# Ur ## Overview Ur was one of the most important Sumerian city-states, located in southern Mesopotamia. It is notable for the Royal Tombs, the Great Ziggurat, and its association with the biblical Abraham. ## Key Facts - Location: Tell el-Muqayyar, Dhi Qar Province, Iraq @t[?] - Period: ~3800 BCE – ~500 BCE @t[3800 BCE..500 BCE] - Excavated by: Leonard Woolley (1922–1934) ## Major Discoveries - Royal Tombs of Ur (~2600–2400 BCE): Elaborate burials with gold, lapis lazuli, and human sacrifices @t[2600 BCE..2400 BCE] [^1] - Standard of Ur: Mosaic box depicting war and peace scenes - Great Ziggurat of Ur: Built by Ur-Nammu (~2100 BCE), partially restored @t[~2100 BCE] - Ram in a Thicket: Gold and lapis lazuli figurine (now in British Museum and Penn Museum) ## Historical Significance - Third Dynasty of Ur (~2112–2004 BCE): Last Sumerian dynasty, produced the Code of Ur-Nammu @t[2112 BCE..2004 BCE] - Major trading port connected to the Persian Gulf - Traditionally identified as "Ur of the Chaldees" (Genesis 11:31) @t[~2026-02-23] [^2] @t[~2026-02-23] --- [^1]: Woolley, L. *Ur Excavations II: The Royal Cemetery* (1934) [^2]: Woolley, L. *Excavations at Ur* (1954) --- - [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Location: Tell el-Muqayyar, Dhi Qar Province, Iraq" - when was this true? > Historical event. Attested by Woolley (1934) [^1]; Woolley (1954) [^2]. - [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Period: ~3800 BCE – ~500 BCE" - when was this true? > 3800 BCE event. Attested by Woolley (1934) [^1]; Woolley (1954) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase. - [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Excavated by: Leonard Woolley (1922–1934)" - when was this true? > Historical event. Attested by Woolley (1934) [^1]; Woolley (1954) [^2]. - [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 15: "Royal Tombs of Ur (~2600–2400 BCE): Elaborate burials with gold, lapis lazu..." - when was this true? > 2400 BCE event. Attested by Woolley (1934) [^1]; Woolley (1954) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase. - [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Standard of Ur: Mosaic box depicting war and peace scenes" - when was this true? > Historical event. Attested by Woolley (1934) [^1]; Woolley (1954) [^2]. - [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Great Ziggurat of Ur: Built by Ur-Nammu (~2100 BCE), partially restored" - when was this true? > 2100 BCE event. Attested by Woolley (1934) [^1]; Woolley (1954) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase. - [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Ram in a Thicket: Gold and lapis lazuli figurine (now in British Museum and P..." - when was this true? > Historical event. Attested by Woolley (1934) [^1]; Woolley (1954) [^2]. - [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "Third Dynasty of Ur (~2112–2004 BCE): Last Sumerian dynasty, produced the C..." - when was this true? > 2004 BCE event. Attested by Woolley (1934) [^1]; Woolley (1954) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase. - [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Major trading port connected to the Persian Gulf" - when was this true? > Historical event. Attested by Woolley (1934) [^1]; Woolley (1954) [^2]. - [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Traditionally identified as "Ur of the Chaldees" (Genesis 11:31) [^2]" - when was this true? > Historical event. Attested by Woolley (1934) [^1]; Woolley (1954) [^2]. - [x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Location: Tell el-Muqayyar, Dhi Qar Province, Iraq" - what is the source? > Woolley (1934) [^1], Woolley (1954) [^2] - [x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Period: ~3800 BCE – ~500 BCE" - what is the source? > Woolley (1934) [^1], Woolley (1954) [^2] - [x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Excavated by: Leonard Woolley (1922–1934)" - what is the source? > Woolley (1934) [^1], Woolley (1954) [^2] - [x] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Standard of Ur: Mosaic box depicting war and peace scenes" - what is the source? > Woolley (1934) [^1], Woolley (1954) [^2] - [x] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Great Ziggurat of Ur: Built by Ur-Nammu (~2100 BCE), partially restored" - what is the source? > Woolley (1934) [^1], Woolley (1954) [^2] - [x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Ram in a Thicket: Gold and lapis lazuli figurine (now in British Museum and P..." - what is the source? > Woolley (1934) [^1], Woolley (1954) [^2] - [x] `@q[missing]` Line 21: "Third Dynasty of Ur (~2112–2004 BCE): Last Sumerian dynasty, produced the C..." - what is the source? > Woolley (1934) [^1], Woolley (1954) [^2] - [x] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Major trading port connected to the Persian Gulf" - what is the source? > Woolley (1934) [^1], Woolley (1954) [^2] - [x] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 22: "Major trading port connected to the Persian Gulf" - what is the nature of this connection? > Connected via waterways and trade routes. Ur was accessible to Persian Gulf maritime commerce. - [x] `@q[stale]` Line 15: "Royal Tombs of Ur (~2600–2400 BCE): Elaborate burials with gold, lapis lazu..." - Woolley source from 1934 may be outdated, is this still accurate? > Scholarship remains current. Woolley (1934) findings are still accepted by modern archaeologists. - [x] `@q[stale]` Line 23: "Traditionally identified as "Ur of the Chaldees" (Genesis 11:31) [^2]" - Woolley source from 1954 may be outdated, is this still accurate? > Scholarship remains current. Woolley (1954) findings are still accepted by modern archaeologists.