCE @t[1894 BCE..539 BCE]
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- Location: Central Mesopotamia, ~85 km south of modern Baghdad, Iraq @t[~1894 BCE..~1000 CE]
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- Period of prominence: ~1894 BCE – 539 BCE @t[~1894 BCE..539 BCE]
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- Neo-Babylonian Empire capital: 626–539 BCE @t[626 BCE..539 BCE]
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- Modern site: Hillah, Babil Governorate, Iraq
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- UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2019
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- UNESCO World Heritage Site since July 2019 (criteria iii, vi; reference no. 278) @t[2019..]
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- Site area: ~900 hectares; inner walled city ~450 hectares [^3]
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- Estimated peak population: ~200,000 (possibly the first city to exceed this threshold) @t[~612 BCE..~320 BCE] [^3]
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## Major Features
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- Ishtar Gate: Glazed brick gate decorated with dragons and bulls, built under Nebuchadnezzar II (~575 BCE) @t[~575 BCE] [^1]
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- Processional Way: Ceremonial avenue leading to the Esagila temple
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- Etemenanki: Ziggurat dedicated to Marduk, possibly the inspiration for the Tower of Babel
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- Hanging Gardens: One of the Seven Wonders (existence and location debated) [^2]
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- Processional Way: Ceremonial avenue leading to the Esagila temple complex of Marduk [^1]
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- Etemenanki: Ziggurat dedicated to Marduk ("Temple of the Foundation of Heaven and Earth"), possibly the inspiration for the Tower of Babel; destroyed by Sennacherib in 689 BCE @t[=689 BCE], rebuilt by Nebuchadnezzar II @t[604 BCE..562 BCE] [^3]
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- Hanging Gardens: One of the Seven Wonders (existence and location debated; Dalley argues they were actually at Nineveh) [^2]
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- Walls of Babylon: Also ranked among the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World [^3]
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- Esagila: Main temple complex of Marduk, located at the Amran Ibn Ali mound [^3]
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## Historical Periods
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- Old Babylonian Empire (Hammurabi's dynasty): ~1894–1595 BCE @t[~1894 BCE..~1595 BCE]
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- Kassite period: ~1595–1155 BCE @t[~1595 BCE..~1155 BCE]
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- Assyrian domination and destruction by Sennacherib: 689 BCE @t[=689 BCE]
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- Neo-Babylonian (Chaldean) Empire: 626–539 BCE @t[626 BCE..539 BCE]
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- Persian conquest by Cyrus the Great: 539 BCE @t[=539 BCE]
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- Alexander the Great enters Babylon: 331 BCE; dies there 323 BCE @t[=331 BCE] @t[=323 BCE]
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- City gradually abandoned: ~2nd century BCE – ~1000 CE @t[~200 BCE..~1000 CE]
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## Archaeological History
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- Excavated by Robert Koldewey (1899–1917) for the German Oriental Society
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- Ishtar Gate reconstructed in the Pergamon Museum, Berlin
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- Site suffered damage during the Iraq War (2003–2004) from military base construction
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- Claudius Rich: first systematic survey, 1811–12 @t[1811 CE..1812 CE] [^3]
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- Excavated by Robert Koldewey (1899–1917) for the German Oriental Society — first scientific excavation @t[1899 CE..1917 CE] [^1]
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- Ishtar Gate reconstructed in the Pergamon Museum (Vorderasiatisches Museum), Berlin [^1]
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- Saddam Hussein reconstruction project (1978–2003): rebuilt structures atop ruins, inscribed bricks with his name @t[1978 CE..2003 CE] [^3]
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- Site suffered damage during the Iraq War (2003–2004) from US military base construction; British Museum report documented crushing of 2,600-year-old brick pavements @t[2003 CE..2004 CE] [^3]
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- 2024 Iraqi excavation (Al-Fayadiya district, site 19/3): 478 artifacts recovered including cuneiform tablets, cylinder seals, and ceramic vessels; Old Babylonian and Sasanian strata identified @t[2024 CE] [^4]
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---
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[^1]: Koldewey, R. *The Excavations at Babylon* (1914)
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[^2]: Dalley, S. *The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon* (2013)
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---
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## Review Queue
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<!-- factbase:review -->
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- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Location: Central Mesopotamia, ~85 km south of modern Baghdad, Iraq" - when was this true?
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> Historical event. Attested by Koldewey (1914) [^1]; Dalley (2013) [^2].
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- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Period of prominence: ~1894 BCE – 539 BCE" - when was this true?
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> 1894 BCE event. Attested by Koldewey (1914) [^1]; Dalley (2013) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
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- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Modern site: Hillah, Babil Governorate, Iraq" - when was this true?
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> Historical event. Attested by Koldewey (1914) [^1]; Dalley (2013) [^2].
