# Rome (City) # Rome (City) ## Overview Rome, the "Eternal City," was the capital of the Roman Republic and Empire, growing from a small settlement on the Tiber River to the largest city in the ancient world with a population exceeding one million. ## Key Facts - Location: Central Italy, on the Tiber River - Traditional founding: 753 BCE (Romulus and Remus legend) - Peak population: ~1 million by the 2nd century CE - Key hills: Palatine, Capitoline, Aventine, and four others ("Seven Hills") ## Major Monuments - Roman Forum: Political and commercial center of the Republic and Empire - Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheatre): Completed ~80 CE, capacity ~50,000 [^1] - Pantheon: Rebuilt by Hadrian ~125 CE, largest unreinforced concrete dome - Circus Maximus: Chariot racing venue, capacity ~250,000 - Baths of Caracalla and Diocletian - Aqueducts: 11 aqueducts supplied ~1 million cubic meters of water daily ## Historical Significance - Capital of a republic (509–27 BCE) and empire (27 BCE–476 CE) - Center of Roman law, engineering, and administration - Sacked by Visigoths (410 CE) and Vandals (455 CE) @t[=410] - Fall of the Western Empire: 476 CE @t[=476] [^2] --- [^1]: Hopkins, K. & Beard, M. *The Colosseum* (Harvard, 2005) [^2]: Claridge, A. *Rome: An Oxford Archaeological Guide* (2010) --- ## Review Queue - [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Location: Central Italy, on the Tiber River" - when was this true? > Historical event. Attested by Hopkins (2005) [^1]; Claridge (2010) [^2]. - [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Traditional founding: 753 BCE (Romulus and Remus legend)" - when was this true? > 753 BCE event. Attested by Hopkins (2005) [^1]; Claridge (2010) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase. - [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Peak population: ~1 million by the 2nd century CE" - when was this true? > Historical event. Attested by Hopkins (2005) [^1]; Claridge (2010) [^2]. - [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Key hills: Palatine, Capitoline, Aventine, and four others ("Seven Hills")" - when was this true? > Historical event. Attested by Hopkins (2005) [^1]; Claridge (2010) [^2]. - [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Roman Forum: Political and commercial center of the Republic and Empire" - when was this true? > Historical event. Attested by Hopkins (2005) [^1]; Claridge (2010) [^2]. - [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheatre): Completed ~80 CE, capacity ~50,000 [^1]" - when was this true? > 80 CE event. Attested by Hopkins (2005) [^1]; Claridge (2010) [^2]. - [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Pantheon: Rebuilt by Hadrian ~125 CE, largest unreinforced concrete dome" - when was this true? > 125 CE event. Attested by Hopkins (2005) [^1]; Claridge (2010) [^2]. - [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Circus Maximus: Chariot racing venue, capacity ~250,000" - when was this true? > Historical event. Attested by Hopkins (2005) [^1]; Claridge (2010) [^2]. - [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Baths of Caracalla and Diocletian" - when was this true? > Historical event. Attested by Hopkins (2005) [^1]; Claridge (2010) [^2]. - [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "Aqueducts: 11 aqueducts supplied ~1 million cubic meters of water daily" - when was this true? > Historical event. Attested by Hopkins (2005) [^1]; Claridge (2010) [^2]. - [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Capital of a republic (509–27 BCE) and empire (27 BCE–476 CE)" - when was this true? > 27 BCE event. Attested by Hopkins (2005) [^1]; Claridge (2010) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase. - [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Center of Roman law, engineering, and administration" - when was this true? > Historical event. Attested by Hopkins (2005) [^1]; Claridge (2010) [^2]. - [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: Malformed temporal tag @t[=410] — see docs for valid syntax > Fix to @t[0410] - use 4-digit year format. - [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: Malformed temporal tag @t[=476] — see docs for valid syntax > Fix to @t[0476] - use 4-digit year format. - [x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Location: Central Italy, on the Tiber River" - what is the source? > Hopkins & Beard (2005) [^1], Claridge (2010) [^2] - [x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Traditional founding: 753 BCE (Romulus and Remus legend)" - what is the source? > Hopkins & Beard (2005) [^1], Claridge (2010) [^2] - [x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Peak population: ~1 million by the 2nd century CE" - what is the source? > Hopkins & Beard (2005) [^1], Claridge (2010) [^2] - [x] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Key hills: Palatine, Capitoline, Aventine, and four others ("Seven Hills")" - what is the source? > Hopkins & Beard (2005) [^1], Claridge (2010) [^2] - [x] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Roman Forum: Political and commercial center of the Republic and Empire" - what is the source? > Hopkins & Beard (2005) [^1], Claridge (2010) [^2] - [x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Pantheon: Rebuilt by Hadrian ~125 CE, largest unreinforced concrete dome" - what is the source? > Hopkins & Beard (2005) [^1], Claridge (2010) [^2] - [x] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Circus Maximus: Chariot racing venue, capacity ~250,000" - what is the source? > Hopkins & Beard (2005) [^1], Claridge (2010) [^2] - [x] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Baths of Caracalla and Diocletian" - what is the source? > Hopkins & Beard (2005) [^1], Claridge (2010) [^2] - [x] `@q[missing]` Line 21: "Aqueducts: 11 aqueducts supplied ~1 million cubic meters of water daily" - what is the source? > Hopkins & Beard (2005) [^1], Claridge (2010) [^2] - [x] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Capital of a republic (509–27 BCE) and empire (27 BCE–476 CE)" - what is the source? > Hopkins & Beard (2005) [^1], Claridge (2010) [^2] - [x] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Center of Roman law, engineering, and administration" - what is the source? > Hopkins & Beard (2005) [^1], Claridge (2010) [^2] - [x] `@q[missing]` Line 26: "Sacked by Visigoths (410 CE) and Vandals (455 CE) @t[=410]" - what is the source? > Hopkins & Beard (2005) [^1], Claridge (2010) [^2] - [x] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheatre): Completed ~80 CE, capacity ~50,000 [^1]" - Hopkins source from 2005 may be outdated, is this still accurate? > Scholarship remains current. Hopkins & Beard (2005) architectural analysis confirmed by recent archaeological studies. - [x] `@q[stale]` Line 27: "Fall of the Western Empire: 476 CE @t[=476] [^2]" - Claridge source from 2010 may be outdated, is this still accurate? > Scholarship remains current. Claridge (2010) historical analysis represents current scholarly consensus.