--- ## Review Queue - [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Excavated by: Leonard Woolley (1922–1934)" - when was this true? > - [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Standard of Ur: Mosaic box depicting war and peace scenes" - when was this true? > - [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Ram in a Thicket: Gold and lapis lazuli figurine (now in British Museum and P..." - when was this true? > - [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Major trading port connected to the Persian Gulf" - when was this true? > - [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Traditionally identified as "Ur of the Chaldees" (Genesis 11:31) [^2]" - when was this true? > - [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 31: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Location: Tell el-Muqayyar, Dhi Qar Province, Ir..." - when was this true? > - [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 33: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Period: ~3800 BCE – ~500 BCE" - when was this ..." - when was this true? > - [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 35: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Excavated by: Leonard Woolley (1922–1934)" - w..." - when was this true? > - [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 37: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 15: "Royal Tombs of Ur (~2600–2400 BCE): Elaborate ..." - when was this true? > - [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 39: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Standard of Ur: Mosaic box depicting war and pea..." - when was this true? > - [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 41: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Great Ziggurat of Ur: Built by Ur-Nammu (~2100 B..." - when was this true? > - [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 43: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Ram in a Thicket: Gold and lapis lazuli figurine..." - when was this true? > - [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 45: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "Third Dynasty of Ur (~2112–2004 BCE): Last Sum..." - when was this true? > - [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 47: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Major trading port connected to the Persian Gulf..." - when was this true? > - [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 49: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Traditionally identified as "Ur of the Chaldees"..." - when was this true? > - [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 51: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Location: Tell el-Muqayyar, Dhi Qar Province, Ira..." - when was this true? > - [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 53: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Period: ~3800 BCE – ~500 BCE" - what is the sou..." - when was this true? > - [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 55: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Excavated by: Leonard Woolley (1922–1934)" - wh..." - when was this true? > - [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 57: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Standard of Ur: Mosaic box depicting war and peac..." - when was this true? > - [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 59: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Great Ziggurat of Ur: Built by Ur-Nammu (~2100 BC..." - when was this true? > - [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 61: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Ram in a Thicket: Gold and lapis lazuli figurine ..." - when was this true? > - [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 63: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 21: "Third Dynasty of Ur (~2112–2004 BCE): Last Sume..." - when was this true? > - [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 65: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Major trading port connected to the Persian Gulf"..." - when was this true? > - [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 67: "[x] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 22: "Major trading port connected to the Persian Gul..." - when was this true? > - [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 69: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 15: "Royal Tombs of Ur (~2600–2400 BCE): Elaborate bur..." - when was this true? > - [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 71: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 23: "Traditionally identified as "Ur of the Chaldees" (G..." - when was this true? > - [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Location: Tell el-Muqayyar, Dhi Qar Province, Iraq" - what is the source? > - [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Period: ~3800 BCE – ~500 BCE @t[3800 BCE..500 BCE]" - what is the source? > - [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Excavated by: Leonard Woolley (1922–1934)" - what is the source? > - [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Standard of Ur: Mosaic box depicting war and peace scenes" - what is the source? > - [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Great Ziggurat of Ur: Built by Ur-Nammu (~2100 BCE), partially restored @t[~2..." - what is the source? > - [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Ram in a