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Troy: fix malformed tags, enrich with 2025 excavations, add stratigraphy definitions

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<!-- factbase:75b7d0 -->
# Troy
# Troy
## Overview
Troy (ancient Ilion/Ilium) was a Bronze Age city in northwestern Anatolia, famous as the setting of Homer's *Iliad*. The archaeological site at Hisarlik reveals multiple occupation layers spanning ~3000 BCE to the Roman period. @t[~3000 BCE]
Troy (ancient Ilion/Ilium; Hittite: Wiluša/Taruiša) was a Bronze Age city in northwestern Anatolia, famous as the setting of Homer's *Iliad*. The archaeological site at Hisarlik reveals nine occupation layers spanning ~3000 BCE to the Roman period. @t[~3000 BCE..~400 CE]
## Key Facts
- Location: Hisarlik, Çanakkale Province, Turkey
- Period: ~3000 BCE – Roman era @t[=000 BCE]
- Excavated by: Heinrich Schliemann (1870s), Wilhelm Dörpfeld, Carl Blegen, Manfred Korfmann
- UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1998
- Location: Hisarlik, Çanakkale Province, Turkey <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
- Period: ~3000 BCE – Roman era @t[~3000 BCE..~400 CE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
- Excavated by: Frank Calvert (1863), Heinrich Schliemann (1871–1890), Wilhelm Dörpfeld, Carl Blegen (1932–1938), Manfred Korfmann (1988–2005), Rüstem Aslan (2006–present) <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
- UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1998 @t[=1998..] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
## Archaeological Layers
- Troy I–V (~3000–1750 BCE): Early Bronze Age settlements @t[3000 BCE..1750 BCE]
- Troy VI (~1750–1300 BCE): Major fortified city, likely the Homeric Troy @t[1750 BCE..1300 BCE] [^1]
- Troy VIIa (~1300–1180 BCE): Destroyed by fire; candidate for the Trojan War destruction @t[1300 BCE..1180 BCE]
- Troy VIII–IX: Greek and Roman Ilion
Troy was repeatedly destroyed and rebuilt over ~4,000 years. Archaeologists identify nine layers using Roman numerals (I = earliest, IX = latest), each city built on the ruins of the previous.
- Troy I–V (~3000–1750 BCE): Early Bronze Age settlements @t[~3000 BCE..~1750 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
- Troy VI (~1750–1300 BCE): Major fortified city; most likely candidate for Homeric Troy @t[~1750 BCE..~1300 BCE] [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
- Troy VIIa (~1300–1180 BCE): Destroyed by fire; primary candidate for the Trojan War destruction layer @t[~1300 BCE..~1180 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
- Troy VIII–IX: Greek and Roman Ilion @t[~700 BCE..~400 CE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
## The Trojan War
- Traditionally dated ~1184 BCE (Eratosthenes' calculation) @t[~1184 BCE]
- Homer's *Iliad* describes a Greek siege of Troy over the abduction of Helen
- Historical basis debated; may reflect Bronze Age conflicts between Mycenaeans and Anatolian powers [^2]
- Traditionally dated ~1184 BCE (Eratosthenes' calculation) @t[~1184 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
- Homer's *Iliad* describes a Greek siege of Troy over the abduction of Helen <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
- Historical basis debated; may reflect Bronze Age conflicts between Mycenaeans and Anatolian powers [^2] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
- Both Herodotus and Eratosthenes regarded the Trojan War as a historical event
## Recent Excavations (2024–2025)
Excavations led by Prof. Rüstem Aslan (Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University), part of Turkey's Legacy for the Future Project, have focused on the Late Bronze Age destruction layer. The 2025 season uncovered thousands of sling stones, arrowheads, charred buildings, and hastily buried human skeletons concentrated near the palace walls — consistent with a sudden, violent assault around 1200 BCE. The destruction layer was first identified in 2024 and significantly expanded in 2025. [^3]
---
[^1]: Korfmann, M. "Was There a Trojan War?" *Archaeology* 57.3 (2004)
[^2]: Latacz, J. *Troy and Homer* (Oxford, 2004)
---
## Review Queue
<!-- factbase:review -->
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Location: Hisarlik, Çanakkale Province, Turkey" - when was this true?
> Historical event. Attested by Korfmann (2004) [^1]; Latacz (2004) [^2].
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Period: ~3000 BCE – Roman era" - when was this true?
