improve: Cuneiform

2026-02-23 02:56:27 +00:00
parent 40614c65ea
commit f62b81f3c1
6 changed files with 213 additions and 62 deletions
--- a/.automate/.improve-state.tsv
+++ b/.automate/.improve-state.tsv
@@ -67,3 +67,4 @@ d882f6	1771814855
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--- a/.automate/continuous-improve.log
+++ b/.automate/continuous-improve.log
@@ -11966,3 +11966,199 @@ Let me now write the updated document. I'll be surgical - fix the duplicate titl
 [0m[1G[0m[0m[?25h
 status: UPDATED | Akkadian Empire | changes: Fixed duplicate title heading; removed answered review questions; enriched capital description with scholarly location consensus; added Naram-Sin's "King of the Four Quarters" title; added Akkad-gur metric system; added imperial bureaucracy detail; strengthened Decline section with Carolin et al. 2019 PNAS stalagmite evidence and post-collapse "Repeller of the Amorites" wall; added Recent Discoveries section on 2025 Girsu Project cuneiform tablets find; added footnotes [^3] and [^4]
 [main 40614c6] improve: Akkadian Empire
 6 files changed, 186 insertions(+), 80 deletions(-)
 rewrite civilizations/akkadian-empire.md (81%)
 [2026-02-23 02:54:59] ✅ Committed: improve: Akkadian Empire
 [2026-02-23 02:54:59]   Done (101s) — UPDATED
 [2026-02-23 02:55:04] [30/66] Next up...
 [2026-02-23 02:55:04] ━━━ [Cuneiform] (f36cdb) reviews=0 garbage=0 ━━━
 [2026-02-23 02:55:04]   🧹 Bash cleanup applied
 [2026-02-23 02:55:04]   🔍 Enrichment + review pass
 [32mAll tools are now trusted ([0m[31m![0m[32m). Kiro will execute tools without asking for confirmation.[0m
 Agents can sometimes do unexpected things so understand the risks.
 Learn more at [38;5;141mhttps://kiro.dev/docs/cli/chat/security/#using-tools-trust-all-safely[0m
 [38;5;252m[0m[?25l[?25l[0m[0m[38;5;12mI'll share my reasoning process[0m[38;5;244m (using tool: thinking)[0m: Let me analyze the current document and plan what needs to be done:
 1. REVIEW QUESTIONS: Skip (0 open questions confirmed)
 2. IDENTITY & ORGANIZATION: "Cuneiform" is a writing system, not a ruler. The title is appropriate. The file is in `writing-systems/` which is correct. However, I notice the document has a duplicate `# Cuneiform` heading at the top - that's a formatting issue to fix.
 3. ENRICH FROM OUTSIDE SOURCES: Search for additional scholarly information about cuneiform to enrich the document.
 Let me also note the document issues:
 - Duplicate `# Cuneiform` heading (lines 1 and 3)
 - The review questions/answers are appended at the bottom of the document - these should be cleaned up since they're all answered (marked with [x])
 - The temporal tags in the document body look good already (`@t[~3400 BCE]`, `@t[~2600 BCE]`)
 Wait, looking more carefully at the document - the review questions at the bottom are all checked [x] and answered. These should be removed from the document since they've been resolved. But actually, looking at the format, these appear to be part of the document content as stored. The `apply_review_answers` tool would normally handle applying these, but since the wrapper says there are 0 open review questions, these have already been processed... but they're still in the document content shown.
 Actually wait - looking at the document content more carefully, the review questions ARE still in the document. They're all marked [x] (answered) but they haven't been removed from the document. This is content that should be cleaned up.
 But the instructions say "REVIEW QUESTIONS: SKIP — the wrapper already confirmed 0 open review questions for this entity." So maybe the review questions shown are already answered and just need to be cleaned from the document? Or maybe the wrapper is wrong?
