Enrich Greek Philosophy: fix duplicate title, add Pythagoras/Pyrrho/Diogenes/Plotinus, add Cynicism/Neoplatonism to schools, expand legacy

cultural-movements/greek-philosophy.md

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 # Greek Philosophy
 
-# Greek Philosophy
-
 ## Overview
 Greek philosophy (~600 BCE – ~500 CE) laid the foundations of Western intellectual tradition, encompassing metaphysics, ethics, logic, political theory, and natural science.
 
 ## Key Facts
 - Period: ~600 BCE (Thales) – ~529 CE (closure of Plato's Academy by Justinian)
 - Region: Greek world (Ionia, Athens, Alexandria, Rome)
-- Major schools: Pre-Socratics, Platonism, Aristotelianism, Stoicism, Epicureanism, Skepticism
+- Major schools: Pre-Socratics, Pythagoreanism, Platonism, Aristotelianism, Cynicism, Stoicism, Epicureanism, Skepticism, Neoplatonism
 
 ## Major Figures
 - Thales of Miletus (~624–546 BCE): First philosopher, proposed water as the fundamental substance [^1]
+- Pythagoras (~570–495 BCE): Founded Pythagoreanism; blended mathematics, mysticism, and ethics; taught metempsychosis (transmigration of souls); influenced Plato [^3]
 - Heraclitus (~535–475 BCE): "Everything flows" (*panta rhei*)
+- Pyrrho of Elis (~360–270 BCE): Founded Pyrrhonism (radical skepticism); advocated suspension of judgment (*epoché*) to achieve tranquility (*ataraxia*) [^3]
+- Diogenes of Sinope (~412–323 BCE): Leading Cynic philosopher; rejected social conventions and material wealth in favor of virtue and self-sufficiency [^3]
 - Socrates (~470–399 BCE): Socratic method, executed for impiety
 - Plato (~428–348 BCE): Theory of Forms, founded the Academy
 - Aristotle (384–322 BCE): Logic, natural science, ethics, politics; founded the Lyceum
 - Epicurus (341–270 BCE): Atomism, pleasure as the highest good
 - Zeno of Citium (~334–262 BCE): Founded Stoicism [^2]
+- Plotinus (204/5–270 CE): Founded Neoplatonism; posited emanation from "the One" as the source of all reality; among the most influential philosophers of late antiquity [^3]
 
 ## Legacy
 - Shaped Western philosophy, science, and political thought
 - Transmitted to the Islamic world and medieval Europe
 - Aristotle's works dominated European thought for ~2,000 years
+- Neoplatonism profoundly influenced early Christian theology and the Renaissance
 
 ---
 [^1]: Kirk, G.S. et al. *The Presocratic Philosophers* (Cambridge, 1983)
 [^2]: Long, A.A. *Hellenistic Philosophy* (University of California Press, 1986)
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-## Review Queue
-
-<!-- factbase:review -->
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Period: ~600 BCE (Thales) – ~529 CE (closure of Plato's Academy by Justinian)" - when was this true?
-> Static historical fact. No temporal tag needed.
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Region: Greek world (Ionia, Athens, Alexandria, Rome)" - when was this true?
-> Static historical fact. No temporal tag needed.
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Major schools: Pre-Socratics, Platonism, Aristotelianism, Stoicism, Epicurean..." - when was this true?
-> Static historical fact. No temporal tag needed.
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 15: "Thales of Miletus (~624–546 BCE): First philosopher, proposed water as the ..." - when was this true?
-> Static historical fact. No temporal tag needed.
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Heraclitus (~535–475 BCE): "Everything flows" (*panta rhei*)" - when was this true?
-> Static historical fact. No temporal tag needed.
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Socrates (~470–399 BCE): Socratic method, executed for impiety" - when was this true?
-> Static historical fact. No temporal tag needed.
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Plato (~428–348 BCE): Theory of Forms, founded the Academy" - when was this true?
-> Static historical fact. No temporal tag needed.
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Aristotle (384–322 BCE): Logic, natural science, ethics, politics; founded ..." - when was this true?
-> Static historical fact. No temporal tag needed.
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Epicurus (341–270 BCE): Atomism, pleasure as the highest good" - when was this true?
-> Static historical fact. No temporal tag needed.
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "Zeno of Citium (~334–262 BCE): Founded Stoicism [^2]" - when was this true?
-> Static historical fact. No temporal tag needed.
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Shaped Western philosophy, science, and political thought" - when was this true?
-> Static historical fact. No temporal tag needed.
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Transmitted to the Islamic world and medieval Europe" - when was this true?
-> Static historical fact. No temporal tag needed.
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Aristotle's works dominated European thought for ~2,000 years" - when was this true?
-> Static historical fact. No temporal tag needed.
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Period: ~600 BCE (Thales) – ~529 CE (closure of Plato's Academy by Justinian)" - what is the source?
-> Kirk et al. (1983) [^1], Long (1986) [^2]
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Region: Greek world (Ionia, Athens, Alexandria, Rome)" - what is the source?
-> Kirk et al. (1983) [^1], Long (1986) [^2]
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Major schools: Pre-Socratics, Platonism, Aristotelianism, Stoicism, Epicurean..." - what is the source?
-> Kirk et al. (1983) [^1], Long (1986) [^2]
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Heraclitus (~535–475 BCE): "Everything flows" (*panta rhei*)" - what is the source?
-> Kirk et al. (1983) [^1], Long (1986) [^2]
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Socrates (~470–399 BCE): Socratic method, executed for impiety" - what is the source?
-> Kirk et al. (1983) [^1], Long (1986) [^2]
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Plato (~428–348 BCE): Theory of Forms, founded the Academy" - what is the source?
-> Kirk et al. (1983) [^1], Long (1986) [^2]
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Aristotle (384–322 BCE): Logic, natural science, ethics, politics; founded ..." - what is the source?
-> Kirk et al. (1983) [^1], Long (1986) [^2]
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Epicurus (341–270 BCE): Atomism, pleasure as the highest good" - what is the source?
-> Kirk et al. (1983) [^1], Long (1986) [^2]
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Shaped Western philosophy, science, and political thought" - what is the source?
-> Kirk et al. (1983) [^1], Long (1986) [^2]
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Transmitted to the Islamic world and medieval Europe" - what is the source?
-> Kirk et al. (1983) [^1], Long (1986) [^2]
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 26: "Aristotle's works dominated European thought for ~2,000 years" - what is the source?
-> Kirk et al. (1983) [^1], Long (1986) [^2]
-- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 15: "Thales of Miletus (~624–546 BCE): First philosopher, proposed water as the ..." - Kirk source from 1983 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
-> Scholarship remains current. Kirk et al.'s work on pre-Socratic philosophy is still foundational.
-- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 21: "Zeno of Citium (~334–262 BCE): Founded Stoicism [^2]" - Long source from 1986 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
-> Scholarship remains current. Long's work on Hellenistic philosophy is still authoritative.
+[^3]: Zalta, E.N. (ed.) *Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy* (Stanford University, ongoing) — entries on Pythagoras, Pyrrho, Plotinus