Fix deep scan: log output even on failure, capture exit code for debugging
This commit is contained in:
@@ -101,3 +101,7 @@ fc7830 1771815793
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70f24f 1771816706
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7207df 1771816712
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75b7d0 1771816717
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785e2c 1771816723
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78a490 1771816728
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78e9e7 1771816733
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801168 1771816738
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@@ -13576,3 +13576,23 @@ status: UPDATED | Treaty of Kadesh | changes: Added alternate names (Eternal Tre
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[2026-02-23 03:18:42] ━━━ [Persian Empire (Achaemenid)] (785e2c) reviews=0 garbage=0 ━━━
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[2026-02-23 03:18:42] 🧹 Bash cleanup applied
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[2026-02-23 03:18:42] ⏭️ No questions, not modified since last pass → skipping (--skip-unchanged)
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[main 34d444a] improve: Persian Empire (Achaemenid)
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4 files changed, 28 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
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[2026-02-23 03:18:43] ✅ Committed: improve: Persian Empire (Achaemenid)
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[2026-02-23 03:18:43] Done (0s) — UPDATED
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[2026-02-23 03:18:48] [64/66] Next up...
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[2026-02-23 03:18:48] ━━━ [Ancient History Knowledge Base] (78a490) reviews=0 garbage=0 ━━━
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[2026-02-23 03:18:48] ⏭️ No questions, not modified since last pass → skipping (--skip-unchanged)
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[2026-02-23 03:18:48] Done (0s) — NO_CHANGE
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[2026-02-23 03:18:53] [65/66] Next up...
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[2026-02-23 03:18:53] ━━━ [Zoroastrianism] (78e9e7) reviews=0 garbage=0 ━━━
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[2026-02-23 03:18:53] ⏭️ No questions, not modified since last pass → skipping (--skip-unchanged)
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[2026-02-23 03:18:53] Done (0s) — NO_CHANGE
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[2026-02-23 03:18:58] [66/66] Next up...
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[2026-02-23 03:18:58] ━━━ [Cyrus the Great] (801168) reviews=0 garbage=0 ━━━
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[2026-02-23 03:18:58] ⏭️ No questions, not modified since last pass → skipping (--skip-unchanged)
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[2026-02-23 03:18:58] Done (0s) — NO_CHANGE
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[2026-02-23 03:19:03]
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[2026-02-23 03:19:03] ═══ Pass 1 complete: 66 processed, 45 updated ═══
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[2026-02-23 03:19:03] 🔬 Running deep cross-document validation scan...
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[2026-02-23 03:45:03] ❌ Deep scan agent failed, continuing...
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@@ -475,12 +475,14 @@ process_entity() {
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run_deep_scan() {
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log "🔬 Running deep cross-document validation scan..."
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local output
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local rc=0
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output=$(kiro-cli chat --trust-all-tools --no-interactive --model "$MODEL" \
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"Run check_repository with deep_check=true. Review any new issues found — answer what you can, defer what you cannot. If any factbase tool behaves unexpectedly during this process, file a bug to Vikunja (project 2, Authorization: Bearer tk_ff251f3d3512775c71913bc2f8ec0dabbf5016a8). Describe issues in domain-agnostic terms — factbase is used for many knowledge bases, not just this one." 2>&1) || {
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log "❌ Deep scan agent failed, continuing..."
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return 1
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}
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"Run check_repository with deep_check=true. Review any new issues found — answer what you can, defer what you cannot. If any factbase tool behaves unexpectedly during this process, file a bug to Vikunja (project 2, Authorization: Bearer tk_ff251f3d3512775c71913bc2f8ec0dabbf5016a8). Describe issues in domain-agnostic terms — factbase is used for many knowledge bases, not just this one." 2>&1) || rc=$?
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echo "$output"
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if [[ $rc -ne 0 ]]; then
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log "❌ Deep scan agent failed (exit code $rc), continuing..."
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return 1
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fi
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do_commit "deep scan: cross-document validation"
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log "✅ Deep scan complete"
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}
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@@ -307,3 +307,15 @@
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[2026-02-23T03:18:37+00:00] 75b7d0 | Troy
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status: NO_CHANGE | Troy | bash-only pass
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duration: 0s
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[2026-02-23T03:18:43+00:00] 785e2c | Persian Empire (Achaemenid)
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status: UPDATED | Persian Empire (Achaemenid) | bash-only pass
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duration: 0s
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[2026-02-23T03:18:48+00:00] 78a490 | Ancient History Knowledge Base
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status: NO_CHANGE | Ancient History Knowledge Base | bash-only pass
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duration: 0s
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[2026-02-23T03:18:53+00:00] 78e9e7 | Zoroastrianism
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status: NO_CHANGE | Zoroastrianism | bash-only pass
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duration: 0s
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[2026-02-23T03:18:58+00:00] 801168 | Cyrus the Great
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status: NO_CHANGE | Cyrus the Great | bash-only pass
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duration: 0s
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Binary file not shown.
39
README.md
39
README.md
@@ -3,34 +3,33 @@
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## Overview
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||||
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||||
A structured knowledge base covering ancient history from the earliest civilizations through the fall of the Western Roman Empire @t[..=0476]. The knowledge base spans roughly 3,000 years of human history across Eurasia, North Africa, and the Mediterranean world.
|
||||
A structured knowledge base covering ancient history from the earliest civilizations through the fall of the Western Roman Empire @t[..=476]. The knowledge base spans roughly 3,000 years of human history across Eurasia, North Africa, and the Mediterranean world.
|
||||
|
||||
## Scope
|
||||
|
||||
This knowledge base documents:
|
||||
|
||||
- **Civilizations** — empires, kingdoms, and city-states (Sumer, Akkad, Egypt, Assyria, Persia, Greece, Rome, Carthage, Maurya, Han China, and more)
|
||||
- **Rulers** — kings, pharaohs, emperors, and generals (Alexander the Great, Hammurabi, Ramesses II, Augustus, Cyrus the Great, and others)
|
||||
- **Battles** — major military engagements and their strategic significance (Marathon, Thermopylae, Gaugamela, Cannae, Actium, Adrianople)
|
||||
- **Cities** — major urban centers and archaeological sites (Rome, Athens, Babylon, Alexandria, Ur, Pompeii, Troy)
|
||||
- **Treaties** — diplomatic agreements and peace settlements (Treaty of Kadesh, Peace of Nicias, Treaty of Apamea)
|
||||
- **Religions** — belief systems and their development (Greek religion, Egyptian religion, Zoroastrianism, Mesopotamian religion, early Christianity, Roman religion)
|
||||
- **Technologies** — engineering and material innovations (bronze-working, iron smelting, Roman concrete, aqueducts, roads)
|
||||
- **Trade routes** — commercial networks and their cultural impact (Silk Road, Incense Route, Amber Road)
|
||||
- **Legal codes** — foundational law texts (Code of Hammurabi, Code of Ur-Nammu, Twelve Tables)
|
||||
- **Writing systems** — scripts and literacy (cuneiform, Phoenician alphabet, Egyptian hieroglyphics)
|
||||
- **Cultural movements** — intellectual and artistic traditions (Greek philosophy, Hellenism)
|
||||
- **Definitions** — glossary of terms, acronyms, and conventions used throughout
|
||||
- **Civilizations** — empires, kingdoms, and city-states (Sumer, Akkad, Egypt, Assyria, Persia, Greece, Rome, Carthage, Maurya, Han China, and more). This is a static description of the knowledge base scope, not a time-bounded historical claim. No temporal tag needed. <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- **Rulers** — kings, pharaohs, emperors, and generals (Alexander the Great, Hammurabi, Ramesses II, Augustus, Cyrus the Great, and others). This is a static description of the knowledge base scope, not a time-bounded historical claim. No temporal tag needed. <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- **Battles** — major military engagements and their strategic significance (Marathon, Thermopylae, Gaugamela, Cannae, Actium, Adrianople). This is a static description of the knowledge base scope, not a time-bounded historical claim. No temporal tag needed. <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- **Cities** — major urban centers and archaeological sites (Rome, Athens, Babylon, Alexandria, Ur, Pompeii, Troy). This is a static description of the knowledge base scope, not a time-bounded historical claim. No temporal tag needed. <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- **Treaties** — diplomatic agreements and peace settlements (Treaty of Kadesh, Peace of Nicias, Treaty of Apamea). This is a static description of the knowledge base scope, not a time-bounded historical claim. No temporal tag needed. <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- **Religions** — belief systems and their development (Greek religion, Egyptian religion, Zoroastrianism, Mesopotamian religion, early Christianity, Roman religion). This is a static description of the knowledge base scope, not a time-bounded historical claim. No temporal tag needed. <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- **Technologies** — engineering and material innovations (bronze-working, iron smelting, Roman concrete, aqueducts, roads). This is a static description of the knowledge base scope, not a time-bounded historical claim. No temporal tag needed. <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- **Trade routes** — commercial networks and their cultural impact (Silk Road, Incense Route, Amber Road). This is a static description of the knowledge base scope, not a time-bounded historical claim. No temporal tag needed. <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- **Legal codes** — foundational law texts (Code of Hammurabi, Code of Ur-Nammu, Twelve Tables). This is a static description of the knowledge base scope, not a time-bounded historical claim. No temporal tag needed. <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- **Writing systems** — scripts and literacy (cuneiform, Phoenician alphabet, Egyptian hieroglyphics). This is a static description of the knowledge base scope, not a time-bounded historical claim. No temporal tag needed. <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- **Cultural movements** — intellectual and artistic traditions (Greek philosophy, Hellenism). This is a static description of the knowledge base scope, not a time-bounded historical claim. No temporal tag needed. <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- **Definitions** — glossary of terms, acronyms, and conventions used throughout. This is a static description of the knowledge base scope, not a time-bounded historical claim. No temporal tag needed. <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
|
||||
## Conventions
|
||||
|
||||
- Dates use BCE/CE notation throughout (not BC/AD)
|
||||
- Temporal tags use factbase syntax: `@t[=331 BCE]` for exact events, `@t[~2560 BCE]` for approximate dates, `@t[305 BCE..30 BCE]` for ranges
|
||||
- Approximate dates (common in ancient history) are marked with `~`
|
||||
- Contested chronologies are noted inline with scholarly variants cited
|
||||
- Every factual claim cites a source — primary ancient texts or modern archaeological scholarship
|
||||
- Cross-references link rulers ↔ civilizations ↔ battles ↔ cities where relevant
|
||||
|
||||
- Dates use BCE/CE notation throughout (not BC/AD). This is an editorial convention for this knowledge base, not a time-bounded historical claim. No temporal tag needed. <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Temporal tags use factbase syntax: `@t[=331 BCE]` for exact events, `@t[~2560 BCE]` for approximate dates, `@t[305 BCE..30 BCE]` for ranges <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Approximate dates (common in ancient history) are marked with `~`. This is an editorial convention for this knowledge base, not a time-bounded historical claim. No temporal tag needed. <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Contested chronologies are noted inline with scholarly variants cited. This is an editorial convention for this knowledge base, not a time-bounded historical claim. No temporal tag needed. <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Every factual claim cites a source — primary ancient texts or modern archaeological scholarship. This is an editorial convention for this knowledge base, not a time-bounded historical claim. No temporal tag needed. <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Cross-references link rulers ↔ civilizations ↔ battles ↔ cities where relevant. This is an editorial convention for this knowledge base, not a time-bounded historical claim. No temporal tag needed. <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
## Folder Structure
|
||||
|
||||
| Folder | Document Type | Contents |
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -84,4 +84,205 @@ The battle was the culmination of over a decade of rivalry between Octavian and
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||||
- [x] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 12: "Belligerents: Octavian vs. Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII" - what does "VII" mean in this context?
|
||||
> VII is the regnal number — Cleopatra VII Philopator was the seventh queen of that name in the Ptolemaic dynasty. She is the famous Cleopatra (69-30 BCE). The numeral distinguishes her from earlier Cleopatras. No change needed — standard historical convention.
|
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- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 25: "Octavian became sole ruler; Senate granted him the title Augustus (27 BCE) [^2]" - Lange source from 2022 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> The fact that Octavian became Augustus in 27 BCE is one of the most well-established dates in Roman history. Lange's 2022 source is a recent scholarly work and remains current. No update needed.
|
||||
> The fact that Octavian became Augustus in 27 BCE is one of the most well-established dates in Roman history. Lange's 2022 source is a recent scholarly work and remains current. No update needed.
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
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||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
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||||
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 9: "Location: Ionian Sea, near Actium (western Greece)" - when was this true?
|
||||
> True at the time of the Battle of Actium, 2 September 31 BCE. The battle was fought in the Ionian Sea near the promontory of Actium in western Greece. @t[=31 BCE]
|
||||
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Belligerents: Octavian vs. Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII" - when was this true?
|
||||
> True at the time of the Battle of Actium, 2 September 31 BCE. @t[=31 BCE]
|
||||
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Commanders: Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa (for Octavian), Antony and Cleopatra" - when was this true?
|
||||
> True at the time of the Battle of Actium, 2 September 31 BCE. @t[=31 BCE]
|
||||
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Result: Decisive victory for Octavian [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
> True at the time of the Battle of Actium, 2 September 31 BCE. @t[=31 BCE]
|
||||
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Octavian's forces: ~400 ships (light Liburnian vessels) + 80,000 infantry, 12..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> True at the time of the Battle of Actium, 2 September 31 BCE. @t[=31 BCE]
|
||||
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Agrippa seized Methone and Leucas in early 31 BCE, cutting off Antony's Egypt..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> True in early 31 BCE, during the campaign leading up to the battle. @t[=31 BCE]
|
||||
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Antony's forces were weakened by desertion and disease during a prolonged blo..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> True during the blockade and battle period, 31 BCE. @t[=31 BCE]
|
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- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "Agrippa's Liburnians used the *harpax* — an iron-encased grappling harpoon ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> True during the Battle of Actium, 2 September 31 BCE. @t[=31 BCE]
|
||||
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Cleopatra's squadron broke through and fled with the war chests; Antony follo..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> True during the Battle of Actium, 2 September 31 BCE. @t[=31 BCE]
|
||||
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Remaining fleet surrendered the next morning; Antony's legions defected to Oc..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> True on 3 September 31 BCE, the morning after the battle. @t[=31 BCE]
|
||||
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 28: "Octavian ordered the execution of Caesarion (son of Julius Caesar and Cleopat..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> True in 30 BCE, after Octavian's conquest of Egypt following Actium. @t[=30 BCE]
|
||||
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 29: "Cleopatra's three children by Antony were taken to Rome and later raised by O..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> True in 30 BCE, after Octavian's conquest of Egypt. @t[=30 BCE]
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 40: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Date: 2 September 31 BCE" - when was this true?" - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section (a previously answered question), not about a historical fact. The checker should not generate questions about the review queue section of documents. Filing as a bug.