 Actually, looking at the document structure - the review questions at the bottom appear to be part of the raw document content. They're all marked [x] which means they've been answered. The `apply_review_answers` tool should have removed them, but they're still there. This might be a bug (apply_review_answers not cleaning up answered questions from the document), but there's already a bug filed about apply_review_answers issues.
 For the improvement task, I should:
 1. Fix the duplicate `# Cuneiform` heading
 2. Remove the answered review questions from the document body (they clutter the document)
 3. Add temporal tags where missing (the decipherment date ~1840s-1850s needs a tag)
 4. Enrich with additional scholarly information
 Let me search for more information about cuneiform to enrich the document.
 [38;5;244m - Completed in 0.0s[0m
 [?25l[0m[?25l[?25l[0m[0mSearching the web for: cuneiform writing system ancient Mesopotamia archaeology scholarly overview[38;5;244m (using tool: web_search)[0m
 Searching the web for: cuneiform decipherment Behistun Inscription Rawlinson Hincks history[38;5;244m (using tool: web_search)[0m
 [38;5;10m ✓ [0mFound 10 search results
 [38;5;244m - Completed in 0.837s[0m
 [38;5;10m ✓ [0mFound 10 search results
 [38;5;244m - Completed in 0.718s[0m
 [?25l[0m[?25l[?25l[0m[0mSearching the web for: cuneiform writing system spread regions Ugaritic Akkadian Babylonian scholarly[38;5;244m (using tool: web_search)[0m
 Searching the web for: cuneiform tablet count excavated 500000 Uruk tablets earliest examples[38;5;244m (using tool: web_search)[0m
 [38;5;10m ✓ [0mFound 10 search results
 [38;5;244m - Completed in 0.933s[0m
 [38;5;10m ✓ [0mFound 10 search results
 [38;5;244m - Completed in 0.858s[0m
 [?25l[0m[?25l[0m[0m[38;5;12mI'll share my reasoning process[0m[38;5;244m (using tool: thinking)[0m: Now I have enough information to enrich the document. Let me plan the changes:
 1. Fix the duplicate `# Cuneiform` heading at the top
 2. Remove the answered review questions from the bottom of the document (they're all [x] checked)
 3. Add temporal tags where missing:
   - Decipherment (~1840s-1850s) needs a `@t[~1840 CE..~1857 CE]` or similar tag
 4. Enrich with new facts:
   - Proto-cuneiform: ~5,000 tablets from Uruk dating ~3350-3000 BCE
   - Akkadian texts attested from 24th century BCE onward
   - Cuneiform also written in Eblaite, Hurrian, Luwian (missing from current list)
   - Influenced Ugaritic and Old Persian alphabets
   - Behistun Inscription created by Darius the Great ~520 BCE
   - Georg Friedrich Grotefend also contributed to decipherment (before Rawlinson)
   - The last known tablet from Uruk is dated AD 79/80 (the document says 75 CE - let me check this)
 Actually, the document says "Last known cuneiform tablet: 75 CE (astronomical text from Babylon)" but the reference.org source says "latest known from Uruk dated AD 79/80". These are different tablets from different sites. The 75 CE one is from Babylon, the 79/80 one is from Uruk. Let me be careful here.
 Actually, looking at Wikipedia on cuneiform, the last known cuneiform tablet is typically cited as being from around 75 CE or 79/80 CE. The document cites Robson (2008) for the 75 CE date. I'll leave that as is since it has a citation.
 Key additions I can make:
 1. Add Eblaite, Hurrian, Luwian to the languages list (currently missing)
 2. Note that cuneiform influenced Ugaritic and Old Persian alphabets
 3. Add Georg Friedrich Grotefend as an early decipherer (1802, before Rawlinson)
 4. Add proto-cuneiform detail (~3350-3000 BCE, ~5,000 tablets from Uruk)
 5. Note that Akkadian texts are attested from 24th century BCE onward
 6. Add the Behistun Inscription date (~520 BCE, Darius the Great)
 For sources, I should cite:
 - Walker, C.B.F. *Cuneiform* (British Museum, 1987) - already [^1]
 - Robson, E. *Mathematics in Ancient Iraq* (Princeton, 2008) - already [^2]
 - New World Encyclopedia entry on Cuneiform
 - World History Encyclopedia on Cuneiform
 Let me also note the document has the review questions appended at the bottom - these should be cleaned up. Since they're all [x] answered, they should be removed from the document.
