Enrich Battle of Actium: fix duplicate title, add Background section, harpax tactic, Agrippa's full name, specific death dates, Caesarion's fate, Cassius Dio footnote
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@@ -3307,3 +3307,13 @@ To https://gitea.home.everyonce.com/daniel/factbase-ancient-history.git
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[0m[1G[0m[0m[?25h
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status: UPDATED | Amber Road | changes: fixed duplicate title, replaced malformed @t[=000 BCE] with @t[~3000 BCE..~400 CE], removed stale review queue section (apply_review_answers no-op bug filed as task #92), added Dnieper river corridor, Tutankhamun breast ornament with @t[~1330 BCE], Qatna amber find, Delphi offering, Roman return goods (glass/brass/gold/tin/copper), military fortifications, Nordic Bronze Age connection, Partynice amber hoard (~1,240–1,760 kg), Sicilian amber origins section, new [^3] citation; committed and pushed
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[main f494a8f] improve: Amber Road
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delete mode 100644 .factbase/factbase.db-shm
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[2026-02-23 00:08:28] ✅ Committed: improve: Amber Road
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[2026-02-23 00:08:28] Done (98s) — UPDATED
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[2026-02-23 00:08:33] [13/66] Next up...
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[2026-02-23 00:08:33] ━━━ [Battle of Actium] (450ee0) reviews=0 garbage=0 ━━━
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[2026-02-23 00:08:33] 🧹 Bash cleanup applied
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[2026-02-23 00:08:33] 🔍 Enrichment + review pass
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[2026-02-23T00:06:42+00:00] 31de03 | Code of Hammurabi
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status: UPDATED | Code of Hammurabi | changes: Fixed duplicate title, removed stale review queue section (apply_review_answers was a no-op — filed bug #91), corrected issuer description to "sixth king", added Shamash relief detail, added Discovery and Transmission section (Elamite plunder ~1158 BCE, scribal copies for 1000+ years), added Louvre as [^3] source, added Wikipedia as [^4], noted stele material discrepancy (basalt per Louvre vs diorite in some sources), added weight and parallel with Torah law
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duration: 91s
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[2026-02-23T00:08:28+00:00] 445d5a | Amber Road
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status: UPDATED | Amber Road | changes: fixed duplicate title, replaced malformed @t[=000 BCE] with @t[~3000 BCE..~400 CE], removed stale review queue section (apply_review_answers no-op bug filed as task #92), added Dnieper river corridor, Tutankhamun breast ornament with @t[~1330 BCE], Qatna amber find, Delphi offering, Roman return goods (glass/brass/gold/tin/copper), military fortifications, Nordic Bronze Age connection, Partynice amber hoard (~1,240–1,760 kg), Sicilian amber origins section, new [^3] citation; committed and pushed
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duration: 98s
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<!-- factbase:450ee0 -->
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# Battle of Actium
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# Battle of Actium
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## Overview
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The Battle of Actium (31 BCE) was the decisive naval engagement in which Octavian (later Augustus) defeated the combined forces of Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII, ending the Roman Republic's civil wars and paving the way for the Roman Empire. @t[=31 BCE]
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@@ -10,23 +8,32 @@ The Battle of Actium (31 BCE) was the decisive naval engagement in which Octavia
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- Date: 2 September 31 BCE @t[=31 BCE]
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- Location: Ionian Sea, near Actium (western Greece)
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- Belligerents: Octavian vs. Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII
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- Commanders: Agrippa (for Octavian), Antony and Cleopatra
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- Commanders: Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa (for Octavian), Antony and Cleopatra
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- Result: Decisive victory for Octavian [^1]
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## Background
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The battle was the culmination of over a decade of rivalry between Octavian and Antony following the assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BCE and the fracture of the Second Triumvirate (43–33 BCE). Octavian declared war on Cleopatra rather than Antony directly, using propaganda to portray her as a foreign threat to Rome. Antony and Cleopatra mobilized at Ephesus (33–32 BCE), then moved to Actium by August 32 BCE. Cleopatra contributed 20,000 talents to the war chest. [^3]
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## The Battle
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- Octavian's fleet: ~400 ships; Antony's fleet: ~230 warships + 60 Egyptian ships
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- Octavian's forces: ~400 ships (light Liburnian vessels) + 80,000 infantry, 12,000 cavalry; Antony's forces: ~480 ships (heavy quinqueremes) + ~60,000–63,000 infantry [^3]
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- Agrippa seized Methone and Leucas in early 31 BCE, cutting off Antony's Egyptian supply lines before the main engagement
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- Antony's forces were weakened by desertion and disease during a prolonged blockade
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- Cleopatra's squadron broke through and fled; Antony followed
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- Remaining fleet surrendered; Antony's legions defected to Octavian
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- Agrippa's Liburnians used the *harpax* — an iron-encased grappling harpoon fired by catapult — to immobilize Antony's larger, slower warships
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- Cleopatra's squadron broke through and fled with the war chests; Antony followed with ~40 ships
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- Remaining fleet surrendered the next morning; Antony's legions defected to Octavian
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## Aftermath
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- Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide in Alexandria (30 BCE) @t[=30 BCE]
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- Egypt became a Roman province (30 BCE) @t[=30 BCE]
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- Antony stabbed himself on 1 August 30 BCE and died in Cleopatra's arms in Alexandria @t[=30 BCE]
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- Cleopatra killed herself on 30 August 30 BCE rather than be paraded in Octavian's triumph @t[=30 BCE] [^1]
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- Octavian ordered the execution of Caesarion (son of Julius Caesar and Cleopatra) [^3]
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- Cleopatra's three children by Antony were taken to Rome and later raised by Octavia
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- Egypt became a Roman province (30 BCE) @t[=30 BCE] [^3]
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- Octavian became sole ruler; Senate granted him the title Augustus (27 BCE) @t[=27 BCE] [^2]
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---
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[^1]: Plutarch, *Life of Antony*
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[^2]: Lange, C.H. *The Battle of Actium 31 BC* (Cambridge, 2022)
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[^3]: Cassius Dio, *Roman History*, Books 50–51 (~229 CE)
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---
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## Review Queue
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