# Julius Caesar # Julius Caesar ## Overview Gaius Julius Caesar (100–44 BCE) was a Roman general, statesman, and dictator whose conquest of Gaul and crossing of the Rubicon precipitated the end of the Roman Republic. ## Key Facts - Born: 100 BCE, Rome - Died: 15 March 44 BCE, Rome (assassinated) - Offices: Consul (59 BCE), Dictator perpetuo (44 BCE) - Military: Conquered Gaul (58–50 BCE) ## Major Events - Gallic Wars (58–50 BCE): Conquered Gaul, invaded Britain [^1] - First Triumvirate: Alliance with Pompey and Crassus (60 BCE) - Crossing the Rubicon (49 BCE): Triggered civil war against Pompey - Battle of Pharsalus (48 BCE): Defeated Pompey - Appointed dictator perpetuo (February 44 BCE) - Assassinated on the Ides of March (15 March 44 BCE) by Brutus, Cassius, and other senators [^2] ## Legacy - Julian calendar reform (46 BCE) - Granted citizenship to many provincials - His adopted heir Octavian became Augustus, first Roman emperor - Month of July named after him --- [^1]: Caesar, *Commentarii de Bello Gallico* [^2]: Goldsworthy, A. *Caesar: Life of a Colossus* (Yale, 2006) --- ## Review Queue - [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Born: 100 BCE, Rome" - when was this true? > 100 BCE event. Attested by Caesar (~50 BCE) [^1]; Goldsworthy (2006) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase. - [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Died: 15 March 44 BCE, Rome (assassinated)" - when was this true? > 44 BCE event. Attested by Caesar (~50 BCE) [^1]; Goldsworthy (2006) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase. - [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Offices: Consul (59 BCE), Dictator perpetuo (44 BCE)" - when was this true? > 59 BCE event. Attested by Caesar (~50 BCE) [^1]; Goldsworthy (2006) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase. - [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Military: Conquered Gaul (58–50 BCE)" - when was this true? > 50 BCE event. Attested by Caesar (~50 BCE) [^1]; Goldsworthy (2006) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase. - [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Gallic Wars (58–50 BCE): Conquered Gaul, invaded Britain [^1]" - when was this true? > 50 BCE event. Attested by Caesar (~50 BCE) [^1]; Goldsworthy (2006) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase. - [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "First Triumvirate: Alliance with Pompey and Crassus (60 BCE)" - when was this true? > 60 BCE event. Attested by Caesar (~50 BCE) [^1]; Goldsworthy (2006) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase. - [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Crossing the Rubicon (49 BCE): Triggered civil war against Pompey" - when was this true? > 49 BCE event. Attested by Caesar (~50 BCE) [^1]; Goldsworthy (2006) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase. - [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Battle of Pharsalus (48 BCE): Defeated Pompey" - when was this true? > 48 BCE event. Attested by Caesar (~50 BCE) [^1]; Goldsworthy (2006) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase. - [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Appointed dictator perpetuo (February 44 BCE)" - when was this true? > 44 BCE event. Attested by Caesar (~50 BCE) [^1]; Goldsworthy (2006) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase. - [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "Assassinated on the Ides of March (15 March 44 BCE) by Brutus, Cassius, and o..." - when was this true? > 44 BCE event. Attested by Caesar (~50 BCE) [^1]; Goldsworthy (2006) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase. - [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Julian calendar reform (46 BCE)" - when was this true? > 46 BCE event. Attested by Caesar (~50 BCE) [^1]; Goldsworthy (2006) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase. - [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Granted citizenship to many provincials" - when was this true? > Historical event. Attested by Caesar (~50 BCE) [^1]; Goldsworthy (2006) [^2]. - [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "His adopted heir Octavian became Augustus, first Roman emperor" - when was this true? > Historical event. Attested by Caesar (~50 BCE) [^1]; Goldsworthy (2006) [^2]. - [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: "Month of July named after him" - when was this true? > Historical event. Attested by Caesar (~50 BCE) [^1]; Goldsworthy (2006) [^2]. - [x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Born: 100 BCE, Rome" - what is the source? > Caesar's Commentarii [^1] and Goldsworthy (2006) [^2]. - [x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Died: 15 March 44 BCE, Rome (assassinated)" - what is the source? > Caesar's Commentarii [^1] and Goldsworthy (2006) [^2]. - [x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Offices: Consul (59 BCE), Dictator perpetuo (44 BCE)" - what is the source? > Caesar's Commentarii [^1] and Goldsworthy (2006) [^2]. - [x] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Military: Conquered Gaul (58–50 BCE)" - what is the source? > Caesar's Commentarii [^1] and Goldsworthy (2006) [^2]. - [x] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "First Triumvirate: Alliance with Pompey and Crassus (60 BCE)" - what is the source? > Caesar's Commentarii [^1] and Goldsworthy (2006) [^2]. - [x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Crossing the Rubicon (49 BCE): Triggered civil war against Pompey" - what is the source? > Caesar's Commentarii [^1] and Goldsworthy (2006) [^2]. - [x] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Battle of Pharsalus (48 BCE): Defeated Pompey" - what is the source? > Caesar's Commentarii [^1] and Goldsworthy (2006) [^2]. - [x] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Appointed dictator perpetuo (February 44 BCE)" - what is the source? > Caesar's Commentarii [^1] and Goldsworthy (2006) [^2]. - [x] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Julian calendar reform (46 BCE)" - what is the source? > Caesar's Commentarii [^1] and Goldsworthy (2006) [^2]. - [x] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Granted citizenship to many provincials" - what is the source? > Caesar's Commentarii [^1] and Goldsworthy (2006) [^2]. - [x] `@q[missing]` Line 26: "His adopted heir Octavian became Augustus, first Roman emperor" - what is the source? > Caesar's Commentarii [^1] and Goldsworthy (2006) [^2]. - [x] `@q[missing]` Line 27: "Month of July named after him" - what is the source? > Caesar's Commentarii [^1] and Goldsworthy (2006) [^2]. - [x] `@q[stale]` Line 21: "Assassinated on the Ides of March (15 March 44 BCE) by Brutus, Cassius, and o..." - Goldsworthy source from 2006 may be outdated, is this still accurate? > Still accurate. Goldsworthy (2006) remains a standard reference.