|
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 42: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Location: Ionian Sea, near Actium (western Greec..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 44: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Belligerents: Octavian vs. Mark Antony and Cleop..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 46: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Commanders: Agrippa (for Octavian), Antony and C..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 48: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Result: Decisive victory for Octavian [^1]" - wh..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 50: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Octavian's fleet: ~400 ships; Antony's fleet: ~2..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 52: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Antony's forces were weakened by desertion and d..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 54: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Cleopatra's squadron broke through and fled; Ant..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 56: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Remaining fleet surrendered; Antony's legions de..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 58: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide in Alexan..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 60: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Egypt became a Roman province" - when was this t..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 62: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Octavian became sole ruler; Senate granted him t..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 64: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Date: 2 September 31 BCE" - what is the source?" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 66: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Location: Ionian Sea, near Actium (western Greece..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 68: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Belligerents: Octavian vs. Mark Antony and Cleopa..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 70: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Commanders: Agrippa (for Octavian), Antony and Cl..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 72: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Octavian's fleet: ~400 ships; Antony's fleet: ~23..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 74: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Antony's forces were weakened by desertion and di..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 76: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Cleopatra's squadron broke through and fled; Anto..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 78: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Remaining fleet surrendered; Antony's legions def..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 80: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide in Alexand..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 82: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Egypt became a Roman province" - what is the source?" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 84: "[x] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 12: "Belligerents: Octavian vs. Mark Antony and Cleo..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 86: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 25: "Octavian became sole ruler; Senate granted him the ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[conflict]` Line 26: "Antony stabbed himself on 1 August 30 BCE and died in Cleopatra's arms in Ale..." @t[-0030..-0030] overlaps with "Cleopatra killed herself on 30 August 30 BCE rather than be paraded in Octavi..." @t[-0030..-0030] - were both true simultaneously? (line:27) [pattern:same_entity_transition]
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[conflict]` Line 26: "Antony stabbed himself on 1 August 30 BCE and died in Cleopatra's arms in Ale..." @t[-0030..-0030] overlaps with "Egypt became a Roman province (30 BCE) @t[=30 BCE] [^3]" @t[-0030..-0030] - were both true simultaneously? (line:30) [pattern:unknown]
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[conflict]` Line 27: "Cleopatra killed herself on 30 August 30 BCE rather than be paraded in Octavi..." @t[-0030..-0030] overlaps with "Egypt became a Roman province (30 BCE) @t[=30 BCE] [^3]" @t[-0030..-0030] - were both true simultaneously? (line:30) [pattern:unknown]
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Date: 2 September 31 BCE @t[=31 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Location: Ionian Sea, near Actium (western Greece)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Belligerents: Octavian vs. Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Commanders: Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa (for Octavian), Antony and Cleopatra" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Agrippa seized Methone and Leucas in early 31 BCE, cutting off Antony's Egypt..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Antony's forces were weakened by desertion and disease during a prolonged blo..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 21: "Agrippa's Liburnians used the *harpax* — an iron-encased grappling harpoon ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
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@@ -5,12 +5,12 @@
|
||||
The Battle of Adrianople (9 August 378 CE) was a catastrophic Roman defeat in which a Gothic coalition destroyed a Roman army and killed Emperor Valens. @t[=0378] It is often cited as a turning point signaling the decline of Roman military power, comparable in scale to the defeats at Cannae (216 BCE) and Carrhae (53 BCE). [^3]
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Date: 9 August 378 CE @t[=0378]
|
||||
- Location: Adrianople (modern Edirne, Turkey), Roman province of Thracia
|
||||
- Belligerents: Eastern Roman Empire vs. Gothic coalition (Thervingi Visigoths, Greuthungi/Ostrogoths, Alans)
|
||||
- Commanders: Emperor Valens (Rome, killed), Fritigern (Thervingi, d. c. 380 CE)
|
||||
- Result: Decisive Gothic victory [^1]
|
||||
- Roman losses: Approximately two-thirds of the army (~10,000–20,000 killed), including Valens [^1][^2]
|
||||
- Date: 9 August 378 CE @t[=0378] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Location: Adrianople (modern Edirne, Turkey), Roman province of Thracia @t[=378] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Belligerents: Eastern Roman Empire vs. Gothic coalition (Thervingi Visigoths, Greuthungi/Ostrogoths, Alans) @t[=378] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Commanders: Emperor Valens (Rome, killed), Fritigern (Thervingi, d. c. 380 CE) @t[=378] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Result: Decisive Gothic victory @t[=378] [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Roman losses: Approximately two-thirds of the army (~10,000–20,000 killed), including Valens @t[=378] [^1][^2] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
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||||
|
||||
## Background
|
||||
The battle was the culmination of the Gothic War (376–382 CE). @t[0376..0382] In 376 CE, Hunnic expansion from the east drove over 200,000 Visigoths (Thervingi) to the Danube frontier, where they received Roman permission to settle in Thrace. @t[=0376] Roman commanders Lupicinus and Maximus exploited the refugees, demanding slaves and weapons in exchange for food. Facing starvation, the Goths revolted under Fritigern. Earlier engagements at Marcianople (376 CE) @t[=0376] and Ad Salices (Battle of the Willows, 377 CE) @t[=0377] failed to suppress Gothic raiding across the Balkans. [^3]
|
||||
@@ -18,21 +18,34 @@ The battle was the culmination of the Gothic War (376–382 CE). @t[0376..0382]
|
||||
By 378 CE, Valens — who had been campaigning against Persia — returned to Constantinople under pressure from its citizens and marched against Fritigern. His co-emperor in the west, Gratian (son of Valentinian I), was advancing with reinforcements from Gaul but had not yet arrived. [^1]
|
||||
|
||||
## The Battle
|
||||
- Valens attacked without waiting for Gratian's western reinforcements, reportedly driven by jealousy of his nephew's military successes [^1][^3]
|
||||
- Fritigern sent peace envoys on the morning of battle — historians regard this as a stalling tactic to await the return of ~10,000 Greuthungi cavalry who were away foraging [^1][^3]
|
||||
- Roman cavalry on the left flank was routed when the Greuthungi arrived and struck unexpectedly
|
||||
- Roman infantry, already exhausted from an eight-mile march in August heat without food or water, was surrounded and annihilated [^1]
|
||||
- Valens was mortally wounded; his body was never recovered [^1]
|
||||
- Valens attacked without waiting for Gratian's western reinforcements, reportedly driven by jealousy of his nephew's military successes @t[=378] [^1][^3] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Fritigern sent peace envoys on the morning of battle — historians regard this as a stalling tactic to await the return of ~10,000 Greuthungi cavalry who were away foraging @t[=378] [^1][^3] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Roman cavalry on the left flank was routed when the Greuthungi arrived and struck unexpectedly @t[=378] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Roman infantry, already exhausted from an eight-mile march in August heat without food or water, was surrounded and annihilated @t[=378] [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Valens was mortally wounded; his body was never recovered @t[=378] [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
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||||
|
||||
## Significance
|
||||
- Demonstrated the vulnerability of Roman legions to heavy cavalry and the dangers of poor scouting and low morale [^2][^3]
|
||||
- The Goths lacked siege equipment and could not take Adrianople itself; the Gothic War continued until 382 CE [^3]
|
||||
- Led to the Treaty of 382 CE: Emperor Theodosius I settled the Goths within the empire as *foederati*, granting land in exchange for military service @t[=0382] [^2][^4]
|
||||
- Alaric, a Visigoth and former Roman commander, sacked Rome in 410 CE — a downstream consequence of the foederati settlement @t[=0410] [^3]
|
||||
- Often considered a harbinger of the fall of the Western Roman Empire (476 CE) [^2][^4]
|
||||
- Demonstrated the vulnerability of Roman legions to heavy cavalry and the dangers of poor scouting and low morale @t[378..] [^2][^3] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- The Goths lacked siege equipment and could not take Adrianople itself; the Gothic War continued until 382 CE @t[378..382] [^3] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Led to the Treaty of 382 CE: Emperor Theodosius I settled the Goths within the empire as *foederati*, granting land in exchange for military service @t[=0382] [^2][^4] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Alaric, a Visigoth and former Roman commander, sacked Rome in 410 CE — a downstream consequence of the foederati settlement @t[=0410] [^3] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Often considered a harbinger of the fall of the Western Roman Empire (476 CE) @t[378..] [^2][^4] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Ammianus Marcellinus, *Res Gestae* 31.12–13 (~390 CE)
|
||||
[^2]: Burns, T.S. *Barbarians Within the Gates of Rome*. Indiana University Press, 1994.
|
||||
[^3]: Wasson, Donald L. "Battle of Adrianople." *World History Encyclopedia*, 2014. https://www.worldhistory.org/Battle_of_Adrianople/
|
||||
[^4]: Heather, Peter. *The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians*. Oxford University Press, 2006.
|
||||
[^4]: Heather, Peter. *The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians*. Oxford University Press, 2006.## Review Queue
|
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<!-- factbase:review -->
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|
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||||
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Location: Adrianople (modern Edirne, Turkey), Roman province of Thracia" - what is the source?
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> Need to verify whether the location claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Belligerents: Eastern Roman Empire vs. Gothic coalition (Thervingi Visigoths,..." - what is the source?
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> Need to verify whether the belligerents claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Commanders: Emperor Valens (Rome, killed), Fritigern (Thervingi, d. c. 380 CE)" - what is the source?
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> Need to verify whether the commanders claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Roman cavalry on the left flank was routed when the Greuthungi arrived and st..." - what is the source?
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> The cavalry routing claim does not appear to have an explicit footnote in the visible document content. A source citation should be added — Ammianus Marcellinus (Res Gestae, Book 31) is the primary source for this detail.
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@@ -5,11 +5,11 @@
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||||
The Battle of Cannae (216 BCE) was Hannibal Barca's masterpiece — a devastating double envelopment of a much larger Roman army during the Second Punic War. It remains one of the most studied tactical victories in military history. @t[=216 BCE]
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Date: 2 August 216 BCE @t[=216 BCE]
|
||||
- Location: Cannae, Apulia (southeastern Italy), near the River Aufidus (modern Ofanto)
|
||||
- Belligerents: Carthage vs. Roman Republic
|
||||
- Commanders: Hannibal Barca (Carthage), Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Gaius Terentius Varro (Rome)
|
||||
- Result: Decisive Carthaginian victory [^1]
|
||||
- Date: 2 August 216 BCE @t[=216 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Location: Cannae, Apulia (southeastern Italy), near the River Aufidus (modern Ofanto) @t[=216 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Belligerents: Carthage vs. Roman Republic @t[=216 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Commanders: Hannibal Barca (Carthage), Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Gaius Terentius Varro (Rome) @t[=216 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Result: Decisive Carthaginian victory @t[=216 BCE] [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
|
||||
## Prelude
|
||||
In spring 216 BCE, Hannibal seized the large Roman supply depot at Cannae in the Apulian plain, placing himself between the Roman army and its crucial source of supply. Polybius noted this "caused great commotion in the Roman army." The consuls resolved to confront him and marched south, finding him on the left bank of the Aufidus. [^4]
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||||
@@ -17,15 +17,15 @@ In spring 216 BCE, Hannibal seized the large Roman supply depot at Cannae in the
|
||||
The Senate had deployed an unprecedented eight legions — roughly 86,000 men — determined to end the war decisively. Command alternated daily between the two consuls by Roman law; the traditional account places Varro in command on the day of battle, though modern scholars debate this. [^4]
|
||||
|
||||
## The Battle
|
||||
- Romans: ~86,000 (including ~6,400 cavalry); Carthaginians: ~40,000–50,000 (including ~10,000 cavalry) [^3][^4]
|
||||
- Hannibal placed his weakest troops (Gauls and Iberians) in a convex center, with veteran African infantry and cavalry on the flanks
|
||||
- Roman advance pushed the center back into a concave shape, drawing them in
|
||||
- Carthaginian flanks and cavalry closed the trap in a complete double envelopment
|
||||
- Hasdrubal commanded the Carthaginian heavy cavalry; Maharbal led the Numidian cavalry [^3]
|
||||
- Roman losses: ~50,000–70,000 killed (Polybius: 70,000; Livy: ~48,200) — the worst single-day defeat in Roman history [^2][^4]; ~10,000–19,000 captured; survivors fled to Canusium
|
||||
- Among the Roman dead: 80 senators or men of senatorial rank, 2 quaestors, 29 of 48 military tribunes, and the previous year's consul Gnaeus Servilius Geminus [^4]
|
||||
- Carthaginian losses: ~5,700–8,000 (Polybius: 5,700; Livy: ~8,000), mostly the Gauls who formed the front lines [^1][^4]
|
||||
- Consul Paullus was killed in the battle; Varro survived and returned to Rome [^1]
|
||||
- Romans: ~86,000 (including ~6,400 cavalry); Carthaginians: ~40,000–50,000 (including ~10,000 cavalry) @t[=216 BCE] [^3][^4] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Hannibal placed his weakest troops (Gauls and Iberians) in a convex center, with veteran African infantry and cavalry on the flanks @t[=216 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Roman advance pushed the center back into a concave shape, drawing them in @t[=216 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Carthaginian flanks and cavalry closed the trap in a complete double envelopment @t[=216 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Hasdrubal commanded the Carthaginian heavy cavalry; Maharbal led the Numidian cavalry @t[=216 BCE] [^3] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Roman losses: ~50,000–70,000 killed (Polybius: 70,000; Livy: ~48,200) — the worst single-day defeat in Roman history @t[=216 BCE] [^2][^4]; ~10,000–19,000 captured; survivors fled to Canusium <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Among the Roman dead: 80 senators or men of senatorial rank, 2 quaestors, 29 of 48 military tribunes, and the previous year's consul Gnaeus Servilius Geminus @t[=216 BCE] [^4] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Carthaginian losses: ~5,700–8,000 (Polybius: 5,700; Livy: ~8,000), mostly the Gauls who formed the front lines @t[=216 BCE] [^1][^4] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Consul Paullus was killed in the battle; Varro survived and returned to Rome @t[=216 BCE] [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
|
||||
## Aftermath
|
||||
After the battle, Maharbal reportedly urged Hannibal to march immediately on Rome, saying he could "dine on the Capitol in five days." Hannibal declined, prompting Maharbal's famous rebuke: "You know how to win a victory, Hannibal; you do not know how to use one." [^1]
|
||||
@@ -41,14 +41,13 @@ At Canusium, the young Publius Cornelius Scipio (later Scipio Africanus) rallied
|
||||
Hannibal's decision not to march on Rome was strategically considered: his army was depleted from the battle, Rome still commanded vast manpower reserves, and his strategic aim was to strip Rome of its Italian allies rather than besiege the city itself. [^2][^4]
|
||||
|
||||
## Legacy
|
||||
- Hannibal's double envelopment became the gold standard of tactical warfare
|
||||
- Despite the victory, Hannibal could not take Rome itself
|
||||
- Rome eventually adopted Fabian attrition strategy and won the war
|
||||
- Scipio Africanus later used Hannibal's own encirclement tactics to defeat him at the Battle of Zama (202 BCE), ending the Second Punic War @t[=202 BCE] [^1]
|
||||
- Field Marshal Alfred von Schlieffen wrote a treatise titled *Cannae* and based his operational doctrine on the battle; the Schlieffen Plan for WWI was directly inspired by Hannibal's double envelopment [^5]
|
||||
- General Norman Schwarzkopf cited Cannae as inspiration for coalition operations in the 1991 Gulf War [^5]
|
||||
- Cannae is still studied in military academies worldwide as a model of operational art [^2]
|
||||
|
||||
- Hannibal's double envelopment became the gold standard of tactical warfare @t[216 BCE..] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Despite the victory, Hannibal could not take Rome itself @t[=216 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Rome eventually adopted Fabian attrition strategy and won the war @t[217 BCE..202 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Scipio Africanus later used Hannibal's own encirclement tactics to defeat him at the Battle of Zama (202 BCE), ending the Second Punic War @t[=202 BCE] [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Field Marshal Alfred von Schlieffen wrote a treatise titled *Cannae* and based his operational doctrine on the battle; the Schlieffen Plan for WWI was directly inspired by Hannibal's double envelopment [^5] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- General Norman Schwarzkopf cited Cannae as inspiration for coalition operations in the 1991 Gulf War [^5] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Cannae is still studied in military academies worldwide as a model of operational art [^2] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
## Archaeology
|
||||
Archaeological investigations near Cannae have uncovered weapon fragments, sling bullets, coinage, and scattered human remains. Precise mass graves described in ancient sources remain debated, as centuries of agriculture have altered the flat landscape. Material evidence supports large-scale conflict but cannot confirm exact casualty figures. [^3]
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -57,4 +56,69 @@ Archaeological investigations near Cannae have uncovered weapon fragments, sling
|
||||
[^2]: Goldsworthy, A. *Cannae: Hannibal's Greatest Victory* (2001)
|
||||
[^3]: "Forces, Tactics and Archaeology." *Seven Swords*, 2026. https://sevenswords.uk/battle-of-cannae/
|
||||
[^4]: Livy, *Ab Urbe Condita* 22.49–51; Polybius, *Histories* 3.117; "Battle of Cannae." *Wikipedia*, last edited 19 February 2026. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cannae
|
||||
[^5]: Goldsworthy, A. *Cannae: Hannibal's Greatest Victory* (2001); "Battle of Cannae." *Wikipedia*, last edited 19 February 2026. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cannae
|
||||
[^5]: Goldsworthy, A. *Cannae: Hannibal's Greatest Victory* (2001); "Battle of Cannae." *Wikipedia*, last edited 19 February 2026. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cannae---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
|
||||
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||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
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||||
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|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Date: 2 August 216 BCE @t[=216 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
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|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Location: Cannae, Apulia (southeastern Italy), near the River Aufidus (modern..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
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|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Commanders: Hannibal Barca (Carthage), Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Gaius Tere..." - what is the source?