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- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2019" - when was this true?
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> Historical event. Attested by Koldewey (1914) [^1]; Dalley (2013) [^2].
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- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Ishtar Gate: Glazed brick gate decorated with dragons and bulls, built under ..." - when was this true?
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> Historical event. Attested by Koldewey (1914) [^1]; Dalley (2013) [^2].
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- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Processional Way: Ceremonial avenue leading to the Esagila temple" - when was this true?
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> Historical event. Attested by Koldewey (1914) [^1]; Dalley (2013) [^2].
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- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Etemenanki: Ziggurat dedicated to Marduk, possibly the inspiration for the To..." - when was this true?
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> Historical event. Attested by Koldewey (1914) [^1]; Dalley (2013) [^2].
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- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Hanging Gardens: One of the Seven Wonders (existence and location debated) [^2]" - when was this true?
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> Historical event. Attested by Koldewey (1914) [^1]; Dalley (2013) [^2].
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- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Excavated by Robert Koldewey (1899–1917) for the German Oriental Society" - when was this true?
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> Historical event. Attested by Koldewey (1914) [^1]; Dalley (2013) [^2].
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- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Ishtar Gate reconstructed in the Pergamon Museum, Berlin" - when was this true?
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> Historical event. Attested by Koldewey (1914) [^1]; Dalley (2013) [^2].
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- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Site suffered damage during the Iraq War (2003–2004) from military base con..." - when was this true?
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> Historical event. Attested by Koldewey (1914) [^1]; Dalley (2013) [^2].
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- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Location: Central Mesopotamia, ~85 km south of modern Baghdad, Iraq" - what is the source?
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> Koldewey (1914) [^1], Dalley (2013) [^2]
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- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Period of prominence: ~1894 BCE – 539 BCE" - what is the source?
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> Koldewey (1914) [^1], Dalley (2013) [^2]
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- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Modern site: Hillah, Babil Governorate, Iraq" - what is the source?
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> Koldewey (1914) [^1], Dalley (2013) [^2]
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- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2019" - what is the source?
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> Koldewey (1914) [^1], Dalley (2013) [^2]
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- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Processional Way: Ceremonial avenue leading to the Esagila temple" - what is the source?
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> Koldewey (1914) [^1], Dalley (2013) [^2]
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- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Etemenanki: Ziggurat dedicated to Marduk, possibly the inspiration for the To..." - what is the source?
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> Koldewey (1914) [^1], Dalley (2013) [^2]
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- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Excavated by Robert Koldewey (1899–1917) for the German Oriental Society" - what is the source?
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> Koldewey (1914) [^1], Dalley (2013) [^2]
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- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Ishtar Gate reconstructed in the Pergamon Museum, Berlin" - what is the source?
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> Koldewey (1914) [^1], Dalley (2013) [^2]
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- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Site suffered damage during the Iraq War (2003–2004) from military base con..." - what is the source?
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> Koldewey (1914) [^1], Dalley (2013) [^2]
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- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 16: "Ishtar Gate: Glazed brick gate decorated with dragons and bulls, built under ..." - Koldewey source from 1914 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
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> Scholarship remains current. Koldewey (1914) excavation findings confirmed by modern archaeology.
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- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 19: "Hanging Gardens: One of the Seven Wonders (existence and location debated) [^2]" - Dalley source from 2013 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
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> Scholarship remains current. Dalley (2013) research represents latest scholarly consensus on Hanging Gardens.
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[^3]: Wikipedia contributors. "Babylon." *Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia*. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon (accessed February 2026), citing Chandler, T. *Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth* (1987); Curtis, J. British Museum Near East Department report (2004–2009); UNESCO World Heritage List no. 278 (2019)
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[^4]: Iraq State Board of Antiquities and Heritage, excavation report via LBV Magazine (October 2024). https://www.labrujulaverde.com/en/2024/10/buildings-cuneiform-tablets-cylinder-seals-and-more-than-400-archaeological-artifacts-discovered-in-ancient-babylon/
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@@ -34,3 +34,5 @@
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{"level":"info","message":"Starting MCP server","service":"mcp-puppeteer","timestamp":"2026-02-23 00:17:16.441"}
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{"level":"info","message":"MCP server started successfully","service":"mcp-puppeteer","timestamp":"2026-02-23 00:17:16.444"}
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{"level":"info","message":"Puppeteer MCP Server closing","service":"mcp-puppeteer","timestamp":"2026-02-23 00:18:27.768"}
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{"level":"info","message":"Starting MCP server","service":"mcp-puppeteer","timestamp":"2026-02-23 00:18:38.229"}
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{"level":"info","message":"MCP server started successfully","service":"mcp-puppeteer","timestamp":"2026-02-23 00:18:38.232"}
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