# Ramesses II # Ramesses II ## Overview Ramesses II (~1279–1213 BCE), also known as Ramesses the Great, was the third pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt and one of the most powerful and celebrated rulers of ancient Egypt. ## Key Facts - Reign: ~1279–1213 BCE (66 years, one of the longest in Egyptian history) - Dynasty: 19th Dynasty, New Kingdom - Capital: Pi-Ramesses (Nile Delta) - Died: ~age 90 ## Major Events - Battle of Kadesh (~1274 BCE): Fought the Hittites under Muwatalli II; indecisive but claimed as victory [^1] - Treaty of Kadesh (~1259 BCE): Signed peace with Hittite king Hattusili III - Built Abu Simbel temples in Nubia - Expanded Karnak and Luxor temples - Completed the hypostyle hall at Karnak ## Legacy - Fathered over 100 children - His mummy was discovered in the Deir el-Bahari cache (1881) [^2] - Often identified (controversially) with the pharaoh of the Exodus narrative - Nine subsequent pharaohs took the name Ramesses --- [^1]: Kitchen, K.A. *Pharaoh Triumphant: The Life and Times of Ramesses II* (1982) [^2]: Tyldesley, J. *Ramesses: Egypt's Greatest Pharaoh* (2000) --- ## Review Queue - [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Reign: ~1279–1213 BCE (66 years, one of the longest in Egyptian history)" - when was this true? > - [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Dynasty: 19th Dynasty, New Kingdom" - when was this true? > - [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Capital: Pi-Ramesses (Nile Delta)" - when was this true? > - [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Died: ~age 90" - when was this true? > - [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Battle of Kadesh (~1274 BCE): Fought the Hittites under Muwatalli II; indecis..." - when was this true? > - [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Treaty of Kadesh (~1259 BCE): Signed peace with Hittite king Hattusili III" - when was this true? > - [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Built Abu Simbel temples in Nubia" - when was this true? > - [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Expanded Karnak and Luxor temples" - when was this true? > - [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Completed the hypostyle hall at Karnak" - when was this true? > - [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Fathered over 100 children" - when was this true? > - [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "His mummy was discovered in the Deir el-Bahari cache (1881) [^2]" - when was this true? > - [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Often identified (controversially) with the pharaoh of the Exodus narrative" - when was this true? > - [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Nine subsequent pharaohs took the name Ramesses" - when was this true? > - [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Reign: ~1279–1213 BCE (66 years, one of the longest in Egyptian history)" - what is the source? > - [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Dynasty: 19th Dynasty, New Kingdom" - what is the source? > - [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Capital: Pi-Ramesses (Nile Delta)" - what is the source? > - [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Died: ~age 90" - what is the source? > - [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Treaty of Kadesh (~1259 BCE): Signed peace with Hittite king Hattusili III" - what is the source? > - [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Built Abu Simbel temples in Nubia" - what is the source? > - [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Expanded Karnak and Luxor temples" - what is the source? > - [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Completed the hypostyle hall at Karnak" - what is the source? > - [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Fathered over 100 children" - what is the source? > - [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Often identified (controversially) with the pharaoh of the Exodus narrative" - what is the source? > - [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 26: "Nine subsequent pharaohs took the name Ramesses" - what is the source? > - [ ] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 16: "Battle of Kadesh (~1274 BCE): Fought the Hittites under Muwatalli II; indecis..." - what does "II" mean in this context? > - [ ] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 17: "Treaty of Kadesh (~1259 BCE): Signed peace with Hittite king Hattusili III" - what does "III" mean in this context? > - [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 16: "Battle of Kadesh (~1274 BCE): Fought the Hittites under Muwatalli II; indecis..." - Kitchen source from 1982 may be outdated, is this still accurate? > - [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 24: "His mummy was discovered in the Deir el-Bahari cache (1881) [^2]" - Tyldesley source from 2000 may be outdated, is this still accurate? >