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||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 21: "Hannibal placed his weakest troops (Gauls and Iberians) in a convex center, w..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Roman advance pushed the center back into a concave shape, drawing them in" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Carthaginian flanks and cavalry closed the trap in a complete double envelopment" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 44: "Hannibal's double envelopment became the gold standard of tactical warfare" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 45: "Despite the victory, Hannibal could not take Rome itself" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 46: "Rome eventually adopted Fabian attrition strategy and won the war" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 12: "Result: Decisive Carthaginian victory [^1]" - Polybius source from 2020 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 25: "Roman losses: ~50,000–70,000 killed (Polybius: 70,000; Livy: ~48,200) — t..." - Goldsworthy source from 2001 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 27: "Carthaginian losses: ~5,700–8,000 (Polybius: 5,700; Livy: ~8,000), mostly t..." - Polybius source from 2020 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 28: "Consul Paullus was killed in the battle; Varro survived and returned to Rome ..." - Polybius source from 2020 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 48: "Field Marshal Alfred von Schlieffen wrote a treatise titled *Cannae* and base..." - Goldsworthy source from 2001 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 49: "General Norman Schwarzkopf cited Cannae as inspiration for coalition operatio..." - Goldsworthy source from 2001 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 50: "Cannae is still studied in military academies worldwide as a model of operati..." - Goldsworthy source from 2001 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
@@ -30,3 +30,88 @@ The Battle of Gaugamela (1 October 331 BCE) was the decisive battle in which Ale
|
||||
[^1]: Arrian, *Anabasis of Alexander* 3.8–15
|
||||
[^2]: Heckel, W. *The Conquests of Alexander the Great* (Cambridge, 2008)
|
||||
[^3]: Badian, Ernst. "Gaugamela." *Encyclopaedia Iranica* Vol. X, Fasc. 3 (2000, updated 2015). https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gaugamela/ — citing Sachs, A.J. and Hunger, H. *Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia* (Vienna, 1988), pp. 178–79 for the date; Arrian 3.12.5 for cavalry numbers; Diodorus 17.53.1 for sarissae; Bosworth, A.B. *Conquest and Empire* (Cambridge, 1988) pp. 76–85
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 9: "Location: Gaugamela, near the Jomel River east of Mosul (exact site uncertain..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Belligerents: Macedon vs. Persian Empire" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Commanders: Alexander the Great vs. Darius III; Persian right commanded by Ma..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Result: Decisive Macedonian victory [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 15: "Alexander: ~47,000 troops (including ~7,000 cavalry [^3]); Darius: ancient so..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Darius leveled the battlefield to give his scythed chariots and cavalry a dec..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "A lunar eclipse on 20 September was interpreted as an omen of Darius' defeat ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Alexander used an oblique advance to the right, threatening to outflank Dariu..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Darius launched scythed chariots and sent his best cavalry left, creating a g..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "A wedge of Macedonian cavalry poured through the gap while the phalanx attack..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "Darius fled; the Persian army collapsed, though Persian and Indian troops bri..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Mazaeus, who commanded the Persian right, surrendered Babylon to Alexander ~2..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: "Marked the end of the Achaemenid dynasty after ~220 years [^2]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[conflict]` Line 25: "Alexander captured Susa and Persepolis (by January 330 BCE) @t[=330 BCE] [^3]" @t[-0330..-0330] overlaps with "Darius III fled to Ecbatana, then was murdered by his own satrap Bessus (330 ..." @t[-0330..-0330] - were both true simultaneously? (line:26) [pattern:unknown]
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Date: 1 October 331 BCE @t[=331 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Belligerents: Macedon vs. Persian Empire" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Commanders: Alexander the Great vs. Darius III; Persian right commanded by Ma..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Alexander used an oblique advance to the right, threatening to outflank Dariu..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Darius launched scythed chariots and sent his best cavalry left, creating a g..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "A wedge of Macedonian cavalry poured through the gap while the phalanx attack..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 9: "Location: Gaugamela, near the Jomel River east of Mosul (exact site uncertain..." - Badian source from 2000 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 15: "Alexander: ~47,000 troops (including ~7,000 cavalry [^3]); Darius: ancient so..." - Badian source from 2000 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 16: "Darius leveled the battlefield to give his scythed chariots and cavalry a dec..." - Badian source from 2000 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "A lunar eclipse on 20 September was interpreted as an omen of Darius' defeat ..." - Badian source from 2000 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 21: "Darius fled; the Persian army collapsed, though Persian and Indian troops bri..." - Badian source from 2000 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 24: "Mazaeus, who commanded the Persian right, surrendered Babylon to Alexander ~2..." - Badian source from 2000 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 27: "Marked the end of the Achaemenid dynasty after ~220 years [^2]" - Heckel source from 2008 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -9,27 +9,27 @@ The Battle of Kadesh (~1274 BCE, traditionally May) was fought between the Egypt
|
||||
- Location: Kadesh, on the Orontes River (modern Tell Nebi Mend, Syria)
|
||||
- Belligerents: Egypt vs. Hittite Empire
|
||||
- Commanders: Ramesses II (Egypt, r. 1279–1213 BCE), Muwatalli II (Hittites, r. 1295–1272 BCE)
|
||||
- Forces: Egyptian ~20,000 men and ~2,000 chariots; Hittite forces claimed by Egyptian sources at 37,000 men and 3,500 chariots (figures likely exaggerated) [^1]
|
||||
- Result: Tactically indecisive; both sides claimed victory [^1]
|
||||
- Forces: Egyptian ~20,000 men and ~2,000 chariots; Hittite forces claimed by Egyptian sources at 37,000 men and 3,500 chariots (figures likely exaggerated) [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Result: Tactically indecisive; both sides claimed victory [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
|
||||
## The Battle
|
||||
- Largest chariot battle in history (~5,000–6,000 chariots total)
|
||||
- The Egyptian army advanced in four divisions named after gods: Amun, Ra, Ptah, and Seth [^1]
|
||||
- Ramesses was ambushed after receiving false intelligence from Hittite spies; he was leading the Amun division when the Ra division was routed
|
||||
- Egyptian camp nearly overrun before reinforcements arrived
|
||||
- Ramesses personally led a counterattack
|
||||
- Largest chariot battle in history (~5,000–6,000 chariots total) <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- The Egyptian army advanced in four divisions named after gods: Amun, Ra, Ptah, and Seth [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Ramesses was ambushed after receiving false intelligence from Hittite spies; he was leading the Amun division when the Ra division was routed <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Egyptian camp nearly overrun before reinforcements arrived <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Ramesses personally led a counterattack <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
|
||||
## Primary Sources
|
||||
Two major Egyptian literary accounts survive:
|
||||
- **Bulletin of Kadesh** — a prose account of the battle inscribed on temple walls
|
||||
- **Poem of Pentaur** — a poetic glorification of Ramesses' personal heroism, known from eight separate inscriptions [^2]
|
||||
- **Bulletin of Kadesh** — a prose account of the battle inscribed on temple walls <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- **Poem of Pentaur** — a poetic glorification of Ramesses' personal heroism, known from eight separate inscriptions [^2] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
|
||||
Both texts present an Egyptian victory narrative; Hittite records from Hattusa offer a contrasting perspective.
|
||||
|
||||
## Aftermath
|
||||
- Led to the Treaty of Kadesh (~1259 BCE), the earliest known international peace treaty @t[~1259 BCE] [^3]
|
||||
- Egypt retained influence in Canaan; Hittites kept Syria
|
||||
- Ramesses commissioned extensive propaganda reliefs at Abu Simbel, Karnak, Luxor, Abydos, and the Ramesseum [^2]
|
||||
- Egypt retained influence in Canaan; Hittites kept Syria <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Ramesses commissioned extensive propaganda reliefs at Abu Simbel, Karnak, Luxor, Abydos, and the Ramesseum [^2] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Spalinger, A. *War in Ancient Egypt* (Blackwell, 2005)
|
||||
@@ -87,4 +87,174 @@ Both texts present an Egyptian victory narrative; Hittite records from Hattusa o
|
||||
- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 14: "Result: Tactically indecisive; both sides claimed victory [^1]" - Spalinger source from 2005 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> Scholarship remains current. Spalinger's work on the Battle of Kadesh is still authoritative.
|
||||
- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 25: "Ramesses commissioned extensive propaganda reliefs at Abu Simbel, Karnak, and..." - Kitchen source from 1982 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> Scholarship remains current. Kitchen's work on Ramesses II is still foundational.
|
||||
> Scholarship remains current. Kitchen's work on Ramesses II is still foundational.---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 9: "Location: Kadesh, on the Orontes River (modern Tell Nebi Mend, Syria)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Belligerents: Egypt vs. Hittite Empire" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Commanders: Ramesses II (Egypt, r. 1279–1213 BCE), Muwatalli II (Hittites, ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 41: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Date: ~1274 BCE" - when was this true?" - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body. The checker should not generate questions about the review queue section.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 43: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Location: Kadesh, on the Orontes River (modern T..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 45: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Belligerents: Egypt vs. Hittite Empire" - when w..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 47: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Commanders: Ramesses II (Egypt), Muwatalli II (H..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 49: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Result: Tactically indecisive; both sides claime..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 51: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Largest chariot battle in history (~5,000–6,00..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 53: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Ramesses was ambushed after receiving false inte..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 55: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Egyptian camp nearly overrun before reinforcemen..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 57: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Ramesses personally led a counterattack" - when ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 59: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Led to the Treaty of Kadesh (~1259 BCE), the ear..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 61: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Egypt retained influence in Canaan; Hittites kep..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 63: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Ramesses commissioned extensive propaganda relie..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 65: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Date: ~1274 BCE" - what is the source?" - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 67: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Location: Kadesh, on the Orontes River (modern Te..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 69: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Belligerents: Egypt vs. Hittite Empire" - what is..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 71: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Commanders: Ramesses II (Egypt), Muwatalli II (Hi..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 73: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Largest chariot battle in history (~5,000–6,000..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 75: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Ramesses was ambushed after receiving false intel..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 77: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Egyptian camp nearly overrun before reinforcement..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 79: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Ramesses personally led a counterattack" - what i..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 81: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Led to the Treaty of Kadesh (~1259 BCE), the earl..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 83: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Egypt retained influence in Canaan; Hittites kept..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 85: "[x] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 13: "Commanders: Ramesses II (Egypt), Muwatalli II (..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 87: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 14: "Result: Tactically indecisive; both sides claimed v..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 89: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 25: "Ramesses commissioned extensive propaganda reliefs ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Date: ~1274 BCE (May, by Egyptian chronology) @t[~1274 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether the date claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Location: Kadesh, on the Orontes River (modern Tell Nebi Mend, Syria)" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether the location claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Belligerents: Egypt vs. Hittite Empire" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether the belligerents claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Commanders: Ramesses II (Egypt, r. 1279–1213 BCE), Muwatalli II (Hittites, ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether the commanders claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Largest chariot battle in history (~5,000–6,000 chariots total)" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether the chariot count claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Ramesses was ambushed after receiving false intelligence from Hittite spies; ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether the ambush claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Egyptian camp nearly overrun before reinforcements arrived" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether the camp overrun claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Ramesses personally led a counterattack" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether the counterattack claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 31: "Egypt retained influence in Canaan; Hittites kept Syria" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether the post-battle territorial claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 41: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Date: ~1274 BCE" - when was this true?" - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 43: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Location: Kadesh, on the Orontes River (modern T..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 45: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Belligerents: Egypt vs. Hittite Empire" - when w..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 47: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Commanders: Ramesses II (Egypt), Muwatalli II (H..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 51: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Largest chariot battle in history (~5,000–6,00..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
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|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 55: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Egyptian camp nearly overrun before reinforcemen..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 57: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Ramesses personally led a counterattack" - when ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 59: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Led to the Treaty of Kadesh (~1259 BCE), the ear..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 61: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Egypt retained influence in Canaan; Hittites kep..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 63: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Ramesses commissioned extensive propaganda relie..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 65: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Date: ~1274 BCE" - what is the source?" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 67: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Location: Kadesh, on the Orontes River (modern Te..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 69: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Belligerents: Egypt vs. Hittite Empire" - what is..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 71: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Commanders: Ramesses II (Egypt), Muwatalli II (Hi..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 73: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Largest chariot battle in history (~5,000–6,000..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 75: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Ramesses was ambushed after receiving false intel..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 77: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Egyptian camp nearly overrun before reinforcement..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 79: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Ramesses personally led a counterattack" - what i..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 81: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Led to the Treaty of Kadesh (~1259 BCE), the earl..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 83: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Egypt retained influence in Canaan; Hittites kept..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 85: "[x] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 13: "Commanders: Ramesses II (Egypt), Muwatalli II (..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 89: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 25: "Ramesses commissioned extensive propaganda reliefs ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 12: "Forces: Egyptian ~20,000 men and ~2,000 chariots; Hittite forces claimed by E..." - Spalinger source from 2005 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 13: "Result: Tactically indecisive; both sides claimed victory [^1]" - Spalinger source from 2005 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "The Egyptian army advanced in four divisions named after gods: Amun, Ra, Ptah..." - Spalinger source from 2005 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 25: "**Poem of Pentaur** — a poetic glorification of Ramesses' personal heroism,..." - Kitchen source from 1982 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 30: "Led to the Treaty of Kadesh (~1259 BCE), the earliest known international pea..." - Beckman source from 1999 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 32: "Ramesses commissioned extensive propaganda reliefs at Abu Simbel, Karnak, Lux..." - Kitchen source from 1982 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 49: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Result: Tactically indecisive; both sides claime..." - Spalinger source from 2005 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 87: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 14: "Result: Tactically indecisive; both sides claimed v..." - Spalinger source from 2005 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
@@ -15,31 +15,116 @@ King Darius I of Persia (r. 522–486 BCE) launched the invasion in retaliation
|
||||
- Result: Decisive Greek victory [^1]
|
||||
|
||||
## The Battle
|
||||
- ~9,000–10,000 Athenians and ~1,000 Plataeans vs. ~20,000–25,000 Persians (estimates vary) [^1][^2]
|
||||
- ~9,000–10,000 Athenians and ~1,000 Plataeans vs. ~20,000–25,000 Persians (estimates vary) [^1][^2] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Greeks thinned their center to four ranks deep and strengthened the flanks to match the Persian line width (~1,500 m front)
|
||||
- The Persian cavalry was conspicuously absent from the engagement — possibly embarked for a flanking move on Athens, or unable to deploy effectively on the terrain [^3]
|
||||
- The Persian cavalry was conspicuously absent from the engagement — possibly embarked for a flanking move on Athens, or unable to deploy effectively on the terrain [^3] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Greek wings enveloped the Persian center in a double envelopment; the Persian flanks broke and fled toward the ships across marshy ground
|
||||
- Fierce fighting at the ships; Callimachus was killed in this phase; the Greeks captured seven Persian vessels [^3]
|
||||
- Fierce fighting at the ships; Callimachus was killed in this phase; the Greeks captured seven Persian vessels [^3] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Persian losses: ~6,400; Greek losses: ~192 (the Greek figure is likely an undercount) [^1]
|
||||
|
||||
## Aftermath
|
||||
- After the battle, the Persian fleet sailed around Cape Sounion toward Athens; the Greek army force-marched back and arrived in time to deter a landing — the Persians withdrew to Asia [^3]
|
||||
- ~2,000 Spartans arrived after the battle; delayed by the sacred Karneia festival and possibly a Messenian revolt [^1][^3]
|
||||
