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Battle of Thermopylae

Battle of Thermopylae

Overview

The Battle of Thermopylae (480 BCE) was a famous last stand by a Greek force led by King Leonidas I of Sparta against the massive Persian army of Xerxes I during the second Persian invasion of Greece.

Key Facts

  • Date: August 480 BCE (three days)
  • Location: Thermopylae pass ("Hot Gates"), central Greece
  • Belligerents: Greek alliance vs. Persian Empire
  • Commanders: Leonidas I (Sparta), Xerxes I (Persia)
  • Result: Persian victory, but costly delay 1

The Battle

  • ~7,000 Greeks initially held the narrow pass against ~100,000300,000 Persians (numbers debated)
  • Greeks exploited the narrow terrain to negate Persian numerical advantage
  • Betrayed by Ephialtes, who revealed a mountain path to outflank the Greeks
  • Leonidas dismissed most allies; ~300 Spartans, ~700 Thespians, and ~400 Thebans fought to the death

Legacy

  • Epitaph by Simonides: "Go tell the Spartans, stranger passing by, that here obedient to their laws we lie" 2
  • Bought time for the Greek fleet at Artemisium and the subsequent victory at Salamis
  • Became the archetypal story of sacrifice against overwhelming odds


Review Queue

  • @q[temporal] Line 10: "Date: August 480 BCE (three days)" - when was this true?

  • @q[temporal] Line 11: "Location: Thermopylae pass ("Hot Gates"), central Greece" - when was this true?

  • @q[temporal] Line 12: "Belligerents: Greek alliance vs. Persian Empire" - when was this true?

  • @q[temporal] Line 13: "Commanders: Leonidas I (Sparta), Xerxes I (Persia)" - when was this true?

  • @q[temporal] Line 14: "Result: Persian victory, but costly delay 1 " - when was this true?

  • @q[temporal] Line 17: "~7,000 Greeks initially held the narrow pass against ~100,000300,000 Persi..." - when was this true?

  • @q[temporal] Line 18: "Greeks exploited the narrow terrain to negate Persian numerical advantage" - when was this true?

  • @q[temporal] Line 19: "Betrayed by Ephialtes, who revealed a mountain path to outflank the Greeks" - when was this true?

  • @q[temporal] Line 20: "Leonidas dismissed most allies; ~300 Spartans, ~700 Thespians, and ~400 Theba..." - when was this true?

  • @q[temporal] Line 23: "Epitaph by Simonides: "Go tell the Spartans, stranger passing by, that here o..." - when was this true?

  • @q[temporal] Line 24: "Bought time for the Greek fleet at Artemisium and the subsequent victory at S..." - when was this true?

  • @q[temporal] Line 25: "Became the archetypal story of sacrifice against overwhelming odds" - when was this true?

  • @q[missing] Line 10: "Date: August 480 BCE (three days)" - what is the source?

  • @q[missing] Line 11: "Location: Thermopylae pass ("Hot Gates"), central Greece" - what is the source?

  • @q[missing] Line 12: "Belligerents: Greek alliance vs. Persian Empire" - what is the source?

  • @q[missing] Line 13: "Commanders: Leonidas I (Sparta), Xerxes I (Persia)" - what is the source?

  • @q[missing] Line 17: "~7,000 Greeks initially held the narrow pass against ~100,000300,000 Persi..." - what is the source?

  • @q[missing] Line 18: "Greeks exploited the narrow terrain to negate Persian numerical advantage" - what is the source?

  • @q[missing] Line 19: "Betrayed by Ephialtes, who revealed a mountain path to outflank the Greeks" - what is the source?

  • @q[missing] Line 20: "Leonidas dismissed most allies; ~300 Spartans, ~700 Thespians, and ~400 Theba..." - what is the source?

  • @q[missing] Line 24: "Bought time for the Greek fleet at Artemisium and the subsequent victory at S..." - what is the source?

  • @q[missing] Line 25: "Became the archetypal story of sacrifice against overwhelming odds" - what is the source?

  • @q[stale] Line 23: "Epitaph by Simonides: "Go tell the Spartans, stranger passing by, that here o..." - Cartledge source from 2006 may be outdated, is this still accurate?


  1. Herodotus, Histories 7.201233 ↩︎

  2. Cartledge, P. Thermopylae: The Battle That Changed the World (2006) ↩︎