@@ -687,3 +687,11 @@ To https://gitea.home.everyonce.com/daniel/factbase-ancient-history.git
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status: UPDATED | Battle of Cannae | changes: Fixed duplicate H1 title; added Carthaginian losses (~6,000, mostly Gauls); named cavalry sub-commanders (Hasdrubal/heavy, Maharbal/Numidian); added survivor/captured figures and Canusium escape; added Aftermath section with Maharbal's famous quote and Rome's emergency response; added Zama connection (Scipio used Cannae tactics); added Archaeology section; updated troop estimate range to reflect modern scholarship (70,000–86,000 Romans); added footnote for World History Encyclopedia and Seven Swords sources
[main 4bb1802] improve: Battle of Cannae
2 files changed, 110 insertions(+)
[2026-02-22 22:38:15] ✅ Committed: improve: Battle of Cannae
status: UPDATED | Ramesses II | changes: Fixed duplicate H1 heading; added birth year (~1303 BCE), regnal name (Usermaatre Setepenre), Greek name (Ozymandias), principal wife (Nefertari), tomb (KV7), Ramesseum mortuary temple, Levant/Nubia campaign details, mummy health findings, "Great Ancestor" epithet, and recent Sorbonne sarcophagus identification; added footnotes [^3] (Wikipedia) and [^4] (Ancient Origins 2025)
duration: 62s
[2026-02-22T22:38:15+00:00] 05754a | Battle of Cannae
status: UPDATED | Battle of Cannae | changes: Fixed duplicate H1 title; added Carthaginian losses (~6,000, mostly Gauls); named cavalry sub-commanders (Hasdrubal/heavy, Maharbal/Numidian); added survivor/captured figures and Canusium escape; added Aftermath section with Maharbal's famous quote and Rome's emergency response; added Zama connection (Scipio used Cannae tactics); added Archaeology section; updated troop estimate range to reflect modern scholarship (70,000–86,000 Romans); added footnote for World History Encyclopedia and Seven Swords sources
Greek philosophy (~600 BCE – ~500 CE) laid the foundations of Western intellectual tradition, encompassing metaphysics, ethics, logic, political theory, and natural science.
## Key Facts
- Period: ~600 BCE (Thales) – ~529 CE (closure of Plato's Academy by Justinian)
- Region: Greek world (Ionia, Athens, Alexandria, Rome)
- Major schools: Pre-Socratics, Platonism, Aristotelianism, Stoicism, Epicureanism, Skepticism
- Pyrrho of Elis (~360–270 BCE): Founded Pyrrhonism (radical skepticism); advocated suspension of judgment (*epoché*) to achieve tranquility (*ataraxia*) [^3]
- Diogenes of Sinope (~412–323 BCE): Leading Cynic philosopher; rejected social conventions and material wealth in favor of virtue and self-sufficiency [^3]
- Socrates (~470–399 BCE): Socratic method, executed for impiety
- Plato (~428–348 BCE): Theory of Forms, founded the Academy
- Aristotle (384–322 BCE): Logic, natural science, ethics, politics; founded the Lyceum
- Epicurus (341–270 BCE): Atomism, pleasure as the highest good
- Zeno of Citium (~334–262 BCE): Founded Stoicism [^2]
- Plotinus (204/5–270 CE): Founded Neoplatonism; posited emanation from "the One" as the source of all reality; among the most influential philosophers of late antiquity [^3]
## Legacy
- Shaped Western philosophy, science, and political thought
- Transmitted to the Islamic world and medieval Europe
- Aristotle's works dominated European thought for ~2,000 years
- Neoplatonism profoundly influenced early Christian theology and the Renaissance
---
[^1]: Kirk, G.S. et al. *The Presocratic Philosophers* (Cambridge, 1983)
[^2]: Long, A.A. *Hellenistic Philosophy* (University of California Press, 1986)
---
## Review Queue
<!-- factbase:review -->
- [x]`@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Period: ~600 BCE (Thales) – ~529 CE (closure of Plato's Academy by Justinian)" - when was this true?
> Static historical fact. No temporal tag needed.
- [x]`@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Region: Greek world (Ionia, Athens, Alexandria, Rome)" - when was this true?
> Static historical fact. No temporal tag needed.
- [x]`@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Major schools: Pre-Socratics, Platonism, Aristotelianism, Stoicism, Epicurean..." - when was this true?
> Static historical fact. No temporal tag needed.