- The Athenian dead were cremated and buried on the battlefield in the *soros* (burial mound), still visible today; a commemorative trophy column was erected (fragments in the Archaeological Museum of Marathon) [^3]
|
||||
- Annual sacrifice of 500 goats to Artemis Agrotera was performed at the site for ~400 years [^3]
|
||||
- Victory commemorated at Delphi with a bronze sculptural group by Phidias (including Apollo, Artemis, and Miltiades) and a Treasury of the Athenians; a colossal bronze Athena was erected on the Athenian Acropolis [^3]
|
||||
- After the battle, the Persian fleet sailed around Cape Sounion toward Athens; the Greek army force-marched back and arrived in time to deter a landing — the Persians withdrew to Asia [^3] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- ~2,000 Spartans arrived after the battle; delayed by the sacred Karneia festival and possibly a Messenian revolt [^1][^3] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- The Athenian dead were cremated and buried on the battlefield in the *soros* (burial mound), still visible today; a commemorative trophy column was erected (fragments in the Archaeological Museum of Marathon) [^3] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Annual sacrifice of 500 goats to Artemis Agrotera was performed at the site for ~400 years [^3] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Victory commemorated at Delphi with a bronze sculptural group by Phidias (including Apollo, Artemis, and Miltiades) and a Treasury of the Athenians; a colossal bronze Athena was erected on the Athenian Acropolis [^3] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
|
||||
## Scholarly Notes
|
||||
- **Date**: The conventional date of 12 September 490 BCE (established by August Boeckh using the Athenian calendar) has been challenged. Olson et al. (2004) argue the battle occurred on 12 August 490 BCE, based on recalculation using the Spartan calendar for the Karneia festival. [^4]
|
||||
- **Pheidippides**: Herodotus describes a runner named Pheidippides sent *before* the battle to request Spartan aid — a run of ~240 km to Sparta. The story of a messenger running from Marathon to Athens *after* the battle to announce victory first appears in Plutarch (~1st century CE) and Lucian (~2nd century CE), over 500 years after the event. The modern marathon race (42.195 km) was established at the 1896 Athens Olympics to commemorate this later tradition. [^1][^2][^3]
|
||||
- **Date**: The conventional date of 12 September 490 BCE (established by August Boeckh using the Athenian calendar) has been challenged. Olson et al. (2004) argue the battle occurred on 12 August 490 BCE, based on recalculation using the Spartan calendar for the Karneia festival. [^4] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- **Pheidippides**: Herodotus describes a runner named Pheidippides sent *before* the battle to request Spartan aid — a run of ~240 km to Sparta. The story of a messenger running from Marathon to Athens *after* the battle to announce victory first appears in Plutarch (~1st century CE) and Lucian (~2nd century CE), over 500 years after the event. The modern marathon race (42.195 km) was established at the 1896 Athens Olympics to commemorate this later tradition. [^1][^2][^3] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
|
||||
## Legacy
|
||||
- First Greek land victory over Persia; proved the Persian army was not invincible
|
||||
- Boosted Athenian democratic identity and confidence; veterans wore a bull-of-Marathon device on their shields [^3]
|
||||
- Boosted Athenian democratic identity and confidence; veterans wore a bull-of-Marathon device on their shields [^3] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Preceded the larger Persian invasion of 480 BCE (Thermopylae, Salamis, Plataea)
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Herodotus, *Histories* 6.94–117 (~430 BCE)
|
||||
[^2]: Krentz, P. *The Battle of Marathon* (Yale University Press, 2010)
|
||||
[^3]: Cartwright, M. "Battle of Marathon." *World History Encyclopedia*, 19 May 2013. https://www.worldhistory.org/marathon/
|
||||
[^4]: Olson, D. W. et al. "Battle of Marathon date revised." *Nature News*, 19 July 2004. https://doi.org/10.1038/news040719-1
|
||||
[^4]: Olson, D. W. et al. "Battle of Marathon date revised." *Nature News*, 19 July 2004. https://doi.org/10.1038/news040719-1---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Location: Plain of Marathon, ~40 km northeast of Athens" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Belligerents: Athens and Plataea vs. Persian Empire" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Commanders: Callimachus (Athenian polemarch, overall command; killed in battl..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 15: "Result: Decisive Greek victory [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "~9,000–10,000 Athenians and ~1,000 Plataeans vs. ~20,000–25,000 Persians ..." - when was this true? @t[~2026-02-23]
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Greeks thinned their center to four ranks deep and strengthened the flanks to..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "The Persian cavalry was conspicuously absent from the engagement — possibly..." - when was this true? @t[~2026-02-23]
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "Greek wings enveloped the Persian center in a double envelopment; the Persian..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Fierce fighting at the ships; Callimachus was killed in this phase; the Greek..." - when was this true? @t[~2026-02-23]
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Persian losses: ~6,400; Greek losses: ~192 (the Greek figure is likely an und..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "After the battle, the Persian fleet sailed around Cape Sounion toward Athens;..." - when was this true? @t[~2026-02-23]
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: "~2,000 Spartans arrived after the battle; delayed by the sacred Karneia festi..." - when was this true? @t[~2026-02-23]
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 28: "The Athenian dead were cremated and buried on the battlefield in the *soros* ..." - when was this true? @t[~2026-02-23]
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 29: "Annual sacrifice of 500 goats to Artemis Agrotera was performed at the site f..." - when was this true? @t[~2026-02-23]
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 30: "Victory commemorated at Delphi with a bronze sculptural group by Phidias (inc..." - when was this true? @t[~2026-02-23]
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 33: "**Date**: The conventional date of 12 September 490 BCE (established by Augus..." - when was this true? @t[~2026-02-23]
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 34: "**Pheidippides**: Herodotus describes a runner named Pheidippides sent *befor..." - when was this true? @t[~2026-02-23]
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 37: "First Greek land victory over Persia; proved the Persian army was not invincible" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 38: "Boosted Athenian democratic identity and confidence; veterans wore a bull-of-..." - when was this true? @t[~2026-02-23]
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 39: "Preceded the larger Persian invasion of 480 BCE (Thermopylae, Salamis, Plataea)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Date: ~11–12 September 490 BCE @t[=490 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Location: Plain of Marathon, ~40 km northeast of Athens" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Belligerents: Athens and Plataea vs. Persian Empire" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Commanders: Callimachus (Athenian polemarch, overall command; killed in battl..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Greeks thinned their center to four ranks deep and strengthened the flanks to..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 21: "Greek wings enveloped the Persian center in a double envelopment; the Persian..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 37: "First Greek land victory over Persia; proved the Persian army was not invincible" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 39: "Preceded the larger Persian invasion of 480 BCE (Thermopylae, Salamis, Plataea)" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
@@ -5,36 +5,52 @@
|
||||
The Battle of Thermopylae (480 BCE) was a famous last stand by a Greek force led by King Leonidas I of Sparta against the massive Persian army of Xerxes I during the second Persian invasion of Greece. @t[=480 BCE]
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Date: August 480 BCE (three days) @t[=480 BCE]
|
||||
- Location: Thermopylae pass ("Hot Gates"), central Greece — a 15-metre-wide coastal gap with cliffs on one side and sea on the other
|
||||
- Belligerents: Greek alliance vs. Persian Empire (Achaemenid)
|
||||
- Commanders: Leonidas I (Sparta), Xerxes I (Persia)
|
||||
- Result: Persian victory, but costly delay [^1]
|
||||
- Date: August 480 BCE (three days) @t[=480 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Location: Thermopylae pass ("Hot Gates"), central Greece — a 15-metre-wide coastal gap with cliffs on one side and sea on the other @t[=480 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Belligerents: Greek alliance vs. Persian Empire (Achaemenid) @t[=480 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Commanders: Leonidas I (Sparta), Xerxes I (Persia) @t[=480 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Result: Persian victory, but costly delay @t[=480 BCE] [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
The battle was part of the second Persian invasion of Greece. Xerxes I (r. 486–465 BCE) succeeded Darius I and launched a massive invasion, building boat bridges across the Hellespont and cutting a canal at Chalkidike. The oracle at Delphi had warned Athens to "fly to the world's end." [^3]
|
||||
|
||||
## The Battle
|
||||
- Greek force of ~6,000–7,000 men held the narrow pass, including 300 Spartans, 700 Thespians, 1,000 Phokians, 1,000 Lokrians, 400 Thebans, 400 Corinthians, 2,120 Arcadians, and others [^3]
|
||||
- The 300 Spartans were chosen specifically from men who had male heirs [^3]
|
||||
- Greeks exploited the narrow terrain to negate Persian numerical advantage; Persian archers' light arrows were largely ineffective against bronze-armoured hoplites [^3]
|
||||
- Xerxes first waited four days expecting the Greeks to flee; Leonidas' reply to a demand to lay down arms was *"Molōn labe"* ("Come and take them") [^3]
|
||||
- On days one and two, even the elite Persian Immortals (10,000-strong) failed to break the Greek line [^3]
|
||||
- Betrayed by Ephialtes of Trachis, who revealed the Anopaia mountain path to outflank the Greeks [^1][^3]
|
||||
- Phokian troops guarding the Anopaia path withdrew to higher ground when the Immortals attacked, allowing the Persians to pass [^3]
|
||||
- Leonidas dismissed most allies; ~300 Spartans, ~700 Thespians, and ~400 Thebans fought to the death in a rearguard action [^1]
|
||||
- Leonidas was killed in the final stand; Xerxes ordered his head displayed on a stake [^3]
|
||||
- Archaeological excavations at Kolonos Hill (the traditional last-stand site) have uncovered spearheads, arrowheads, armor fragments, and evidence of mass cremations consistent with ancient Greek funerary practices [^4]
|
||||
- Greek force of ~6,000–7,000 men held the narrow pass, including 300 Spartans, 700 Thespians, 1,000 Phokians, 1,000 Lokrians, 400 Thebans, 400 Corinthians, 2,120 Arcadians, and others @t[=480 BCE] [^3] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- The 300 Spartans were chosen specifically from men who had male heirs @t[=480 BCE] [^3] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Greeks exploited the narrow terrain to negate Persian numerical advantage; Persian archers' light arrows were largely ineffective against bronze-armoured hoplites @t[=480 BCE] [^3] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Xerxes first waited four days expecting the Greeks to flee; Leonidas' reply to a demand to lay down arms was *"Molōn labe"* ("Come and take them") @t[=480 BCE] [^3] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- On days one and two, even the elite Persian Immortals (10,000-strong) failed to break the Greek line @t[=480 BCE] [^3] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Betrayed by Ephialtes of Trachis, who revealed the Anopaia mountain path to outflank the Greeks @t[=480 BCE] [^1][^3] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Phokian troops guarding the Anopaia path withdrew to higher ground when the Immortals attacked, allowing the Persians to pass @t[=480 BCE] [^3] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Leonidas dismissed most allies; ~300 Spartans, ~700 Thespians, and ~400 Thebans fought to the death in a rearguard action @t[=480 BCE] [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Leonidas was killed in the final stand; Xerxes ordered his head displayed on a stake @t[=480 BCE] [^3] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Archaeological excavations at Kolonos Hill (the traditional last-stand site) have uncovered spearheads, arrowheads, armor fragments, and evidence of mass cremations consistent with ancient Greek funerary practices @t[=480 BCE] [^4] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
|
||||
## Legacy
|
||||
- Epitaph by Simonides of Ceos: "Go tell the Spartans, stranger passing by, that here obedient to their laws we lie" [^2]
|
||||
- Bought time for the Greek fleet at Artemisium and the subsequent victory at Salamis (September 480 BCE) @t[=480 BCE]
|
||||
- Persian invasion was ultimately repulsed at Plataea (479 BCE) @t[=479 BCE]
|
||||
- Thermopylae was again the site of battle in 279 BCE (Greeks vs. Gauls), 191 BCE (Romans defeated Antiochus III), and 1941 CE (Allied forces vs. Germany) [^3]
|
||||
- Became the archetypal story of sacrifice against overwhelming odds
|
||||
- Epitaph by Simonides of Ceos: "Go tell the Spartans, stranger passing by, that here obedient to their laws we lie" @t[~480 BCE..] [^2] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Bought time for the Greek fleet at Artemisium and the subsequent victory at Salamis (September 480 BCE) @t[=480 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Persian invasion was ultimately repulsed at Plataea (479 BCE) @t[=479 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Thermopylae was again the site of battle in 279 BCE (Greeks vs. Gauls), 191 BCE (Romans defeated Antiochus III), and 1941 CE (Allied forces vs. Germany) [^3] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Became the archetypal story of sacrifice against overwhelming odds @t[480 BCE..] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Herodotus, *Histories* 7.201–233
|
||||
[^2]: Cartledge, P. *Thermopylae: The Battle That Changed the World* (2006)
|
||||
[^3]: Cartwright, M. "Battle of Thermopylae." *World History Encyclopedia* (2013). https://www.worldhistory.org/thermopylae/
|
||||
[^4]: "The Battle of Thermopylae: Archaeology of a Legendary Conflict." *The Archaeologist* (2025). https://thearchaeologist.squarespace.com/blog/the-battle-of-thermopylae-archaeology-of-a-legendary-conflict
|
||||
[^4]: "The Battle of Thermopylae: Archaeology of a Legendary Conflict." *The Archaeologist* (2025). https://thearchaeologist.squarespace.com/blog/the-battle-of-thermopylae-archaeology-of-a-legendary-conflict
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Location: Thermopylae pass ("Hot Gates"), central Greece — a 15-metre-wide ..." - what is the source? <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
> Need to verify whether the location claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Belligerents: Greek alliance vs. Persian Empire (Achaemenid)" - what is the source? <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
> Need to verify whether the belligerents claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Commanders: Leonidas I (Sparta), Xerxes I (Persia)" - what is the source? <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
> Need to verify whether the commanders claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 31: "Bought time for the Greek fleet at Artemisium and the subsequent victory at S..." - what is the source? <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 32: "Persian invasion was ultimately repulsed at Plataea (479 BCE) @t[=479 BCE]" - what is the source? <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
@@ -40,4 +40,83 @@ Ongoing underwater excavations in Abu Qir Bay (near Alexandria) have recovered s
|
||||
[^2]: McKenzie, J. *The Architecture of Alexandria and Egypt* (Yale, 2007)
|
||||
[^3]: Netz, R. & Noel, W. *The Archimedes Codex* (Da Capo, 2007); individual dates per standard scholarly consensus (Britannica, World History Encyclopedia)
|
||||
[^4]: El-Abbadi, M. *Life and Fate of the Ancient Library of Alexandria* (UNESCO, 1990)
|
||||
[^5]: Goddio, F. & Fabre, D. *Egypt's Sunken Treasures* (Prestel, 2008); ongoing excavations reported by Egyptian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities (2025)
|
||||
[^5]: Goddio, F. & Fabre, D. *Egypt's Sunken Treasures* (Prestel, 2008); ongoing excavations reported by Egyptian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities (2025)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 8: "Location: Mediterranean coast of Egypt, western Nile Delta [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Peak population: ~500,000–1,000,000 (among the largest cities in the ancien..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Serapeum: Temple of Serapis, housed a branch of the Library's collection [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 33: "The Library's decline was gradual, spanning centuries of reduced funding and ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-276..~-195] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-310..~-230] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: Malformed temporal tag @t[~100..~170] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-285..~-246] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 31: Malformed temporal tag @t[=391] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 32: Malformed temporal tag @t[=641] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 16: "Pharos Lighthouse: One of the Seven Wonders, ~100–130 m tall, built ~280 BC..." - what does "BC" mean in this context?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 24: "Aristarchus of Samos (~310–230 BCE): Proposed heliocentric model @t[~310 BC..." - what does "BC" mean in this context?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 8: "Location: Mediterranean coast of Egypt, western Nile Delta [^1]" - Casson source from 2001 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 11: "Peak population: ~500,000–1,000,000 (among the largest cities in the ancien..." - Casson source from 2001 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 15: "Mouseion (Museum): Research institution attached to the Library, founded unde..." - Casson source from 2001 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 16: "Pharos Lighthouse: One of the Seven Wonders, ~100–130 m tall, built ~280 BC..." - McKenzie source from 2007 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "Serapeum: Temple of Serapis, housed a branch of the Library's collection [^1]" - Casson source from 2001 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 22: "Euclid: *Elements* of geometry, active ~300 BCE @t[~300 BCE] [^3]" - Netz source from 2007 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 23: "Eratosthenes (~276–195 BCE): Calculated Earth's circumference; served as he..." - Netz source from 2007 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 24: "Aristarchus of Samos (~310–230 BCE): Proposed heliocentric model @t[~310 BC..." - Netz source from 2007 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 25: "Ptolemy (Claudius, ~100–170 CE): *Almagest* (astronomy), *Geography* @t[~10..." - Netz source from 2007 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 26: "Septuagint: Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible, produced in Alexandria und..." - Netz source from 2007 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 31: "391 CE: Bishop Theophilus ordered destruction of the Serapeum, which housed a..." - El-Abbadi source from 1990 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 32: "641/642 CE: Arab conquest of Egypt under Amr ibn al-As ended the Greco-Roman ..." - El-Abbadi source from 1990 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 33: "The Library's decline was gradual, spanning centuries of reduced funding and ..." - El-Abbadi source from 1990 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
168
cities/athens.md
168
cities/athens.md
@@ -11,16 +11,16 @@ Athens was the leading city-state of ancient Greece, birthplace of democracy, an
|
||||
- Key sites: Acropolis, Agora, Pnyx, Kerameikos
|
||||
|
||||
## Early History
|
||||
- Neolithic settlement on the Acropolis rock dates to ~3000 BCE @t[~3000 BCE] [^3]
|
||||
- Athens was a significant Mycenaean citadel (~1600–1100 BCE) @t[~1600 BCE..~1100 BCE]; the Acropolis was fortified with Cyclopean masonry [^3]
|
||||
- Unlike much of Attica, Athens maintained continuous occupation through the Dorian migrations (~1100–800 BCE) @t[~1100 BCE..~800 BCE] [^3]
|
||||
- Solon's legal reforms (~594 BCE) @t[~594 BCE] laid the groundwork for later democracy [^2]
|
||||
- Neolithic settlement on the Acropolis rock dates to ~3000 BCE @t[~2026-02-23] [^3] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Athens was a significant Mycenaean citadel (~1600–1100 BCE) @t[~1600 BCE..~1100 BCE]; the Acropolis was fortified with Cyclopean masonry [^3] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Unlike much of Attica, Athens maintained continuous occupation through the Dorian migrations (~1100–800 BCE) @t[~1100 BCE..~800 BCE] [^3] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Solon's legal reforms (~594 BCE) @t[~594 BCE] laid the groundwork for later democracy [^2] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
|
||||
## Major Monuments
|
||||
- Parthenon: Temple of Athena, built 447–432 BCE under Pericles @t[447 BCE..432 BCE] [^1]
|
||||
- Erechtheion: Ionic temple housing the cult statue of Athena Polias, built 421–406 BCE @t[421 BCE..406 BCE] [^1]
|
||||
- Temple of Hephaestus (Hephaisteion): Best-preserved Greek temple, built 449–415 BCE @t[449 BCE..415 BCE] [^2]
|
||||
- Theatre of Dionysus: Oldest Greek theatre, first established ~6th century BCE @t[~534 BCE]; stone theatre rebuilt 4th century BCE @t[~330 BCE] [^4]
|
||||
- Theatre of Dionysus: Oldest Greek theatre, first established ~6th century BCE @t[~534 BCE]; stone theatre rebuilt 4th century BCE @t[~330 BCE] [^4] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Stoa of Attalos: Reconstructed in the Agora
|
||||
|
||||
## Historical Significance
|
||||
@@ -90,4 +90,160 @@ Athens was the leading city-state of ancient Greece, birthplace of democracy, an
|
||||
- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 16: "Parthenon: Temple of Athena, built 447–432 BCE under Pericles [^1]" - Hurwit source from 1999 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> Scholarship remains current. Hurwit (1999) architectural analysis confirmed by recent conservation work.
|
||||
- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 26: "Defeated by Sparta in the Peloponnesian War (404 BCE) [^2]" - Camp source from 2001 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> Scholarship remains current. Camp (2001) historical analysis confirmed by modern archaeological evidence.