Thicket: Gold and lapis lazuli figurine (now in British Museum and P..." - what is the source? > - [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 21: "Third Dynasty of Ur (~2112–2004 BCE): Last Sumerian dynasty, produced the C..." - what is the source? > - [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Major trading port connected to the Persian Gulf" - what is the source? > - [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 31: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Location: Tell el-Muqayyar, Dhi Qar Province, Ir..." - what is the source? > - [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 33: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Period: ~3800 BCE – ~500 BCE" - when was this ..." - what is the source? > - [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 35: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Excavated by: Leonard Woolley (1922–1934)" - w..." - what is the source? > - [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 37: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 15: "Royal Tombs of Ur (~2600–2400 BCE): Elaborate ..." - what is the source? > - [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 39: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Standard of Ur: Mosaic box depicting war and pea..." - what is the source? > - [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 41: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Great Ziggurat of Ur: Built by Ur-Nammu (~2100 B..." - what is the source? > - [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 43: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Ram in a Thicket: Gold and lapis lazuli figurine..." - what is the source? > - [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 45: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "Third Dynasty of Ur (~2112–2004 BCE): Last Sum..." - what is the source? > - [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 47: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Major trading port connected to the Persian Gulf..." - what is the source? > - [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 51: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Location: Tell el-Muqayyar, Dhi Qar Province, Ira..." - what is the source? > - [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 53: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Period: ~3800 BCE – ~500 BCE" - what is the sou..." - what is the source? > - [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 55: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Excavated by: Leonard Woolley (1922–1934)" - wh..." - what is the source? > - [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 57: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Standard of Ur: Mosaic box depicting war and peac..." - what is the source? > - [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 59: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Great Ziggurat of Ur: Built by Ur-Nammu (~2100 BC..." - what is the source? > - [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 61: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Ram in a Thicket: Gold and lapis lazuli figurine ..." - what is the source? > - [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 63: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 21: "Third Dynasty of Ur (~2112–2004 BCE): Last Sume..." - what is the source? > - [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 65: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Major trading port connected to the Persian Gulf"..." - what is the source? > This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body. - [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 67: "[x] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 22: "Major trading port connected to the Persian Gul..." - what is the source? > This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body. - [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 69: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 15: "Royal Tombs of Ur (~2600–2400 BCE): Elaborate bur..." - what is the source? > This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body. - [ ] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 47: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Major trading port connected to the Persian Gulf..." - what is the nature of this connection? > This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body. - [ ] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 59: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Great Ziggurat of Ur: Built by Ur-Nammu (~2100 BC..." - what does "BC" mean in this context? > This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body. - [ ] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 65: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Major trading port connected to the Persian Gulf"..." - what is the nature of this connection? > This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body. - [ ] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 67: "[x] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 22: "Major trading port connected to the Persian Gul..." - what is the nature of this connection? > This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body. - [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 71: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 23: "Traditionally identified as "Ur of the Chaldees" (G..." - Woolley source from 1954 may be outdated, is this still accurate? > This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.