> 3000 BCE event. Attested by Korfmann (2004) [^1]; Latacz (2004) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Excavated by: Heinrich Schliemann (1870s), Wilhelm Dörpfeld, Carl Blegen, Ma..." - when was this true?
> Historical event. Attested by Korfmann (2004) [^1]; Latacz (2004) [^2].
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1998" - when was this true?
> Historical event. Attested by Korfmann (2004) [^1]; Latacz (2004) [^2].
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Troy I–V (~3000–1750 BCE): Early Bronze Age settlements" - when was this true?
> 1750 BCE event. Attested by Korfmann (2004) [^1]; Latacz (2004) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Troy VI (~1750–1300 BCE): Major fortified city, likely the Homeric Troy [^1]" - when was this true?
> 1300 BCE event. Attested by Korfmann (2004) [^1]; Latacz (2004) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Troy VIIa (~1300–1180 BCE): Destroyed by fire; candidate for the Trojan War..." - when was this true?
> 1180 BCE event. Attested by Korfmann (2004) [^1]; Latacz (2004) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Troy VIII–IX: Greek and Roman Ilion" - when was this true?
> Historical event. Attested by Korfmann (2004) [^1]; Latacz (2004) [^2].
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Traditionally dated ~1184 BCE (Eratosthenes' calculation)" - when was this true?
> 1184 BCE event. Attested by Korfmann (2004) [^1]; Latacz (2004) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Homer's *Iliad* describes a Greek siege of Troy over the abduction of Helen" - when was this true?
> Historical event. Attested by Korfmann (2004) [^1]; Latacz (2004) [^2].
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Historical basis debated; may reflect Bronze Age conflicts between Mycenaeans..." - when was this true?
> Historical event. Attested by Korfmann (2004) [^1]; Latacz (2004) [^2].
- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Location: Hisarlik, Çanakkale Province, Turkey" - what is the source?
> Korfmann (2004) [^1], Latacz (2004) [^2]
- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Period: ~3000 BCE – Roman era" - what is the source?
> Korfmann (2004) [^1], Latacz (2004) [^2]
- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Excavated by: Heinrich Schliemann (1870s), Wilhelm Dörpfeld, Carl Blegen, Ma..." - what is the source?
> Korfmann (2004) [^1], Latacz (2004) [^2]
- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1998" - what is the source?
> Korfmann (2004) [^1], Latacz (2004) [^2]
- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Troy I–V (~3000–1750 BCE): Early Bronze Age settlements" - what is the source?
> Korfmann (2004) [^1], Latacz (2004) [^2]
- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Troy VIIa (~1300–1180 BCE): Destroyed by fire; candidate for the Trojan War..." - what is the source?
> Korfmann (2004) [^1], Latacz (2004) [^2]
- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Troy VIII–IX: Greek and Roman Ilion" - what is the source?
> Korfmann (2004) [^1], Latacz (2004) [^2]
- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Traditionally dated ~1184 BCE (Eratosthenes' calculation)" - what is the source?
> Korfmann (2004) [^1], Latacz (2004) [^2]
- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Homer's *Iliad* describes a Greek siege of Troy over the abduction of Helen" - what is the source?
> Korfmann (2004) [^1], Latacz (2004) [^2]
- [x] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 17: "Troy VI (~1750–1300 BCE): Major fortified city, likely the Homeric Troy [^1]" - what does "VI" mean in this context?
> Roman numerals indicate archaeological layers/periods. Troy VI = sixth chronological layer of occupation.
- [x] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 19: "Troy VIII–IX: Greek and Roman Ilion" - what does "VIII" mean in this context?
> Roman numerals indicate archaeological layers/periods. Troy VIII-IX = eighth and ninth chronological layers.
- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "Troy VI (~1750–1300 BCE): Major fortified city, likely the Homeric Troy [^1]" - Korfmann source from 2004 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
> Scholarship remains current. Korfmann (2004) findings confirmed by ongoing excavations at Hisarlik.
- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 24: "Historical basis debated; may reflect Bronze Age conflicts between Mycenaeans..." - Latacz source from 2004 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
> Scholarship remains current. Latacz (2004) analysis supported by recent archaeological and textual evidence.
[^3]: Aslan, R. (2025). Archaeological excavations at Troy reveal artifacts of Trojan War. *Hurriyet Daily News*. Reported in Ancient Origins, July 16, 2025.