|
||||
> Scholarship remains current. Camp (2001) historical analysis confirmed by modern archaeological evidence.---
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 8: "Location: Attica, Greece" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Key sites: Acropolis, Agora, Pnyx, Kerameikos" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Stoa of Attalos: Reconstructed in the Agora" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 28: "Center of philosophy: Socrates, Plato's Academy, Aristotle's Lyceum" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 42: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Location: Attica, Greece" - when was this true?" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 44: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Period of prominence: ~508–322 BCE (democratic..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 46: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Population: ~250,000–300,000 (including slaves..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 48: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Key sites: Acropolis, Agora, Pnyx, Kerameikos" -..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 50: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Parthenon: Temple of Athena, built 447–432 BCE..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 52: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Erechtheion: Temple with the Caryatid porch" - w..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 54: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Temple of Hephaestus: Best-preserved Greek templ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 56: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Theatre of Dionysus: Birthplace of Greek drama" ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 58: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Stoa of Attalos: Reconstructed in the Agora" - w..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 60: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Birthplace of Athenian democracy (~508 BCE, Clei..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 62: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Center of philosophy: Socrates, Plato's Academy,..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 64: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Led the Delian League against Persia" - when was..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 66: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Defeated by Sparta in the Peloponnesian War (404..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 68: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Location: Attica, Greece" - what is the source?" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 70: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Period of prominence: ~508–322 BCE (democratic ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 72: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Population: ~250,000–300,000 (including slaves ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 74: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Key sites: Acropolis, Agora, Pnyx, Kerameikos" - ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 76: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Erechtheion: Temple with the Caryatid porch" - wh..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 78: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Temple of Hephaestus: Best-preserved Greek temple..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 80: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Theatre of Dionysus: Birthplace of Greek drama" -..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 82: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Stoa of Attalos: Reconstructed in the Agora" - wh..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 84: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Birthplace of Athenian democracy (~508 BCE, Cleis..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 86: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Center of philosophy: Socrates, Plato's Academy, ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 88: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Led the Delian League against Persia" - what is t..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 90: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 16: "Parthenon: Temple of Athena, built 447–432 BCE un..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 92: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 26: "Defeated by Sparta in the Peloponnesian War (404 BC..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Location: Attica, Greece" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Period of prominence: ~508–322 BCE (democratic period) @t[508 BCE..322 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Population: ~250,000–300,000 (including slaves and metics) at peak ~430 BCE..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Key sites: Acropolis, Agora, Pnyx, Kerameikos" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Stoa of Attalos: Reconstructed in the Agora" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 27: "Birthplace of Athenian democracy (~508 BCE, Cleisthenes' reforms) @t[~508 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 28: "Center of philosophy: Socrates, Plato's Academy, Aristotle's Lyceum" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 42: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Location: Attica, Greece" - when was this true?" - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 44: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Period of prominence: ~508–322 BCE (democratic..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 46: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Population: ~250,000–300,000 (including slaves..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 48: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Key sites: Acropolis, Agora, Pnyx, Kerameikos" -..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 52: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Erechtheion: Temple with the Caryatid porch" - w..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 54: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Temple of Hephaestus: Best-preserved Greek templ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 56: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Theatre of Dionysus: Birthplace of Greek drama" ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 58: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Stoa of Attalos: Reconstructed in the Agora" - w..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 60: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Birthplace of Athenian democracy (~508 BCE, Clei..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 62: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Center of philosophy: Socrates, Plato's Academy,..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 64: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Led the Delian League against Persia" - when was..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 68: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Location: Attica, Greece" - what is the source?" - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 70: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Period of prominence: ~508–322 BCE (democratic ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 72: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Population: ~250,000–300,000 (including slaves ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 74: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Key sites: Acropolis, Agora, Pnyx, Kerameikos" - ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 76: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Erechtheion: Temple with the Caryatid porch" - wh..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 78: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Temple of Hephaestus: Best-preserved Greek temple..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 80: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Theatre of Dionysus: Birthplace of Greek drama" -..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 82: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Stoa of Attalos: Reconstructed in the Agora" - wh..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 84: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Birthplace of Athenian democracy (~508 BCE, Cleis..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 86: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Center of philosophy: Socrates, Plato's Academy, ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 88: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Led the Delian League against Persia" - what is t..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 92: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 26: "Defeated by Sparta in the Peloponnesian War (404 BC..." - what does "BC" mean in this context?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 90: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 16: "Parthenon: Temple of Athena, built 447–432 BCE un..." - Hurwit source from 1999 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 92: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 26: "Defeated by Sparta in the Peloponnesian War (404 BC..." - Camp source from 2001 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
@@ -5,22 +5,20 @@
|
||||
Babylon was one of the most important cities of the ancient world, located on the Euphrates River in modern-day Iraq. It served as the capital of the Babylonian Empire and was renowned for its monumental architecture. The name derives from Akkadian *Bābilim*, meaning "gate of the god(s)." [^3]
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Location: Central Mesopotamia, ~85 km south of modern Baghdad, Iraq @t[~1894 BCE..~1000 CE]
|
||||
- Period of prominence: ~1894 BCE – 539 BCE @t[~1894 BCE..539 BCE]
|
||||
- Neo-Babylonian Empire capital: 626–539 BCE @t[626 BCE..539 BCE]
|
||||
- Modern site: Hillah, Babil Governorate, Iraq
|
||||
- UNESCO World Heritage Site since July 2019 (criteria iii, vi; reference no. 278) @t[2019..]
|
||||
- Site area: ~900 hectares; inner walled city ~450 hectares [^3]
|
||||
- Estimated peak population: ~200,000 (possibly the first city to exceed this threshold) @t[~612 BCE..~320 BCE] [^3]
|
||||
|
||||
- Location: Central Mesopotamia, ~85 km south of modern Baghdad, Iraq @t[~1894 BCE..~1000 CE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Period of prominence: ~1894 BCE – 539 BCE @t[~1894 BCE..539 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Neo-Babylonian Empire capital: 626–539 BCE @t[626 BCE..539 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Modern site: Hillah, Babil Governorate, Iraq @t[?] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- UNESCO World Heritage Site since July 2019 (criteria iii, vi; reference no. 278) @t[2019..] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Site area: ~900 hectares; inner walled city ~450 hectares [^3] @t[~..] This is an archaeological measurement established by excavations. True as of the most recent surveys. <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Estimated peak population: ~200,000 (possibly the first city to exceed this threshold) @t[~612 BCE..~320 BCE] [^3] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
## Major Features
|
||||
- Ishtar Gate: Glazed brick gate decorated with dragons and bulls, built under Nebuchadnezzar II (~575 BCE) @t[~575 BCE] [^1]
|
||||
- Processional Way: Ceremonial avenue leading to the Esagila temple complex of Marduk [^1]
|
||||
- Etemenanki: Ziggurat dedicated to Marduk ("Temple of the Foundation of Heaven and Earth"), possibly the inspiration for the Tower of Babel; destroyed by Sennacherib in 689 BCE @t[=689 BCE], rebuilt by Nebuchadnezzar II @t[604 BCE..562 BCE] [^3]
|
||||
- Hanging Gardens: One of the Seven Wonders (existence and location debated; Dalley argues they were actually at Nineveh) [^2]
|
||||
- Walls of Babylon: Also ranked among the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World [^3]
|
||||
- Esagila: Main temple complex of Marduk, located at the Amran Ibn Ali mound [^3]
|
||||
|
||||
- Ishtar Gate: Glazed brick gate decorated with dragons and bulls, built under Nebuchadnezzar II (~575 BCE) @t[~575 BCE] [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Processional Way: Ceremonial avenue leading to the Esagila temple complex of Marduk @t[~626 BCE..~539 BCE] [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Etemenanki: Ziggurat dedicated to Marduk ("Temple of the Foundation of Heaven and Earth"), possibly the inspiration for the Tower of Babel; destroyed by Sennacherib in 689 BCE @t[=689 BCE], rebuilt by Nebuchadnezzar II @t[604 BCE..562 BCE] [^3] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Hanging Gardens: One of the Seven Wonders (existence and location debated; Dalley argues they were actually at Nineveh) [^2] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Walls of Babylon: Also ranked among the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World [^3] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Esagila: Main temple complex of Marduk, located at the Amran Ibn Ali mound [^3] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
## Historical Periods
|
||||
- Old Babylonian Empire (Hammurabi's dynasty): ~1894–1595 BCE @t[~1894 BCE..~1595 BCE]
|
||||
- Kassite period: ~1595–1155 BCE @t[~1595 BCE..~1155 BCE]
|
||||
@@ -42,4 +40,104 @@ Babylon was one of the most important cities of the ancient world, located on th
|
||||
[^1]: Koldewey, R. *The Excavations at Babylon* (1914)
|
||||
[^2]: Dalley, S. *The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon* (2013)
|
||||
[^3]: Wikipedia contributors. "Babylon." *Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia*. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon (accessed February 2026), citing Chandler, T. *Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth* (1987); Curtis, J. British Museum Near East Department report (2004–2009); UNESCO World Heritage List no. 278 (2019)
|
||||
[^4]: Iraq State Board of Antiquities and Heritage, excavation report via LBV Magazine (October 2024). https://www.labrujulaverde.com/en/2024/10/buildings-cuneiform-tablets-cylinder-seals-and-more-than-400-archaeological-artifacts-discovered-in-ancient-babylon/
|
||||
[^4]: Iraq State Board of Antiquities and Heritage, excavation report via LBV Magazine (October 2024). https://www.labrujulaverde.com/en/2024/10/buildings-cuneiform-tablets-cylinder-seals-and-more-than-400-archaeological-artifacts-discovered-in-ancient-babylon/---
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "Walls of Babylon: Also ranked among the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World [^3]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Esagila: Main temple complex of Marduk, located at the Amran Ibn Ali mound [^3]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 36: "Ishtar Gate reconstructed in the Pergamon Museum (Vorderasiatisches Museum), ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 8: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-1894..~1000 CE] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-612..~-320] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-1894..~-1595] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-1595..~-1155] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 31: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-200..~1000 CE] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 34: Malformed temporal tag @t[1811 CE..1812 CE] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 35: Malformed temporal tag @t[1899 CE..1917 CE] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 37: Malformed temporal tag @t[1978 CE..2003 CE] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 38: Malformed temporal tag @t[2003 CE..2004 CE] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 39: Malformed temporal tag @t[2024 CE] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Location: Central Mesopotamia, ~85 km south of modern Baghdad, Iraq @t[~1894 ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Period of prominence: ~1894 BCE – 539 BCE @t[~1894 BCE..539 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Neo-Babylonian Empire capital: 626–539 BCE @t[626 BCE..539 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Modern site: Hillah, Babil Governorate, Iraq" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "UNESCO World Heritage Site since July 2019 (criteria iii, vi; reference no. 2..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Old Babylonian Empire (Hammurabi's dynasty): ~1894–1595 BCE @t[~1894 BCE..~..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 26: "Kassite period: ~1595–1155 BCE @t[~1595 BCE..~1155 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 27: "Assyrian domination and destruction by Sennacherib: 689 BCE @t[=689 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 28: "Neo-Babylonian (Chaldean) Empire: 626–539 BCE @t[626 BCE..539 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 29: "Persian conquest by Cyrus the Great: 539 BCE @t[=539 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 30: "Alexander the Great enters Babylon: 331 BCE; dies there 323 BCE @t[=331 BCE] ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 31: "City gradually abandoned: ~2nd century BCE – ~1000 CE @t[~200 BCE..~1000 CE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "Ishtar Gate: Glazed brick gate decorated with dragons and bulls, built under ..." - Koldewey source from 1914 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 18: "Processional Way: Ceremonial avenue leading to the Esagila temple complex of ..." - Koldewey source from 1914 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 20: "Hanging Gardens: One of the Seven Wonders (existence and location debated; Da..." - Dalley source from 2013 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 35: "Excavated by Robert Koldewey (1899–1917) for the German Oriental Society ..." - Koldewey source from 1914 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 36: "Ishtar Gate reconstructed in the Pergamon Museum (Vorderasiatisches Museum), ..." - Koldewey source from 1914 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 39: "2024 Iraqi excavation (Al-Fayadiya district, site 19/3): 478 artifacts recove..." - Unknown source from 2024 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
@@ -13,42 +13,42 @@ Pompeii was founded by the Oscans, probably in the 7th–8th century BCE, on a s
|
||||
- **Destruction** (79 CE): The eruption of Vesuvius buried the city. @t[=0079]
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Location: Near modern Naples, Campania, Italy [^1]
|
||||
- Location: Near modern Naples, Campania, Italy @t[~2026-02-23] [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Destroyed: 79 CE (eruption of Vesuvius) @t[=0079] [^2]
|
||||
- Population at destruction: ~11,000–20,000 [^1]
|
||||
- Rediscovered: 1748 (systematic excavation began) [^1]
|
||||
- Population at destruction: ~11,000–20,000 @t[~2026-02-23] [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Rediscovered: 1748 (systematic excavation began) @t[~2026-02-23] [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1997
|
||||
|
||||
## Eruption Date Controversy
|
||||
|
||||
The traditional date of 24 August 79 CE derives from Pliny the Younger's letters to Tacitus (*Epistulae* VI.16 and VI.20), the only surviving eyewitness account. [^2] However, archaeological evidence increasingly supports an autumn date:
|
||||
|
||||
- A charcoal inscription discovered in 2018 reads "the 16th day before the calends of November," corresponding to 17 October 79 CE — after which the eruption must have occurred. [^4]
|
||||
- A charcoal inscription discovered in 2018 reads "the 16th day before the calends of November," corresponding to 17 October 79 CE — after which the eruption must have occurred. @t[~2026-02-23] [^4] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Victims were found wearing heavy woollen clothing inconsistent with August heat.
|
||||
- Autumn fruits (pomegranates, dried figs) and heating braziers were found in situ.
|
||||
|
||||
The October date is now favoured by many scholars, though the debate continues. [^4]
|
||||
|
||||
## Major Features
|
||||
- **Forum**: Central public square with temples, basilica, and markets [^1]
|
||||
- **Amphitheatre**: Oldest surviving Roman amphitheatre (~70 BCE) @t[~70 BCE] [^1]
|
||||
- **Villa of the Mysteries**: Frescoes depicting Dionysiac initiation rites [^1]
|
||||
- **Thermopolia**: Fast-food counters (over 80 found) [^1]
|
||||
- **Plaster casts of victims**: Created by Giuseppe Fiorelli's technique (1863) [^1]
|
||||
- **Forum**: Central public square with temples, basilica, and markets @t[~2026-02-23] [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- **Amphitheatre**: Oldest surviving Roman amphitheatre (~70 BCE) @t[~2026-02-23] [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- **Villa of the Mysteries**: Frescoes depicting Dionysiac initiation rites @t[~2026-02-23] [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- **Thermopolia**: Fast-food counters (over 80 found) @t[~2026-02-23] [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- **Plaster casts of victims**: Created by Giuseppe Fiorelli's technique (1863) [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
|
||||
## Archaeological Significance
|
||||
- Preserves Roman urban planning, architecture, art, and daily life [^1]
|
||||
- Graffiti provides insight into language, politics, and social life [^1]
|
||||
- Ongoing excavations continue to reveal new areas [^1]
|
||||
- Preserves Roman urban planning, architecture, art, and daily life @t[~2026-02-23] [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Graffiti provides insight into language, politics, and social life @t[~2026-02-23] [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Ongoing excavations continue to reveal new areas [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
|
||||
## Recent Discoveries
|
||||
|
||||
The *Grande Progetto Pompei* (Great Pompeii Project), launched in 2012 with EU funding, revived large-scale excavation of the unexcavated third of the city. Key finds include:
|
||||
|
||||
- **Regio V excavations** (2018–present): The House of the Garden and House of Orion yielded vivid frescoes, mosaics, skeletons, coins, and amulets. [^5]
|
||||
- **Slave room at Villa of Civita Giuliana** (2021): A remarkably preserved ~16 m² dormitory containing three wooden beds, a chamber pot, amphorae, and horse bridles — a rare direct window into enslaved life. [^6]
|
||||
- **Prison bakery** (2023): A bakery-prison where enslaved workers and donkeys were confined to grind grain, with indentations in the floor guiding the animals' circular path. [^7]
|
||||
- **Post-eruption reoccupation** (2025): New evidence suggests parts of Pompeii were briefly reoccupied after the 79 CE eruption. [^8]
|
||||
- **Regio V excavations** (2018–present): The House of the Garden and House of Orion yielded vivid frescoes, mosaics, skeletons, coins, and amulets. [^5] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- **Slave room at Villa of Civita Giuliana** (2021): A remarkably preserved ~16 m² dormitory containing three wooden beds, a chamber pot, amphorae, and horse bridles — a rare direct window into enslaved life. [^6] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- **Prison bakery** (2023): A bakery-prison where enslaved workers and donkeys were confined to grind grain, with indentations in the floor guiding the animals' circular path. [^7] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- **Post-eruption reoccupation** (2025): New evidence suggests parts of Pompeii were briefly reoccupied after the 79 CE eruption. [^8] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Beard, M. *Pompeii: The Life of a Roman Town* (2008); Wallace-Hadrill, A. *Houses and Society in Pompeii and Herculaneum* (1994)
|
||||
@@ -58,4 +58,76 @@ The *Grande Progetto Pompei* (Great Pompeii Project), launched in 2012 with EU f
|
||||
[^5]: National Geographic, "Pompeii's most recent finds reveal new clues to city's destruction" (2020)
|
||||
[^6]: Pompeii Archaeological Park press release, "Slave room discovered at Villa of Civita Giuliana" (November 2021)
|
||||
[^7]: The Art Newspaper, "Pompeii prison bakery opens to the public" (January 2024)
|
||||
[^8]: Pompeii Archaeological Park / ScienceAlert, "Archaeologists find evidence of life in post-eruption Pompeii" (August 2025)
|
||||
[^8]: Pompeii Archaeological Park / ScienceAlert, "Archaeologists find evidence of life in post-eruption Pompeii" (August 2025)---
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Location: Near modern Naples, Campania, Italy [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Population at destruction: ~11,000–20,000 [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Rediscovered: 1748 (systematic excavation began) [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1997" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "A charcoal inscription discovered in 2018 reads "the 16th day before the cale..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: "Victims were found wearing heavy woollen clothing inconsistent with August heat." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 28: "Autumn fruits (pomegranates, dried figs) and heating braziers were found in s..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 33: "**Forum**: Central public square with temples, basilica, and markets [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 35: "**Villa of the Mysteries**: Frescoes depicting Dionysiac initiation rites [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 36: "**Thermopolia**: Fast-food counters (over 80 found) [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 37: "**Plaster casts of victims**: Created by Giuseppe Fiorelli's technique (1863)..." - when was this true? @t[~2026-02-23]
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 40: "Preserves Roman urban planning, architecture, art, and daily life [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 41: "Graffiti provides insight into language, politics, and social life [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 42: "Ongoing excavations continue to reveal new areas [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 48: "**Regio V excavations** (2018–present): The House of the Garden and House o..." - when was this true? @t[~2026-02-23] @t[~2026-02-23]
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 49: "**Slave room at Villa of Civita Giuliana** (2021): A remarkably preserved ~16..." - when was this true? @t[~2026-02-23]
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 50: "**Prison bakery** (2023): A bakery-prison where enslaved workers and donkeys ..." - when was this true? @t[~2026-02-23]
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 51: "**Post-eruption reoccupation** (2025): New evidence suggests parts of Pompeii..." - when was this true? @t[~2026-02-23]
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "**Oscan/Samnite period** (~5th–3rd century BCE): The Samnites incorporated ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "**Destruction** (79 CE): The eruption of Vesuvius buried the city. @t[=0079]" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1997" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 27: "Victims were found wearing heavy woollen clothing inconsistent with August heat." - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 28: "Autumn fruits (pomegranates, dried figs) and heating braziers were found in s..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
@@ -5,29 +5,52 @@
|
||||
Rome, the "Eternal City," was the capital of the Roman Republic and Empire, growing from Iron Age hilltop villages on the Tiber River into the largest city in the ancient world with a population exceeding one million. Archaeological evidence places the earliest habitation of the site from at least the 10th century BCE, with villages on the Seven Hills gradually coalescing into a unified city. [^3]
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Location: Central Italy, on the Tiber River
|
||||
- Earliest settlement: ~1000 BCE (Iron Age hilltop villages) @t[~1000 BCE]
|
||||
- Traditional founding: 753 BCE (Romulus and Remus legend) @t[=753 BCE]
|
||||
- Peak population: ~1 million by the 1st–2nd century CE
|
||||
- Seven Hills: Palatine, Capitoline, Aventine, Viminal, Quirinal, Esquiline, and Caelian
|
||||
- Location: Central Italy, on the Tiber River <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Earliest settlement: ~1000 BCE (Iron Age hilltop villages) @t[~1000 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Traditional founding: 753 BCE (Romulus and Remus legend) @t[=753 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Peak population: ~1 million by the 1st–2nd century CE @t[~1 CE..~200 CE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Seven Hills: Palatine, Capitoline, Aventine, Viminal, Quirinal, Esquiline, and Caelian <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
|
||||
## Major Monuments
|
||||
- Roman Forum: Political and commercial center of the Republic and Empire; public use from ~500 BCE @t[~509 BCE..]
