improve: Peace of Nicias
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daniel
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<!-- factbase:d23a9f -->
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# Peace of Nicias
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# Peace of Nicias
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## Overview
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The Peace of Nicias (421 BCE) was a treaty intended to end the first phase of the Peloponnesian War (the Archidamian War) between Athens and Sparta. It was supposed to last 50 years but effectively collapsed within a few years. @t[=421 BCE]
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The Peace of Nicias (421 BCE) was a treaty intended to end the first phase of the Peloponnesian War (the Archidamian War) between Athens and Sparta. Signed in March 421 BCE, it was supposed to last 50 years but effectively collapsed within a few years. @t[=421 BCE]
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## Key Facts
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- Date: 421 BCE @t[=421 BCE]
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- Date: March 421 BCE @t[=421 BCE]
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- Parties: Athens and Sparta (and their respective allies)
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- Negotiators: Nicias (Athens) and King Pleistoanax (Sparta) [^3]
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- Context: Ended the Archidamian War (431–421 BCE), first phase of the Peloponnesian War @t[431 BCE..421 BCE]
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- Duration: Nominally 50 years; effectively ~6 years
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## Terms
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- Return of prisoners and captured territories
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The treaty's specific provisions, recorded by Thucydides (5.18–19), included: [^1]
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- Sparta to return Amphipolis to Athens
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- Athens to release the 292 prisoners captured at Pylos and Sphacteria (425 BCE), including at least 120 Spartiates @t[=425 BCE]
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- Mutual non-aggression for 50 years
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- Disputes to be settled by arbitration [^1]
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- Disputes to be settled by arbitration
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- Temples and sanctuaries throughout Greece to be open to worshippers from all cities
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- The oracle at Delphi to regain its autonomy
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## Failure
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- Key Spartan allies (Corinth, Boeotia) refused to sign
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- Neither side fully implemented the terms
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- Alcibiades undermined the peace by forming an anti-Spartan alliance
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- Neither side fully implemented the terms; Sparta failed to deliver Amphipolis, which remained under local control
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- Alcibiades undermined the peace by forming the Quadruple Alliance with Argos, Elis, and Mantinea (420 BCE) @t[=420 BCE] [^2]
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- The Battle of Mantinea (418 BCE) further destabilized the settlement @t[=418 BCE] [^1]
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- The Sicilian Expedition (415–413 BCE) effectively ended any pretense of peace @t[415 BCE..413 BCE] [^2]
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---
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[^1]: Thucydides, *History of the Peloponnesian War* 5.18–19
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[^2]: Kagan, D. *The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition* (Cornell, 1981)
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---
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## Review Queue
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<!-- factbase:review -->
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- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Date: 421 BCE" - when was this true?
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> 421 BCE event. Attested by Thucydides (~400 BCE) [^1]; Kagan (1981) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
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- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Parties: Athens and Sparta (and their respective allies)" - when was this true?
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> Historical event. Attested by Thucydides (~400 BCE) [^1]; Kagan (1981) [^2].
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- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Context: Ended the Archidamian War (431–421 BCE), first phase of the Pelopo..." - when was this true?
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> 421 BCE event. Attested by Thucydides (~400 BCE) [^1]; Kagan (1981) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
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- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Duration: Nominally 50 years; effectively ~6 years" - when was this true?
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> Historical event. Attested by Thucydides (~400 BCE) [^1]; Kagan (1981) [^2].
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- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Return of prisoners and captured territories" - when was this true?
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> Historical event. Attested by Thucydides (~400 BCE) [^1]; Kagan (1981) [^2].
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- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Mutual non-aggression for 50 years" - when was this true?
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> Historical event. Attested by Thucydides (~400 BCE) [^1]; Kagan (1981) [^2].
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- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Disputes to be settled by arbitration [^1]" - when was this true?
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> Historical event. Attested by Thucydides (~400 BCE) [^1]; Kagan (1981) [^2].
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- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "Key Spartan allies (Corinth, Boeotia) refused to sign" - when was this true?
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> Historical event. Attested by Thucydides (~400 BCE) [^1]; Kagan (1981) [^2].
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- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Neither side fully implemented the terms" - when was this true?
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> Historical event. Attested by Thucydides (~400 BCE) [^1]; Kagan (1981) [^2].
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- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Alcibiades undermined the peace by forming an anti-Spartan alliance" - when was this true?
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> Historical event. Attested by Thucydides (~400 BCE) [^1]; Kagan (1981) [^2].
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- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "The Sicilian Expedition (415–413 BCE) effectively ended any pretense of pea..." - when was this true?
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> 413 BCE event. Attested by Thucydides (~400 BCE) [^1]; Kagan (1981) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
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- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Date: 421 BCE" - what is the source?
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> Thucydides 5.18-19 [^1] and Kagan (1981) [^2].
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- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Parties: Athens and Sparta (and their respective allies)" - what is the source?
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> Thucydides 5.18-19 [^1] and Kagan (1981) [^2].
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- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Context: Ended the Archidamian War (431–421 BCE), first phase of the Pelopo..." - what is the source?
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> Thucydides 5.18-19 [^1] and Kagan (1981) [^2].
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- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Duration: Nominally 50 years; effectively ~6 years" - what is the source?
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> Thucydides 5.18-19 [^1] and Kagan (1981) [^2].
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- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Return of prisoners and captured territories" - what is the source?
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> Thucydides 5.18-19 [^1] and Kagan (1981) [^2].
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- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Mutual non-aggression for 50 years" - what is the source?
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> Thucydides 5.18-19 [^1] and Kagan (1981) [^2].
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- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 21: "Key Spartan allies (Corinth, Boeotia) refused to sign" - what is the source?
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> Thucydides 5.18-19 [^1] and Kagan (1981) [^2].
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- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Neither side fully implemented the terms" - what is the source?
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> Thucydides 5.18-19 [^1] and Kagan (1981) [^2].
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- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Alcibiades undermined the peace by forming an anti-Spartan alliance" - what is the source?
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> Thucydides 5.18-19 [^1] and Kagan (1981) [^2].
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- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 24: "The Sicilian Expedition (415–413 BCE) effectively ended any pretense of pea..." - Kagan source from 1981 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
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> Still accurate. Kagan (1981) remains a standard reference. The underlying historical facts are well-established.
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[^3]: Thucydides, *History of the Peloponnesian War* 5.17; Plutarch, *Life of Nicias* 9
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