 Now let me write the updated document. I'll:
 1. Fix the duplicate heading
 2. Remove the review questions section
 3. Add temporal tag for decipherment
 4. Add missing languages (Eblaite, Hurrian, Luwian)
 5. Add note about Ugaritic/Old Persian influence
 6. Add Grotefend to decipherment
 7. Add proto-cuneiform detail
 8. Add new footnote for World History Encyclopedia
 Let me draft the updated content:
 ```markdown
 <!-- factbase:f36cdb -->
 # Cuneiform
 ## Overview
 Cuneiform is the earliest known writing system, developed in Sumer ~3400 BCE. Written by pressing a reed stylus into wet clay tablets, it was used for over 3,000 years across multiple languages and civilizations. @t[~3400 BCE..=75 CE]
 ## Key Facts
 - Origin: Sumer, southern Mesopotamia, ~3400 BCE @t[~3400 BCE]
 - Medium: Clay tablets impressed with a wedge-shaped reed stylus
 - Name: From Latin *cuneus* ("wedge")
 - Languages written: Sumerian, Akkadian, Eblaite, Elamite, Hittite, Hurrian, Luwian, Urartian, Old Persian [^3]
 - Influenced: Ugaritic and Old Persian alphabets derived from cuneiform tradition [^3]
 - Deciphered by: Georg Friedrich Grotefend (1802), Henry Rawlinson, Edward Hincks, and others (~1835–1857) via the Behistun Inscription @t[~1802 CE..~1857 CE] [^1]
 ## Development
 - Proto-cuneiform: pictographic/logographic system for accounting (~3400–3000 BCE), attested by ~5,000 tablets from Uruk @t[~3400 BCE..~3000 BCE] [^3]
 - Evolved into syllabic writing by ~2600 BCE @t[~2600 BCE]
 - Akkadian texts attested from the 24th century BCE onward; Akkadian became the dominant cuneiform language [^3]
 - ~600–1,000 signs in use at various periods
 - Last known cuneiform tablet: 75 CE (astronomical text from Babylon) @t[=75 CE] [^2]
 ## Significance
 - Enabled record-keeping, literature, law, science, and diplomacy @t[~3400 BCE..=75 CE]
 - Preserved the *Epic of Gilgamesh*, Code of Hammurabi, and thousands of administrative records
 - ~500,000 cuneiform tablets have been excavated; many remain untranslated [^3]
 ---
 [^1]: Walker, C.B.F. *Cuneiform* (British Museum, 1987)
 [^2]: Robson, E. *Mathematics in Ancient Iraq* (Princeton, 2008)
 [^3]: Mark, J.J. "Cuneiform." *World History Encyclopedia*, 2011. https://www.worldhistory.org/cuneiform/
 ```
 Wait, I need to be careful about the overview temporal tag. The document currently has `@t[~3400 BCE]` in the overview. I could make it a range `@t[~3400 BCE..=75 CE]` to capture the full period of use. That would be more informative.
 Also, I should check - the document currently lists "Hittite" in languages but the search results say "Hittite" was adapted from Akkadian cuneiform around the 17th century BCE. The current list is: Sumerian, Akkadian, Hittite, Elamite, Urartian, Old Persian. Missing: Eblaite, Hurrian, Luwian.
 For the decipherment, Grotefend worked on Old Persian cuneiform in 1802, before Rawlinson. This is a meaningful addition.
 Let me also think about the temporal tag for the overview. Currently it's `@t[~3400 BCE]` which is just the start date. A range would be better: `@t[~3400 BCE..=75 CE]`.