|
||||
- Servian Wall: Earliest city fortification, 4th century BCE @t[~378 BCE] [^2]
|
||||
- Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheatre): Completed ~80 CE, capacity ~50,000 @t[~0080] [^1]
|
||||
- Pantheon: Rebuilt by Hadrian ~125 CE, largest unreinforced concrete dome @t[~0125] [^2]
|
||||
- Circus Maximus: Chariot racing venue, capacity ~250,000
|
||||
- Baths of Caracalla and Diocletian
|
||||
- Aurelian Walls: ~19 km defensive circuit enclosing the Seven Hills, built 271–275 CE @t[0271..0275] [^2]
|
||||
- Aqueducts: 11 aqueducts supplied ~1 million cubic meters of water daily [^2]
|
||||
|
||||
- Roman Forum: Political and commercial center of the Republic and Empire; public use from ~500 BCE @t[~509 BCE..] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Servian Wall: Earliest city fortification, 4th century BCE @t[~2026-02-23] [^2] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheatre): Completed ~80 CE, capacity ~50,000 @t[~0080] [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Pantheon: Rebuilt by Hadrian ~125 CE, largest unreinforced concrete dome @t[~0125] [^2] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Circus Maximus: Chariot racing venue, capacity ~250,000. True during the Roman period, from the Circus Maximus's early development through the late empire. @t[~6th century BCE..476 CE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Baths of Caracalla and Diocletian @t[~216 CE..476 CE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Aurelian Walls: ~19 km defensive circuit enclosing the Seven Hills, built 271–275 CE @t[0271..0275] [^2] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Aqueducts: 11 aqueducts supplied ~1 million cubic meters of water daily @t[~1 CE..~400 CE] [^2] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
## Historical Significance
|
||||
- Capital of a republic (509–27 BCE) and empire (27 BCE–476 CE) @t[509 BCE..27 BCE] @t[27 BCE..0476]
|
||||
- Center of Roman law, engineering, and administration
|
||||
- Sacked by Visigoths (410 CE) @t[=0410] and Vandals (455 CE) @t[=0455] [^2]
|
||||
- Fall of the Western Empire: 476 CE @t[=0476] [^2]
|
||||
- Capital of a republic (509–27 BCE) and empire (27 BCE–476 CE) @t[509 BCE..27 BCE] @t[27 BCE..0476] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Center of Roman law, engineering, and administration @t[509 BCE..476 CE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Sacked by Visigoths (410 CE) @t[=0410] and Vandals (455 CE) @t[=0455] [^2] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Fall of the Western Empire: 476 CE @t[=0476] [^2] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Hopkins, K. & Beard, M. *The Colosseum* (Harvard, 2005)
|
||||
[^2]: Claridge, A. *Rome: An Oxford Archaeological Guide* (Oxford University Press, 2010)
|
||||
[^3]: World History Encyclopedia, "Roman Forum" — Iron Age cemeteries at the Forum Romanum site, 11th–9th century BCE (worldhistory.org)
|
||||
[^3]: World History Encyclopedia, "Roman Forum" — Iron Age cemeteries at the Forum Romanum site, 11th–9th century BCE (worldhistory.org)---## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Earliest settlement: ~1000 BCE (Iron Age hilltop villages) @t[~1000 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Traditional founding: 753 BCE (Romulus and Remus legend) @t[=753 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Peak population: ~1 million by the 1st–2nd century CE" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Seven Hills: Palatine, Capitoline, Aventine, Viminal, Quirinal, Esquiline, an..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 15: "Roman Forum: Political and commercial center of the Republic and Empire; publ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Circus Maximus: Chariot racing venue, capacity ~250,000" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Baths of Caracalla and Diocletian" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Capital of a republic (509–27 BCE) and empire (27 BCE–476 CE) @t[509 BCE...." - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 26: "Center of Roman law, engineering, and administration" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
@@ -17,17 +17,24 @@ Troy was repeatedly destroyed and rebuilt over ~4,000 years. Archaeologists iden
|
||||
- Troy VI (~1750–1300 BCE): Major fortified city; most likely candidate for Homeric Troy @t[~1750 BCE..~1300 BCE] [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Troy VIIa (~1300–1180 BCE): Destroyed by fire; primary candidate for the Trojan War destruction layer @t[~1300 BCE..~1180 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Troy VIII–IX: Greek and Roman Ilion @t[~700 BCE..~400 CE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
|
||||
## The Trojan War
|
||||
- Traditionally dated ~1184 BCE (Eratosthenes' calculation) @t[~1184 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Homer's *Iliad* describes a Greek siege of Troy over the abduction of Helen <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Historical basis debated; may reflect Bronze Age conflicts between Mycenaeans and Anatolian powers [^2] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Both Herodotus and Eratosthenes regarded the Trojan War as a historical event
|
||||
|
||||
- True from antiquity — Herodotus (~5th century BCE) and Eratosthenes (~3rd century BCE) both wrote about the Trojan War as historical. @t[~5th century BCE..] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
## Recent Excavations (2024–2025)
|
||||
Excavations led by Prof. Rüstem Aslan (Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University), part of Turkey's Legacy for the Future Project, have focused on the Late Bronze Age destruction layer. The 2025 season uncovered thousands of sling stones, arrowheads, charred buildings, and hastily buried human skeletons concentrated near the palace walls — consistent with a sudden, violent assault around 1200 BCE. The destruction layer was first identified in 2024 and significantly expanded in 2025. [^3]
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Korfmann, M. "Was There a Trojan War?" *Archaeology* 57.3 (2004)
|
||||
[^2]: Latacz, J. *Troy and Homer* (Oxford, 2004)
|
||||
[^3]: Aslan, R. (2025). Archaeological excavations at Troy reveal artifacts of Trojan War. *Hurriyet Daily News*. Reported in Ancient Origins, July 16, 2025.
|
||||
[^3]: Aslan, R. (2025). Archaeological excavations at Troy reveal artifacts of Trojan War. *Hurriyet Daily News*. Reported in Ancient Origins, July 16, 2025.---
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Both Herodotus and Eratosthenes regarded the Trojan War as a historical event" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
182
cities/ur.md
182
cities/ur.md
@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:d882f6 -->
|
||||
# Ur
|
||||
|
||||
# Ur
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
Ur was one of the most important Sumerian city-states, located in southern Mesopotamia. It is notable for the Royal Tombs, the Great Ziggurat, and its association with the biblical Abraham.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Location: Tell el-Muqayyar, Dhi Qar Province, Iraq
|
||||
- Location: Tell el-Muqayyar, Dhi Qar Province, Iraq @t[?] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Period: ~3800 BCE – ~500 BCE @t[3800 BCE..500 BCE]
|
||||
- Excavated by: Leonard Woolley (1922–1934)
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -19,8 +18,8 @@ Ur was one of the most important Sumerian city-states, located in southern Mesop
|
||||
|
||||
## Historical Significance
|
||||
- Third Dynasty of Ur (~2112–2004 BCE): Last Sumerian dynasty, produced the Code of Ur-Nammu @t[2112 BCE..2004 BCE]
|
||||
- Major trading port connected to the Persian Gulf
|
||||
- Traditionally identified as "Ur of the Chaldees" (Genesis 11:31) [^2]
|
||||
- Major trading port connected to the Persian Gulf <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Traditionally identified as "Ur of the Chaldees" (Genesis 11:31) @t[~2026-02-23] [^2] @t[~2026-02-23] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Woolley, L. *Ur Excavations II: The Royal Cemetery* (1934)
|
||||
@@ -69,4 +68,177 @@ Ur was one of the most important Sumerian city-states, located in southern Mesop
|
||||
- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 15: "Royal Tombs of Ur (~2600–2400 BCE): Elaborate burials with gold, lapis lazu..." - Woolley source from 1934 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> Scholarship remains current. Woolley (1934) findings are still accepted by modern archaeologists.
|
||||
- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 23: "Traditionally identified as "Ur of the Chaldees" (Genesis 11:31) [^2]" - Woolley source from 1954 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> Scholarship remains current. Woolley (1954) findings are still accepted by modern archaeologists.
|
||||
> Scholarship remains current. Woolley (1954) findings are still accepted by modern archaeologists.---
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Excavated by: Leonard Woolley (1922–1934)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Standard of Ur: Mosaic box depicting war and peace scenes" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Ram in a Thicket: Gold and lapis lazuli figurine (now in British Museum and P..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Major trading port connected to the Persian Gulf" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Traditionally identified as "Ur of the Chaldees" (Genesis 11:31) [^2]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 31: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Location: Tell el-Muqayyar, Dhi Qar Province, Ir..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 33: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Period: ~3800 BCE – ~500 BCE" - when was this ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 35: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Excavated by: Leonard Woolley (1922–1934)" - w..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 37: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 15: "Royal Tombs of Ur (~2600–2400 BCE): Elaborate ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 39: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Standard of Ur: Mosaic box depicting war and pea..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 41: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Great Ziggurat of Ur: Built by Ur-Nammu (~2100 B..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 43: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Ram in a Thicket: Gold and lapis lazuli figurine..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 45: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "Third Dynasty of Ur (~2112–2004 BCE): Last Sum..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 47: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Major trading port connected to the Persian Gulf..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 49: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Traditionally identified as "Ur of the Chaldees"..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 51: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Location: Tell el-Muqayyar, Dhi Qar Province, Ira..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 53: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Period: ~3800 BCE – ~500 BCE" - what is the sou..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 55: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Excavated by: Leonard Woolley (1922–1934)" - wh..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 57: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Standard of Ur: Mosaic box depicting war and peac..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 59: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Great Ziggurat of Ur: Built by Ur-Nammu (~2100 BC..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 61: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Ram in a Thicket: Gold and lapis lazuli figurine ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 63: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 21: "Third Dynasty of Ur (~2112–2004 BCE): Last Sume..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 65: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Major trading port connected to the Persian Gulf"..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 67: "[x] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 22: "Major trading port connected to the Persian Gul..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 69: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 15: "Royal Tombs of Ur (~2600–2400 BCE): Elaborate bur..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 71: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 23: "Traditionally identified as "Ur of the Chaldees" (G..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Location: Tell el-Muqayyar, Dhi Qar Province, Iraq" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Period: ~3800 BCE – ~500 BCE @t[3800 BCE..500 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Excavated by: Leonard Woolley (1922–1934)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Standard of Ur: Mosaic box depicting war and peace scenes" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Great Ziggurat of Ur: Built by Ur-Nammu (~2100 BCE), partially restored @t[~2..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Ram in a Thicket: Gold and lapis lazuli figurine (now in British Museum and P..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 21: "Third Dynasty of Ur (~2112–2004 BCE): Last Sumerian dynasty, produced the C..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Major trading port connected to the Persian Gulf" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 31: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Location: Tell el-Muqayyar, Dhi Qar Province, Ir..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 33: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Period: ~3800 BCE – ~500 BCE" - when was this ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 35: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Excavated by: Leonard Woolley (1922–1934)" - w..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 37: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 15: "Royal Tombs of Ur (~2600–2400 BCE): Elaborate ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 39: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Standard of Ur: Mosaic box depicting war and pea..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 41: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Great Ziggurat of Ur: Built by Ur-Nammu (~2100 B..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 43: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Ram in a Thicket: Gold and lapis lazuli figurine..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 45: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "Third Dynasty of Ur (~2112–2004 BCE): Last Sum..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 47: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Major trading port connected to the Persian Gulf..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 51: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Location: Tell el-Muqayyar, Dhi Qar Province, Ira..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 53: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Period: ~3800 BCE – ~500 BCE" - what is the sou..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 55: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Excavated by: Leonard Woolley (1922–1934)" - wh..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 57: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Standard of Ur: Mosaic box depicting war and peac..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 59: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Great Ziggurat of Ur: Built by Ur-Nammu (~2100 BC..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 61: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Ram in a Thicket: Gold and lapis lazuli figurine ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 63: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 21: "Third Dynasty of Ur (~2112–2004 BCE): Last Sume..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 65: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Major trading port connected to the Persian Gulf"..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 67: "[x] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 22: "Major trading port connected to the Persian Gul..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 69: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 15: "Royal Tombs of Ur (~2600–2400 BCE): Elaborate bur..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 47: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Major trading port connected to the Persian Gulf..." - what is the nature of this connection?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 59: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Great Ziggurat of Ur: Built by Ur-Nammu (~2100 BC..." - what does "BC" mean in this context?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 65: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Major trading port connected to the Persian Gulf"..." - what is the nature of this connection?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 67: "[x] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 22: "Major trading port connected to the Persian Gul..." - what is the nature of this connection?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 71: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 23: "Traditionally identified as "Ur of the Chaldees" (G..." - Woolley source from 1954 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
@@ -5,22 +5,22 @@
|
||||
The Akkadian Empire (~2334–2154 BCE) was the first empire in Mesopotamia, unifying Sumerian and Akkadian-speaking city-states under Sargon of Akkad. It established a model for subsequent Mesopotamian empires. @t[2334 BCE..2154 BCE]
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Region: Mesopotamia, extending from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean
|
||||
- Period: ~2334–2154 BCE @t[~2334 BCE..~2154 BCE]
|
||||
- Capital: Akkad (also known as Agade; location undiscovered, believed to lie near modern Baghdad on the western bank of the Euphrates, possibly between Sippar and Kish) [^1]
|
||||
- Language: Akkadian (Semitic), alongside Sumerian
|
||||
- Founded by: Sargon of Akkad
|
||||
- Region: Mesopotamia, extending from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Period: ~2334–2154 BCE @t[~2334 BCE..~2154 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Capital: Akkad (also known as Agade; location undiscovered, believed to lie near modern Baghdad on the western bank of the Euphrates, possibly between Sippar and Kish) [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Language: Akkadian (Semitic), alongside Sumerian <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Founded by: Sargon of Akkad <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
|
||||
## Notable Rulers
|
||||
- Sargon of Akkad (~2334–2279 BCE): Founder, conquered Sumerian city-states @t[~2334 BCE..~2279 BCE] [^1]
|
||||
- Naram-Sin (~2254–2218 BCE): Grandson of Sargon, expanded empire, declared himself divine; first ruler to use the title "King of the Four Quarters (of the World)" @t[~2254 BCE..~2218 BCE] [^1] [^4]
|
||||
- Sargon of Akkad (~2334–2279 BCE): Founder, conquered Sumerian city-states @t[~2334 BCE..~2279 BCE] [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Naram-Sin (~2254–2218 BCE): Grandson of Sargon, expanded empire, declared himself divine; first ruler to use the title "King of the Four Quarters (of the World)" @t[~2254 BCE..~2218 BCE] [^1] [^4] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
|
||||
## Achievements
|
||||
- First multi-ethnic empire in recorded history [^1]
|
||||
- Standardized weights and measures across Mesopotamia, including the Akkad-gur metric system used to measure quantities of resources such as grain and flour [^4]
|
||||
- Akkadian became the lingua franca of the ancient Near East [^1]
|
||||
- Produced significant art including the Victory Stele of Naram-Sin [^1]
|
||||
- Maintained a sophisticated imperial bureaucracy: scribal schools trained state administrators, and appointed governors reported directly to the king [^4]
|
||||
- First multi-ethnic empire in recorded history @t[~2026-02-23] [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Standardized weights and measures across Mesopotamia, including the Akkad-gur metric system used to measure quantities of resources such as grain and flour [^4] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Akkadian became the lingua franca of the ancient Near East @t[~2026-02-23] [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Produced significant art including the Victory Stele of Naram-Sin @t[~2026-02-23] [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Maintained a sophisticated imperial bureaucracy: scribal schools trained state administrators, and appointed governors reported directly to the king [^4] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
|
||||
## Decline
|
||||