- [x]`@q[temporal]` Line 15: "Thales of Miletus (~624–546 BCE): First philosopher, proposed water as the ..." - when was this true?
> Static historical fact. No temporal tag needed.
- [x]`@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Heraclitus (~535–475 BCE): "Everything flows" (*panta rhei*)" - when was this true?
> Static historical fact. No temporal tag needed.
- [x]`@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Socrates (~470–399 BCE): Socratic method, executed for impiety" - when was this true?
> Static historical fact. No temporal tag needed.
- [x]`@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Plato (~428–348 BCE): Theory of Forms, founded the Academy" - when was this true?
> Static historical fact. No temporal tag needed.
- [x]`@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Aristotle (384–322 BCE): Logic, natural science, ethics, politics; founded ..." - when was this true?
> Static historical fact. No temporal tag needed.
- [x]`@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Epicurus (341–270 BCE): Atomism, pleasure as the highest good" - when was this true?
> Static historical fact. No temporal tag needed.
- [x]`@q[temporal]` Line 21: "Zeno of Citium (~334–262 BCE): Founded Stoicism [^2]" - when was this true?
> Static historical fact. No temporal tag needed.
- [x]`@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Shaped Western philosophy, science, and political thought" - when was this true?
> Static historical fact. No temporal tag needed.
- [x]`@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Transmitted to the Islamic world and medieval Europe" - when was this true?
> Static historical fact. No temporal tag needed.
- [x]`@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Aristotle's works dominated European thought for ~2,000 years" - when was this true?
> Static historical fact. No temporal tag needed.
- [x]`@q[missing]` Line 10: "Period: ~600 BCE (Thales) – ~529 CE (closure of Plato's Academy by Justinian)" - what is the source?
> Kirk et al. (1983) [^1], Long (1986) [^2]
- [x]`@q[missing]` Line 11: "Region: Greek world (Ionia, Athens, Alexandria, Rome)" - what is the source?
> Kirk et al. (1983) [^1], Long (1986) [^2]
- [x]`@q[missing]` Line 12: "Major schools: Pre-Socratics, Platonism, Aristotelianism, Stoicism, Epicurean..." - what is the source?
> Kirk et al. (1983) [^1], Long (1986) [^2]
- [x]`@q[missing]` Line 16: "Heraclitus (~535–475 BCE): "Everything flows" (*panta rhei*)" - what is the source?
> Kirk et al. (1983) [^1], Long (1986) [^2]
- [x]`@q[missing]` Line 17: "Socrates (~470–399 BCE): Socratic method, executed for impiety" - what is the source?
> Kirk et al. (1983) [^1], Long (1986) [^2]
- [x]`@q[missing]` Line 18: "Plato (~428–348 BCE): Theory of Forms, founded the Academy" - what is the source?
> Kirk et al. (1983) [^1], Long (1986) [^2]
- [x]`@q[missing]` Line 19: "Aristotle (384–322 BCE): Logic, natural science, ethics, politics; founded ..." - what is the source?
> Kirk et al. (1983) [^1], Long (1986) [^2]
- [x]`@q[missing]` Line 20: "Epicurus (341–270 BCE): Atomism, pleasure as the highest good" - what is the source?
> Kirk et al. (1983) [^1], Long (1986) [^2]
- [x]`@q[missing]` Line 24: "Shaped Western philosophy, science, and political thought" - what is the source?
> Kirk et al. (1983) [^1], Long (1986) [^2]
- [x]`@q[missing]` Line 25: "Transmitted to the Islamic world and medieval Europe" - what is the source?
> Kirk et al. (1983) [^1], Long (1986) [^2]
- [x]`@q[missing]` Line 26: "Aristotle's works dominated European thought for ~2,000 years" - what is the source?
> Kirk et al. (1983) [^1], Long (1986) [^2]
- [x]`@q[stale]` Line 15: "Thales of Miletus (~624–546 BCE): First philosopher, proposed water as the ..." - Kirk source from 1983 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
> Scholarship remains current. Kirk et al.'s work on pre-Socratic philosophy is still foundational.
- [x]`@q[stale]` Line 21: "Zeno of Citium (~334–262 BCE): Founded Stoicism [^2]" - Long source from 1986 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
> Scholarship remains current. Long's work on Hellenistic philosophy is still authoritative.
[^3]: Zalta, E.N. (ed.) *Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy* (Stanford University, ongoing) — entries on Pythagoras, Pyrrho, Plotinus
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