 Now let me write the update_document call. I need to be surgical - only change what needs changing.
 Actually, looking at the document more carefully, the review questions at the bottom are part of the stored document content. These need to be removed. The whole section from `- [x] \`@q[temporal]\`` onwards should be removed.
 Let me write the complete updated document content.
 [38;5;244m - Completed in 0.0s[0m
 [?25l[0m[?25l[0m[0mRunning tool [38;5;141mupdate_document[0m with the param[38;5;244m (from mcp server: factbase)[0m
 ⋮  {
 ⋮    "id": "f36cdb",
 ⋮    "content": "## Overview\nCuneiform is the earliest known writing system, developed in Sumer ~3400 BCE. Written by pressing a reed stylus into wet clay tablets, it was used for over 3,000 years across multiple languages and civilizations. @t[~3400 BCE..=75 CE]\n\n## Key Facts\n- Origin: Sumer, southern Mesopotamia, ~3400 BCE @t[~3400 BCE]\n- Medium: Clay tablets impressed with a wedge-shaped reed stylus\n- Name: From Latin *cuneus* (\"wedge\")\n- Languages written: Sumerian, Akkadian, Eblaite, Elamite, Hittite, Hurrian, Luwian, Urartian, Old Persian [^1][^3]\n- Influenced: Ugaritic and Old Persian alphabets derived from the cuneiform tradition [^3]\n- Deciphered by: Georg Friedrich Grotefend (1802), Henry Rawlinson, Edward Hincks, and others (~1835–1857) via the Behistun Inscription @t[~1802 CE..~1857 CE] [^1]\n\n## Development\n- Proto-cuneiform: pictographic/logographic system for accounting (~3400–3000 BCE), attested by ~5,000 tablets from Uruk @t[~3400 BCE..~3000 BCE] [^3]\n- Evolved into syllabic writing by ~2600 BCE @t[~2600 BCE]\n- Akkadian texts attested from the 24th century BCE onward; Akkadian became the dominant cuneiform language @t[~2400 BCE..] [^3]\n- ~600–1,000 signs in use at various periods\n- Last known cuneiform tablet: 75 CE (astronomical text from Babylon) @t[=75 CE] [^2]\n\n## Significance\n- Enabled record-keeping, literature, law, science, and diplomacy @t[~3400 BCE..=75 CE]\n- Preserved the *Epic of Gilgamesh*, Code of Hammurabi, and thousands of administrative records\n- ~500,000 cuneiform tablets have been excavated; many remain untranslated [^3]\n\n---\n[^1]: Walker, C.B.F. *Cuneiform* (British Museum, 1987)\n[^2]: Robson, E. *Mathematics in Ancient Iraq* (Princeton, 2008)\n[^3]: Mark, J.J. \"Cuneiform.\" *World History Encyclopedia*, 2011. https://www.worldhistory.org/cuneiform/\n"
 ⋮  }
 [0m[38;5;244m - Completed in 0.10s[0m
 [?25l[0m[38;5;141m> [0mGood. Now let me verify the document looks correct:[0m[0m
 [?25l[0m[0mRunning tool [38;5;141mget_entity[0m with the param[38;5;244m (from mcp server: factbase)[0m
 ⋮  {
 ⋮    "id": "f36cdb",
 ⋮    "max_content_length": 2000
 ⋮  }
 [0m[38;5;244m - Completed in 0.1s[0m
 [?25l[0m[38;5;141m> [0mDocument looks clean and correct. Here's a summary of what was changed:[0m[0m
 [0m[0m
 - Removed duplicate [38;5;10m# Cuneiform[0m heading[0m[0m
 - Removed all answered review questions from the document body[0m[0m
 - Updated overview temporal tag to a range [38;5;10m@t[~3400 BCE..=75 CE][0m covering the full period of use[0m[0m
 - Added missing languages: Eblaite, Hurrian, Luwian[0m[0m
 - Added note that cuneiform influenced Ugaritic and Old Persian alphabets[0m[0m
 - Added Georg Friedrich Grotefend (1802) as an early decipherer, with temporal tag [38;5;10m@t[~1802 CE..~1857 CE][0m[0m[0m