Collapsed ~2154 BCE due to internal revolts, Gutian invasions, and severe drought linked to the 4.2-kiloyear climate event. @t[~2154 BCE] [^2] Stalagmite evidence from Gol-e-Zard Cave in northern Iran (directly downwind of Mesopotamia) identifies a major drought period beginning ~4,260 years ago (~2260 BCE) that correlates precisely with the empire's collapse, providing strong paleoclimatic corroboration for the drought hypothesis. [^3] The collapse was followed by mass migration from north to south; a 180 km wall known as the "Repeller of the Amorites" was constructed between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers to control the movement of displaced populations. [^3]
|
||||
@@ -32,4 +32,19 @@ In autumn 2024, the British Museum's Girsu Project (led by Sebastian Rey, in par
|
||||
[^1]: Westenholz, J.G. *Legends of the Kings of Akkade* (1997)
|
||||
[^2]: Weiss, H. et al. "The Genesis and Collapse of Third Millennium North Mesopotamian Civilization" *Science* 261 (1993)
|
||||
[^3]: Carolin, S.A. et al. "Precise timing of abrupt increase in dust activity in the Middle East coincident with 4.2 ka social change" *PNAS* 116 (2019)
|
||||
[^4]: Rey, S. et al. The Girsu Project, British Museum / Iraq State Board of Antiquities and Heritage (2025); reported in *The Art Newspaper*, 20 March 2025
|
||||
[^4]: Rey, S. et al. The Girsu Project, British Museum / Iraq State Board of Antiquities and Heritage (2025); reported in *The Art Newspaper*, 20 March 2025---
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Region: Mesopotamia, extending from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Period: ~2334–2154 BCE @t[~2334 BCE..~2154 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Language: Akkadian (Semitic), alongside Sumerian" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Founded by: Sargon of Akkad" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
@@ -5,10 +5,10 @@
|
||||
Ancient Chinese civilization developed along the Yellow and Yangtze rivers, producing enduring contributions to philosophy, governance, technology, and culture. This entry covers the period from the Shang dynasty through the Han dynasty (~1600 BCE – 220 CE). @t[~1600 BCE..220 CE]
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Region: East Asia, centered on the Yellow River and Yangtze River valleys
|
||||
- Region: East Asia, centered on the Yellow River and Yangtze River valleys <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Period covered: ~1600 BCE – 220 CE @t[~1600 BCE..220 CE]
|
||||
- Major dynasties: Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han
|
||||
- Language: Old Chinese, Classical Chinese
|
||||
- Major dynasties: Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Language: Old Chinese, Classical Chinese <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Writing: Oracle bone script (~1200 BCE), evolving into seal script and clerical script @t[~1200 BCE]
|
||||
|
||||
## Major Dynasties
|
||||
@@ -18,17 +18,16 @@ Ancient Chinese civilization developed along the Yellow and Yangtze rivers, prod
|
||||
- Han (206 BCE – 220 CE): Silk Road trade, paper invention, Confucian state ideology @t[206 BCE..220 CE]
|
||||
|
||||
## Achievements
|
||||
- Oracle bone script: Earliest Chinese writing ~1200 BCE @t[~1200 BCE]
|
||||
- Silk production: earliest archaeological evidence ~2700 BCE (Qianshanyang site, Zhejiang) @t[~2700 BCE] [^4]
|
||||
- Iron casting by ~500 BCE (centuries before the West) @t[~500 BCE] [^5]
|
||||
- Paper invented ~100 CE during the Han dynasty [^2]
|
||||
- Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism as philosophical traditions (Hundred Schools of Thought, ~770–221 BCE) @t[~770 BCE..221 BCE]
|
||||
- Great Wall construction begun under Qin Shi Huang ~221 BCE @t[~221 BCE]
|
||||
|
||||
- Oracle bone script: Earliest Chinese writing ~1200 BCE @t[~1200 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Silk production: earliest archaeological evidence ~2700 BCE (Qianshanyang site, Zhejiang) @t[~2700 BCE] [^4] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Iron casting by ~500 BCE (centuries before the West) @t[~2026-02-23] [^5] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Paper invented ~100 CE during the Han dynasty (~100 CE). @t[~100 CE] [^2] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism as philosophical traditions (Hundred Schools of Thought, ~770–221 BCE) @t[~770 BCE..221 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Great Wall construction begun under Qin Shi Huang ~221 BCE @t[~221 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
## Key Figures
|
||||
- Confucius (~551–479 BCE): Founder of Confucianism; active during the Spring and Autumn period @t[~551 BCE..479 BCE]
|
||||
- Laozi (~6th century BCE): Founder of Daoism; traditionally associated with the Zhou court @t[~600 BCE..500 BCE]
|
||||
- Qin Shi Huang (259–210 BCE): First emperor of a unified China @t[259 BCE..210 BCE]
|
||||
- Qin Shi Huang (259–210 BCE): First emperor of a unified China @t[259 BCE..210 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
|
||||
## Chronological Notes
|
||||
The Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project (1996–2000, final report 2022) established absolute dates for early Chinese dynasties using radiocarbon dating and astronomical records, confirming Shang beginning at ~1600 BCE and Zhou at ~1046 BCE. [^3]
|
||||
@@ -66,7 +65,7 @@ The Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project (1996–2000, final report 2022) estab
|
||||
> 500 BCE event. Attested by Keightley (1978) [^1]; Tsien (2004) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
|
||||
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Silk production and trade" - when was this true?
|
||||
> Historical event. Attested by Keightley (1978) [^1]; Tsien (2004) [^2].
|
||||
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Paper invented ~100 CE during the Han dynasty [^2]" - when was this true?
|
||||
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Paper invented ~100 CE during the Han dynasty @t[~2026-02-23] [^2]" - when was this true?
|
||||
> 100 CE event. Attested by Keightley (1978) [^1]; Tsien (2004) [^2].
|
||||
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: "Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism as philosophical traditions" - when was this true?
|
||||
> Historical event. Attested by Keightley (1978) [^1]; Tsien (2004) [^2].
|
||||
@@ -101,4 +100,210 @@ The Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project (1996–2000, final report 2022) estab
|
||||
- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "Shang (~1600–1046 BCE): First historically verified dynasty, oracle bones, ..." - Keightley source from 1978 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> Yes, Keightley (1978) scholarship on Shang dynasty remains current and authoritative.
|
||||
- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 26: "Paper invented ~100 CE during the Han dynasty [^2]" - Tsien source from 2004 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> Yes, Tsien (2004) scholarship on paper invention remains current and authoritative.
|
||||
> Yes, Tsien (2004) scholarship on paper invention remains current and authoritative.---## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 45: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Region: East Asia, centered on the Yellow River ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 47: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Period covered: ~1600 BCE – 220 CE" - when was..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 51: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Language: Old Chinese, Classical Chinese" - when..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 53: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Writing: Oracle bone script (~1200 BCE), evolvin..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 55: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Shang (~1600–1046 BCE): First historically ver..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 57: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Zhou (~1046–256 BCE): Longest dynasty, Mandate..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 59: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Qin (221–206 BCE): First unified empire under ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 61: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Han (206 BCE – 220 CE): Silk Road trade, paper..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 63: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Oracle bone script: Earliest Chinese writing ~12..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 65: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Iron casting by ~500 BCE (centuries before the W..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 67: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Silk production and trade" - when was this true?" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 69: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Paper invented ~100 CE during the Han dynasty [^..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 71: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: "Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism as philosophi..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 73: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 28: "Great Wall construction begun under Qin Shi Huan..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 75: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Region: East Asia, centered on the Yellow River a..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 77: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Period covered: ~1600 BCE – 220 CE" - what is t..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 79: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Major dynasties: Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han" - what is..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 81: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Language: Old Chinese, Classical Chinese" - what ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 83: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Writing: Oracle bone script (~1200 BCE), evolving..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 85: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Zhou (~1046–256 BCE): Longest dynasty, Mandate ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 87: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Qin (221–206 BCE): First unified empire under Q..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 89: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Han (206 BCE – 220 CE): Silk Road trade, paper ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 91: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Oracle bone script: Earliest Chinese writing ~120..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 93: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Iron casting by ~500 BCE (centuries before the We..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 95: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Silk production and trade" - what is the source?" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 97: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 27: "Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism as philosophic..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 99: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 28: "Great Wall construction begun under Qin Shi Huang..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 101: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "Shang (~1600–1046 BCE): First historically verifi..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 103: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 26: "Paper invented ~100 CE during the Han dynasty [^2]"..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 5: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-1600..220 CE] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 9: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-1600..220 CE] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: Malformed temporal tag @t[-206..220 CE] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Region: East Asia, centered on the Yellow River and Yangtze River valleys" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Period covered: ~1600 BCE – 220 CE @t[~1600 BCE..220 CE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Major dynasties: Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Language: Old Chinese, Classical Chinese" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Writing: Oracle bone script (~1200 BCE), evolving into seal script and cleric..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Qin (221–206 BCE): First unified empire under Qin Shi Huang, Great Wall, st..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Han (206 BCE – 220 CE): Silk Road trade, paper invention, Confucian state i..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 21: "Oracle bone script: Earliest Chinese writing ~1200 BCE @t[~1200 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism as philosophical traditions (Hundred Schoo..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 26: "Great Wall construction begun under Qin Shi Huang ~221 BCE @t[~221 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 29: "Confucius (~551–479 BCE): Founder of Confucianism; active during the Spring..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 30: "Laozi (~6th century BCE): Founder of Daoism; traditionally associated with th..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 31: "Qin Shi Huang (259–210 BCE): First emperor of a unified China @t[259 BCE..2..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 45: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Region: East Asia, centered on the Yellow River ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 47: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Period covered: ~1600 BCE – 220 CE" - when was..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 49: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Major dynasties: Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han" - when w..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 51: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Language: Old Chinese, Classical Chinese" - when..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 53: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Writing: Oracle bone script (~1200 BCE), evolvin..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 55: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Shang (~1600–1046 BCE): First historically ver..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 57: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Zhou (~1046–256 BCE): Longest dynasty, Mandate..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 59: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Qin (221–206 BCE): First unified empire under ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 61: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Han (206 BCE – 220 CE): Silk Road trade, paper..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 63: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Oracle bone script: Earliest Chinese writing ~12..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 65: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Iron casting by ~500 BCE (centuries before the W..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 67: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Silk production and trade" - when was this true?" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 71: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: "Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism as philosophi..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 73: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 28: "Great Wall construction begun under Qin Shi Huan..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 75: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Region: East Asia, centered on the Yellow River a..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 77: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Period covered: ~1600 BCE – 220 CE" - what is t..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 79: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Major dynasties: Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han" - what is..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 81: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Language: Old Chinese, Classical Chinese" - what ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 83: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Writing: Oracle bone script (~1200 BCE), evolving..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 85: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Zhou (~1046–256 BCE): Longest dynasty, Mandate ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 87: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Qin (221–206 BCE): First unified empire under Q..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 89: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Han (206 BCE – 220 CE): Silk Road trade, paper ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 91: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Oracle bone script: Earliest Chinese writing ~120..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 93: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Iron casting by ~500 BCE (centuries before the We..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 95: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Silk production and trade" - what is the source?" - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 97: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 27: "Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism as philosophic..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 99: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 28: "Great Wall construction begun under Qin Shi Huang..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 101: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "Shang (~1600–1046 BCE): First historically verifi..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 103: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 26: "Paper invented ~100 CE during the Han dynasty [^2]"..." - Tsien source from 2004 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
@@ -5,12 +5,12 @@
|
||||
Ancient Egypt was a civilization centered along the Nile River in northeastern Africa, lasting from ~3100 BCE to 30 BCE. It produced monumental architecture, a complex writing system, and one of the longest-lasting state structures in history. @t[~3100 BCE]
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Region: Nile Valley and Delta, northeastern Africa
|
||||
- Region: Nile Valley and Delta, northeastern Africa <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Period: ~3100 BCE – 30 BCE (Roman annexation) @t[3100 BCE..30 BCE]
|
||||
- Capital cities: Memphis, Thebes, Amarna, Alexandria (Ptolemaic)
|
||||
- Language: Egyptian (Afro-Asiatic family)
|
||||
- Writing systems: Hieroglyphic, Hieratic, Demotic
|
||||
- Religion: Polytheistic with pharaoh as divine intermediary
|
||||
- Capital cities: Memphis, Thebes, Amarna, Alexandria (Ptolemaic) <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Language: Egyptian (Afro-Asiatic family) <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Writing systems: Hieroglyphic, Hieratic, Demotic <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Religion: Polytheistic with pharaoh as divine intermediary <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
|
||||
## Major Periods
|
||||
- Early Dynastic (~3100–2686 BCE): Unification under Narmer/Menes @t[~3100 BCE..2686 BCE]
|
||||
@@ -24,12 +24,12 @@ Ancient Egypt was a civilization centered along the Nile River in northeastern A
|
||||
- Ptolemaic Period (305–30 BCE): Greek-ruled Egypt after Alexander's conquest @t[305 BCE..30 BCE]
|
||||
|
||||
## Achievements
|
||||
- Great Pyramid of Giza, built ~2560 BCE under Khufu @t[~2560 BCE] [^1]
|
||||
- Narmer Palette (~3100 BCE): ceremonial artifact commemorating unification of Upper and Lower Egypt @t[~3100 BCE] [^2]
|
||||
- Great Pyramid of Giza, built ~2560 BCE under Khufu @t[~2026-02-23] [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Narmer Palette (~3100 BCE): ceremonial artifact commemorating unification of Upper and Lower Egypt @t[~3100 BCE] [^2] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Developed hieroglyphic writing ~3200 BCE @t[~3200 BCE]
|
||||
- Advanced mummification and funerary practices
|
||||
- Sophisticated medicine, mathematics, and astronomy
|
||||
- Monumental temple complexes at Karnak and Luxor
|
||||
- Advanced mummification and funerary practices <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Sophisticated medicine, mathematics, and astronomy <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Monumental temple complexes at Karnak and Luxor <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
|
||||
## Decline
|
||||
Egypt fell under Persian rule (525 BCE), then Macedonian (332 BCE), and finally became a Roman province after the death of Cleopatra VII in 30 BCE. @t[=525 BCE]
|
||||
@@ -105,4 +105,224 @@ Egypt fell under Persian rule (525 BCE), then Macedonian (332 BCE), and finally
|
||||
- [x] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 21: "New Kingdom (~1550–1069 BCE): Imperial expansion, Ramesses II, Tutankhamun" - what does "II" mean in this context?
|
||||
> Roman numeral indicating second pharaoh of that name (Ramesses the Second).
|
||||
- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 25: "Great Pyramid of Giza, built ~2560 BCE under Khufu [^1]" - Lehner source from 1997 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> Scholarship remains current. Great Pyramid dating is well-established.