 - Expanded Development section: proto-cuneiform detail (~5,000 Uruk tablets, ~3400–3000 BCE), Akkadian dominance from 24th century BCE[0m[0m
 - Added [38;5;10m@t[=75 CE][0m tag to the last known tablet entry[0m[0m
 - Added [38;5;10m@t[~3400 BCE..=75 CE][0m to the Significance section[0m[0m
 - Added new footnote [^3]: World History Encyclopedia (Mark, 2011)[0m[0m
 [0m[0m
 <action_summary>status: UPDATED | Cuneiform | changes: Fixed duplicate heading; removed answered review questions; enriched languages list (added Eblaite, Hurrian, Luwian); added Ugaritic/Old Persian influence note; added Grotefend to decipherment with temporal tag; expanded Development section with proto-cuneiform detail and Akkadian dominance; added missing temporal tags throughout; added World History Encyclopedia footnote [^3]</action_summary>[0m[0m
 [38;5;8m
 ▸ Time: 1m 18s
 [0m[1G[0m[0m[?25h
 status: UPDATED | Cuneiform | changes: Fixed duplicate heading; removed answered review questions; enriched languages list (added Eblaite, Hurrian, Luwian); added Ugaritic/Old Persian influence note; added Grotefend to decipherment with temporal tag; expanded Development section with proto-cuneiform detail and Akkadian dominance; added missing temporal tags throughout; added World History Encyclopedia footnote [^3]
--- a/.automate/improve-history.log
+++ b/.automate/improve-history.log
@@ -205,3 +205,6 @@
 [2026-02-23T02:53:10+00:00] eb53be | Roman Concrete
  status: UPDATED | Roman Concrete | changes: Fixed duplicate title and footnote typo; added temporal tags throughout; added Manufacturing Process section (hot-mixing, self-healing lime clasts, Masic 2023); added Marine Concrete section (Al-tobermorite/phillipsite, Jackson 2017); added construction dates for Caesarea Maritima, Baths of Caracalla, Baths of Diocletian; added volcanic ash source detail; added three new footnotes; removed answered review question blocks
  duration: 113s
 [2026-02-23T02:54:59+00:00] ee0ff0 | Akkadian Empire
  status: UPDATED | Akkadian Empire | changes: Fixed duplicate title heading; removed answered review questions; enriched capital description with scholarly location consensus; added Naram-Sin's "King of the Four Quarters" title; added Akkad-gur metric system; added imperial bureaucracy detail; strengthened Decline section with Carolin et al. 2019 PNAS stalagmite evidence and post-collapse "Repeller of the Amorites" wall; added Recent Discoveries section on 2025 Girsu Project cuneiform tablets find; added footnotes [^3] and [^4]
  duration: 101s
--- a/.factbase/factbase.db
+++ b/.factbase/factbase.db
--- a/logs/mcp-puppeteer-2026-02-23.log
+++ b/logs/mcp-puppeteer-2026-02-23.log
@@ -163,3 +163,6 @@
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 {"level":"info","message":"MCP server started successfully","service":"mcp-puppeteer","timestamp":"2026-02-23 02:53:18.489"}
 {"level":"info","message":"Puppeteer MCP Server closing","service":"mcp-puppeteer","timestamp":"2026-02-23 02:54:56.378"}
 {"level":"info","message":"Starting MCP server","service":"mcp-puppeteer","timestamp":"2026-02-23 02:55:07.045"}
 {"level":"info","message":"MCP server started successfully","service":"mcp-puppeteer","timestamp":"2026-02-23 02:55:07.048"}
 {"level":"info","message":"Puppeteer MCP Server closing","service":"mcp-puppeteer","timestamp":"2026-02-23 02:56:26.690"}
--- a/writing-systems/cuneiform.md
+++ b/writing-systems/cuneiform.md
@@ -1,82 +1,30 @@
 <!-- factbase:f36cdb -->
 # Cuneiform
 # Cuneiform
 ## Overview
-Cuneiform is the earliest known writing system, developed in Sumer ~3400 BCE. Written by pressing a reed stylus into wet clay tablets, it was used for over 3,000 years across multiple languages and civilizations. @t[~3400 BCE]
+Cuneiform is the earliest known writing system, developed in Sumer ~3400 BCE. Written by pressing a reed stylus into wet clay tablets, it was used for over 3,000 years across multiple languages and civilizations. @t[~3400 BCE..=75 CE]
 ## Key Facts
 - Origin: Sumer, southern Mesopotamia, ~3400 BCE @t[~3400 BCE]
 - Medium: Clay tablets impressed with a wedge-shaped reed stylus
 - Name: From Latin *cuneus* ("wedge")
- Languages written: Sumerian, Akkadian, Hittite, Elamite, Urartian, Old Persian
+- Languages written: Sumerian, Akkadian, Eblaite, Elamite, Hittite, Hurrian, Luwian, Urartian, Old Persian [^1][^3]
- Deciphered by: Henry Rawlinson, Edward Hincks, and others (~1840s–1850s) via the Behistun Inscription [^1]
+- Influenced: Ugaritic and Old Persian alphabets derived from the cuneiform tradition [^3]
 - Deciphered by: Georg Friedrich Grotefend (1802), Henry Rawlinson, Edward Hincks, and others (~1835–1857) via the Behistun Inscription @t[~1802 CE..~1857 CE] [^1]
 ## Development
- Began as pictographic/logographic system for accounting (~3400 BCE) @t[~3400 BCE]
+- Proto-cuneiform: pictographic/logographic system for accounting (~3400–3000 BCE), attested by ~5,000 tablets from Uruk @t[~3400 BCE..~3000 BCE] [^3]
 - Evolved into syllabic writing by ~2600 BCE @t[~2600 BCE]
 - Akkadian texts attested from the 24th century BCE onward; Akkadian became the dominant cuneiform language @t[~2400 BCE..] [^3]
 - ~600–1,000 signs in use at various periods
- Last known cuneiform tablet: 75 CE (astronomical text from Babylon) [^2]
+- Last known cuneiform tablet: 75 CE (astronomical text from Babylon) @t[=75 CE] [^2]
 ## Significance
- Enabled record-keeping, literature, law, science, and diplomacy
+- Enabled record-keeping, literature, law, science, and diplomacy @t[~3400 BCE..=75 CE]
 - Preserved the *Epic of Gilgamesh*, Code of Hammurabi, and thousands of administrative records
- ~500,000 cuneiform tablets have been excavated; many remain untranslated
+- ~500,000 cuneiform tablets have been excavated; many remain untranslated [^3]
 ---
 [^1]: Walker, C.B.F. *Cuneiform* (British Museum, 1987)
 [^2]: Robson, E. *Mathematics in Ancient Iraq* (Princeton, 2008)
---
+[^3]: Mark, J.J. "Cuneiform." *World History Encyclopedia*, 2011. https://www.worldhistory.org/cuneiform/
 ## Review Queue
 <!-- factbase:review -->
 - [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Origin: Sumer, southern Mesopotamia, ~3400 BCE" - when was this true?
 > 3400 BCE event. Attested by Walker (1987) [^1]; Robson (2008) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
 - [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Medium: Clay tablets impressed with a wedge-shaped reed stylus" - when was this true?
 > Historical event. Attested by Walker (1987) [^1]; Robson (2008) [^2].
 - [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Name: From Latin *cuneus* ("wedge")" - when was this true?
 > Historical event. Attested by Walker (1987) [^1]; Robson (2008) [^2].
 - [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Languages written: Sumerian, Akkadian, Hittite, Elamite, Urartian, Old Persian" - when was this true?
 > Historical event. Attested by Walker (1987) [^1]; Robson (2008) [^2].
 - [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Deciphered by: Henry Rawlinson, Edward Hincks, and others (~1840s–1850s) vi..." - when was this true?
 > Historical event. Attested by Walker (1987) [^1]; Robson (2008) [^2].
 - [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Began as pictographic/logographic system for accounting (~3400 BCE)" - when was this true?
 > 3400 BCE event. Attested by Walker (1987) [^1]; Robson (2008) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
 - [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Evolved into syllabic writing by ~2600 BCE" - when was this true?
 > 2600 BCE event. Attested by Walker (1987) [^1]; Robson (2008) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
 - [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "~600–1,000 signs in use at various periods" - when was this true?
 > Historical event. Attested by Walker (1987) [^1]; Robson (2008) [^2].
 - [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Last known cuneiform tablet: 75 CE (astronomical text from Babylon) [^2]" - when was this true?
 > 75 CE event. Attested by Walker (1987) [^1]; Robson (2008) [^2].
 - [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Enabled record-keeping, literature, law, science, and diplomacy" - when was this true?
 > Historical event. Attested by Walker (1987) [^1]; Robson (2008) [^2].
 - [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Preserved the *Epic of Gilgamesh*, Code of Hammurabi, and thousands of admini..." - when was this true?
 > Historical event. Attested by Walker (1987) [^1]; Robson (2008) [^2].
 - [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "~500,000 cuneiform tablets have been excavated; many remain untranslated" - when was this true?
 > Historical event. Attested by Walker (1987) [^1]; Robson (2008) [^2].
 - [x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Origin: Sumer, southern Mesopotamia, ~3400 BCE" - what is the source?
 > Walker (1987) [^1], Robson (2008) [^2]
 - [x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Medium: Clay tablets impressed with a wedge-shaped reed stylus" - what is the source?
 > Walker (1987) [^1], Robson (2008) [^2]
 - [x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Name: From Latin *cuneus* ("wedge")" - what is the source?
 > Walker (1987) [^1], Robson (2008) [^2]
 - [x] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Languages written: Sumerian, Akkadian, Hittite, Elamite, Urartian, Old Persian" - what is the source?
 > Walker (1987) [^1], Robson (2008) [^2]
 - [x] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Began as pictographic/logographic system for accounting (~3400 BCE)" - what is the source?
 > Walker (1987) [^1], Robson (2008) [^2]
 - [x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Evolved into syllabic writing by ~2600 BCE" - what is the source?
 > Walker (1987) [^1], Robson (2008) [^2]
 - [x] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "~600–1,000 signs in use at various periods" - what is the source?
 > Walker (1987) [^1], Robson (2008) [^2]
 - [x] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Enabled record-keeping, literature, law, science, and diplomacy" - what is the source?
 > Walker (1987) [^1], Robson (2008) [^2]
 - [x] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Preserved the *Epic of Gilgamesh*, Code of Hammurabi, and thousands of admini..." - what is the source?
 > Walker (1987) [^1], Robson (2008) [^2]
 - [x] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "~500,000 cuneiform tablets have been excavated; many remain untranslated" - what is the source?
 > Walker (1987) [^1], Robson (2008) [^2]
 - [x] `@q[stale]` Line 14: "Deciphered by: Henry Rawlinson, Edward Hincks, and others (~1840s–1850s) vi..." - Walker source from 1987 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
 > Scholarship remains current. Walker's work on cuneiform is still foundational.
 - [x] `@q[stale]` Line 20: "Last known cuneiform tablet: 75 CE (astronomical text from Babylon) [^2]" - Robson source from 2008 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
 > Scholarship remains current. Robson's work on Mesopotamian mathematics is still authoritative.