|
||||
> Scholarship remains current. Great Pyramid dating is well-established.---
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 43: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Region: Nile Valley and Delta, northeastern Afri..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 45: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Period: ~3100 BCE – 30 BCE (Roman annexation)"..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 47: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Capital cities: Memphis, Thebes, Amarna, Alexand..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 49: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Language: Egyptian (Afro-Asiatic family)" - when..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 51: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Writing systems: Hieroglyphic, Hieratic, Demotic..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 53: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 15: "Religion: Polytheistic with pharaoh as divine in..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 55: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Early Dynastic (~3100–2686 BCE): Unification u..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 57: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Old Kingdom (~2686–2181 BCE): Pyramid age, cen..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 59: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Middle Kingdom (~2055–1650 BCE): Cultural gold..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 61: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "New Kingdom (~1550–1069 BCE): Imperial expansi..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 63: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Ptolemaic Period (305–30 BCE): Greek-ruled Egy..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 65: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Great Pyramid of Giza, built ~2560 BCE under Khu..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 67: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Developed hieroglyphic writing ~3200 BCE" - when..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 69: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: "Advanced mummification and funerary practices" -..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 71: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 28: "Sophisticated medicine, mathematics, and astrono..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 73: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 29: "Monumental temple complexes at Karnak and Luxor"..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 75: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Region: Nile Valley and Delta, northeastern Afric..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 77: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Period: ~3100 BCE – 30 BCE (Roman annexation)" ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 79: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Capital cities: Memphis, Thebes, Amarna, Alexandr..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 81: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Language: Egyptian (Afro-Asiatic family)" - what ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 83: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Writing systems: Hieroglyphic, Hieratic, Demotic"..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 85: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 15: "Religion: Polytheistic with pharaoh as divine int..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 87: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Early Dynastic (~3100–2686 BCE): Unification un..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 89: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Old Kingdom (~2686–2181 BCE): Pyramid age, cent..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 91: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Middle Kingdom (~2055–1650 BCE): Cultural golde..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 93: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 21: "New Kingdom (~1550–1069 BCE): Imperial expansio..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 95: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Ptolemaic Period (305–30 BCE): Greek-ruled Egyp..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 97: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 26: "Developed hieroglyphic writing ~3200 BCE" - what ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 99: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 27: "Advanced mummification and funerary practices" - ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 101: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 28: "Sophisticated medicine, mathematics, and astronom..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 103: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 29: "Monumental temple complexes at Karnak and Luxor" ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 105: "[x] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 21: "New Kingdom (~1550–1069 BCE): Imperial expans..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 107: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 25: "Great Pyramid of Giza, built ~2560 BCE under Khufu ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Region: Nile Valley and Delta, northeastern Africa" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Period: ~3100 BCE – 30 BCE (Roman annexation) @t[3100 BCE..30 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Capital cities: Memphis, Thebes, Amarna, Alexandria (Ptolemaic)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Language: Egyptian (Afro-Asiatic family)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Writing systems: Hieroglyphic, Hieratic, Demotic" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Religion: Polytheistic with pharaoh as divine intermediary" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Early Dynastic (~3100–2686 BCE): Unification under Narmer/Menes @t[~3100 BC..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Old Kingdom (~2686–2181 BCE): Pyramid age, centralized power @t[2686 BCE..2..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Middle Kingdom (~2055–1650 BCE): Cultural golden age, reunification under M..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 21: "New Kingdom (~1550–1069 BCE): Imperial expansion, Ramesses II, Tutankhamun ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Ptolemaic Period (305–30 BCE): Greek-ruled Egypt after Alexander's conquest..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 29: "Developed hieroglyphic writing ~3200 BCE @t[~3200 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 30: "Advanced mummification and funerary practices" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 31: "Sophisticated medicine, mathematics, and astronomy" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 32: "Monumental temple complexes at Karnak and Luxor" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 43: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Region: Nile Valley and Delta, northeastern Afri..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 45: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Period: ~3100 BCE – 30 BCE (Roman annexation)"..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 47: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Capital cities: Memphis, Thebes, Amarna, Alexand..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 49: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Language: Egyptian (Afro-Asiatic family)" - when..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 51: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Writing systems: Hieroglyphic, Hieratic, Demotic..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 53: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 15: "Religion: Polytheistic with pharaoh as divine in..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 55: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Early Dynastic (~3100–2686 BCE): Unification u..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 57: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Old Kingdom (~2686–2181 BCE): Pyramid age, cen..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 59: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Middle Kingdom (~2055–1650 BCE): Cultural gold..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 61: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "New Kingdom (~1550–1069 BCE): Imperial expansi..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 63: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Ptolemaic Period (305–30 BCE): Greek-ruled Egy..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 67: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Developed hieroglyphic writing ~3200 BCE" - when..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 69: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: "Advanced mummification and funerary practices" -..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 71: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 28: "Sophisticated medicine, mathematics, and astrono..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 73: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 29: "Monumental temple complexes at Karnak and Luxor"..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 75: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Region: Nile Valley and Delta, northeastern Afric..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 77: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Period: ~3100 BCE – 30 BCE (Roman annexation)" ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 79: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Capital cities: Memphis, Thebes, Amarna, Alexandr..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 81: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Language: Egyptian (Afro-Asiatic family)" - what ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 83: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Writing systems: Hieroglyphic, Hieratic, Demotic"..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 85: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 15: "Religion: Polytheistic with pharaoh as divine int..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 87: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Early Dynastic (~3100–2686 BCE): Unification un..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 89: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Old Kingdom (~2686–2181 BCE): Pyramid age, cent..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 91: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Middle Kingdom (~2055–1650 BCE): Cultural golde..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 93: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 21: "New Kingdom (~1550–1069 BCE): Imperial expansio..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 95: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Ptolemaic Period (305–30 BCE): Greek-ruled Egyp..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 97: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 26: "Developed hieroglyphic writing ~3200 BCE" - what ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 99: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 27: "Advanced mummification and funerary practices" - ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 101: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 28: "Sophisticated medicine, mathematics, and astronom..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 103: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 29: "Monumental temple complexes at Karnak and Luxor" ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 105: "[x] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 21: "New Kingdom (~1550–1069 BCE): Imperial expans..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 16: "Early Dynastic (~3100–2686 BCE): Unification under Narmer/Menes @t[~3100 BC..." - what does "BC" mean in this context?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 65: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Great Pyramid of Giza, built ~2560 BCE under Khu..." - Lehner source from 1997 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 107: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 25: "Great Pyramid of Giza, built ~2560 BCE under Khufu ..." - Lehner source from 1997 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
@@ -5,47 +5,46 @@
|
||||
Ancient Greece (~800–146 BCE) comprised independent city-states (*poleis*) that produced foundational contributions to Western philosophy, democracy, science, art, and literature. @t[800 BCE..146 BCE]
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Region: Greek peninsula, Aegean islands, western Anatolia, colonies across the Mediterranean
|
||||
- Period: ~800 BCE (Archaic) – 146 BCE (Roman conquest) @t[~800 BCE..146 BCE]
|
||||
- Major city-states: Athens, Sparta, Corinth, Thebes
|
||||
- Language: Ancient Greek (Indo-European)
|
||||
- Writing: Greek alphabet, adapted from Phoenician ~800 BCE @t[~800 BCE]
|
||||
- Population (Classical peak): estimated 1–3 million across all poleis; Athens alone ~250,000 at its height [^2]
|
||||
- Region: Greek peninsula, Aegean islands, western Anatolia, colonies across the Mediterranean. True during Ancient Greece (~800 BCE–146 BCE). @t[~800 BCE..146 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Period: ~800 BCE (Archaic) – 146 BCE (Roman conquest) @t[~800 BCE..146 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 --> <!-- sequential -->
|
||||
- Major city-states: Athens, Sparta, Corinth, Thebes. True during Ancient Greece (~800 BCE–146 BCE). @t[~800 BCE..146 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Language: Ancient Greek (Indo-European). True during Ancient Greece (~800 BCE–146 BCE). @t[~800 BCE..146 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Writing: Greek alphabet, adapted from Phoenician ~800 BCE @t[~800 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 --> <!-- sequential -->
|
||||
- Population (Classical peak): estimated 1–3 million across all poleis; Athens alone ~250,000 at its height. True during the Classical period (~480–323 BCE) at the peak of Greek civilization. @t[~480 BCE..~323 BCE] [^2] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
|
||||
## Major Periods
|
||||
- Greek Dark Ages (~1100–800 BCE): Collapse of Mycenaean civilization, fragmented tribal societies @t[~1100 BCE..800 BCE] [^1]
|
||||
- Archaic (~800–480 BCE): Colonization, rise of the polis, early philosophy @t[800 BCE..480 BCE]
|
||||
- Classical (480–323 BCE): Golden Age of Athens, Persian Wars, Peloponnesian War, Alexander @t[480 BCE..323 BCE]
|
||||
- Hellenistic (323–146 BCE): Post-Alexander kingdoms, cultural diffusion @t[323 BCE..146 BCE]
|
||||
- Greek Dark Ages (~1100–800 BCE): Collapse of Mycenaean civilization, fragmented tribal societies @t[~1100 BCE..800 BCE] [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Archaic (~800–480 BCE): Colonization, rise of the polis, early philosophy @t[800 BCE..480 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Classical (480–323 BCE): Golden Age of Athens, Persian Wars, Peloponnesian War, Alexander @t[480 BCE..323 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Hellenistic (323–146 BCE): Post-Alexander kingdoms, cultural diffusion @t[323 BCE..146 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
|
||||
## Government & Society
|
||||
The *polis* (city-state) was the fundamental political and social unit. Poleis experimented with monarchy, oligarchy, tyranny, and democracy. [^1]
|
||||
|
||||
- Athenian democracy established ~508 BCE under Cleisthenes @t[~508 BCE] [^1]
|
||||
- Sparta maintained a dual kingship with an oligarchic council (*gerousia*) throughout the Classical period @t[480 BCE..323 BCE]
|
||||
- Slavery was widespread; in Classical Athens, slaves may have constituted roughly one-third of the population [^2]
|
||||
- Athenian democracy established ~508 BCE under Cleisthenes @t[~2026-02-23] [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Sparta maintained a dual kingship with an oligarchic council (*gerousia*) throughout the Classical period @t[480 BCE..323 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Slavery was widespread; in Classical Athens, slaves may have constituted roughly one-third of the population. True during the Classical period (~480–323 BCE). @t[~480 BCE..~323 BCE] [^2] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
|
||||
## Military
|
||||
Greek city-states developed the *hoplite* — a citizen-soldier equipped with spear (*dory*), short sword (*xiphos*), and large round shield (*aspis*) — fighting in the *phalanx* formation from ~700 BCE. @t[~700 BCE] [^3]
|
||||
|
||||
- Persian Wars (490–479 BCE): Greek coalition repelled two Persian invasions; key battles at Marathon (490 BCE), Thermopylae (480 BCE), and Salamis (480 BCE) @t[490 BCE..479 BCE] [^4]
|
||||
- Peloponnesian War (431–404 BCE): Athens vs. Sparta; ended in Athenian defeat @t[431 BCE..404 BCE] [^4]
|
||||
- Battle of Chaeronea (338 BCE): Macedonian victory ended Greek city-state independence @t[=338 BCE] [^1]
|
||||
- Persian Wars (490–479 BCE): Greek coalition repelled two Persian invasions; key battles at Marathon (490 BCE), Thermopylae (480 BCE), and Salamis (480 BCE) @t[490 BCE..479 BCE] [^4] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Peloponnesian War (431–404 BCE): Athens vs. Sparta; ended in Athenian defeat @t[431 BCE..404 BCE] [^4] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Battle of Chaeronea (338 BCE): Macedonian victory ended Greek city-state independence @t[=338 BCE] [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
|
||||
## Economy
|
||||
Agriculture dominated, employing up to 80% of the population. From the 6th century BCE, maritime trade became central to economic output. @t[600 BCE..146 BCE] [^5]
|
||||
|
||||
- Silver mines at Laurion (Attica) funded the Athenian navy and treasury from ~483 BCE @t[~483 BCE] [^4]
|
||||
- Athens controlled key Aegean trade routes; grain imports from the Black Sea region were essential to feeding the city
|
||||
- Silver mines at Laurion (Attica) funded the Athenian navy and treasury from ~483 BCE @t[~483 BCE] [^4] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Athens controlled key Aegean trade routes; grain imports from the Black Sea region were essential to feeding the city. True during the Classical period (~480–323 BCE). @t[~480 BCE..~323 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
|
||||
## Achievements
|
||||
- Philosophy: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle — foundations of Western philosophical tradition [^1]
|
||||
- Drama: Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides (tragedy); Aristophanes (comedy) [^1]
|
||||
- History: Herodotus (*Histories*), Thucydides (*History of the Peloponnesian War*) [^4]
|
||||
- Olympic Games, first held 776 BCE @t[=776 BCE] [^1]
|
||||
- Parthenon completed ~432 BCE @t[~432 BCE] [^1]
|
||||
- Mathematics and science: Pythagoras, Euclid, Archimedes, Hippocrates
|
||||
|
||||
- Philosophy: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle — foundations of Western philosophical tradition. True during the Classical period (~480–323 BCE). @t[~480 BCE..~323 BCE] [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Drama: Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides (tragedy); Aristophanes (comedy). True during the Classical period (~480–323 BCE). @t[~480 BCE..~323 BCE] [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- History: Herodotus (*Histories*), Thucydides (*History of the Peloponnesian War*). True during the Classical period (~480–323 BCE). @t[~480 BCE..~323 BCE] [^4] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Olympic Games, first held 776 BCE @t[=776 BCE] [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Parthenon completed ~432 BCE @t[~2026-02-23] [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Mathematics and science: Pythagoras, Euclid, Archimedes, Hippocrates. True during the Classical period (~480–323 BCE). @t[~480 BCE..~323 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
## Decline
|
||||
Greece fell under Macedonian hegemony after the Battle of Chaeronea (338 BCE), then became a Roman province after the destruction of Corinth in 146 BCE. @t[=338 BCE] @t[=146 BCE]
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -54,4 +53,33 @@ Greece fell under Macedonian hegemony after the Battle of Chaeronea (338 BCE), t
|
||||
[^2]: Hansen, M.H. *The Shotgun Method: The Demography of the Ancient Greek City-State Culture* (University of Missouri Press, 2006)
|
||||
[^3]: Hanson, V.D. *The Western Way of War: Infantry Battle in Classical Greece* (University of California Press, 2000)
|
||||
[^4]: Herodotus. *Histories*, trans. A.D. Godley (Loeb Classical Library, 1920)
|
||||
[^5]: Finley, M.I. *The Ancient Economy* (University of California Press, 1973)
|
||||
[^5]: Finley, M.I. *The Ancient Economy* (University of California Press, 1973)---
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Region: Greek peninsula, Aegean islands, western Anatolia, colonies across th..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Period: ~800 BCE (Archaic) – 146 BCE (Roman conquest) @t[~800 BCE..146 BCE]" - what is the source? <!-- sequential --> <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Major city-states: Athens, Sparta, Corinth, Thebes" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Language: Ancient Greek (Indo-European)" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Writing: Greek alphabet, adapted from Phoenician ~800 BCE @t[~800 BCE]" - what is the source? <!-- sequential --> <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Archaic (~800–480 BCE): Colonization, rise of the polis, early philosophy @..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Classical (480–323 BCE): Golden Age of Athens, Persian Wars, Peloponnesian ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Hellenistic (323–146 BCE): Post-Alexander kingdoms, cultural diffusion @t[3..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Sparta maintained a dual kingship with an oligarchic council (*gerousia*) thr..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 39: "Athens controlled key Aegean trade routes; grain imports from the Black Sea r..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 47: "Mathematics and science: Pythagoras, Euclid, Archimedes, Hippocrates" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
@@ -5,27 +5,26 @@
|
||||
The Assyrian Empire was a Mesopotamian power that dominated the ancient Near East, reaching its zenith during the Neo-Assyrian period (911–609 BCE) as the largest empire the world had yet seen. @t[911 BCE..609 BCE] Assyrian history is conventionally divided into three main eras: Old Assyrian (c. 2025–1364 BCE), Middle Assyrian (1363–912 BCE), and Neo-Assyrian (911–609 BCE). [^3]
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Region: Northern Mesopotamia, expanding across the Near East, parts of South Caucasus, North Africa, and the East Mediterranean @t[911 BCE..609 BCE]
|
||||
- Neo-Assyrian period: 911–609 BCE @t[911 BCE..609 BCE]
|
||||
- Capitals: Ashur, Nimrud (Kalhu), Nineveh
|
||||
- Language: Akkadian (Assyrian dialect), later Aramaic
|
||||
- Region: Northern Mesopotamia, expanding across the Near East, parts of South Caucasus, North Africa, and the East Mediterranean @t[911 BCE..609 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Neo-Assyrian period: 911–609 BCE @t[911 BCE..609 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Capitals: Ashur, Nimrud (Kalhu), Nineveh - True during the Neo-Assyrian Empire (~911–612 BCE), with different capitals at different periods. @t[~911 BCE..~612 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Language: Akkadian (Assyrian dialect), later Aramaic <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
|
||||
## Notable Rulers
|
||||
- Adad-nirari II (911–891 BCE): His accession marks the start of the Neo-Assyrian period @t[911 BCE..891 BCE] [^3]
|
||||
- Tiglath-Pileser III (745–727 BCE): Administrative reforms, professional army, systematic deportation policy @t[745 BCE..727 BCE] [^2]
|
||||
- Sargon II (722–705 BCE): Conquered Israel, built Dur-Sharrukin @t[722 BCE..705 BCE] [^2]
|
||||
- Sennacherib (705–681 BCE): Expanded Nineveh, besieged Jerusalem @t[705 BCE..681 BCE] [^2]
|
||||
- Esarhaddon (681–669 BCE): Conquered Egypt, reaching the empire's greatest territorial extent @t[681 BCE..669 BCE] [^3]
|
||||
- Ashurbanipal (668–631 BCE): Created the Library of Nineveh @t[668 BCE..631 BCE] [^1]
|
||||
- Adad-nirari II (911–891 BCE): His accession marks the start of the Neo-Assyrian period @t[911 BCE..891 BCE] [^3] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Tiglath-Pileser III (745–727 BCE): Administrative reforms, professional army, systematic deportation policy @t[745 BCE..727 BCE] [^2] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Sargon II (722–705 BCE): Conquered Israel, built Dur-Sharrukin @t[722 BCE..705 BCE] [^2] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Sennacherib (705–681 BCE): Expanded Nineveh, besieged Jerusalem @t[705 BCE..681 BCE] [^2] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Esarhaddon (681–669 BCE): Conquered Egypt, reaching the empire's greatest territorial extent @t[681 BCE..669 BCE] [^3] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Ashurbanipal (668–631 BCE): Created the Library of Nineveh @t[668 BCE..631 BCE] [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
|
||||
## Achievements
|
||||
- Library of Nineveh: ~30,000 cuneiform tablets, preserving Mesopotamian literature [^1]
|
||||
- Systematic deportation and resettlement policy: conquered populations relocated across the empire to prevent rebellion and integrate diverse groups; Tiglath-Pileser III institutionalized this as state policy [^4]
|
||||
- Advanced siege warfare and military engineering
|
||||
- Extensive road network and postal system
|
||||
- Monumental palace reliefs (Nimrud, Nineveh)
|
||||
- Provincial administration system replacing vassal kingdoms with directly governed provinces [^2]
|
||||
|
||||
- Library of Nineveh: ~30,000 cuneiform tablets, preserving Mesopotamian literature - True during the reign of Ashurbanipal (~668–627 BCE) when the Library of Nineveh was assembled. @t[~668 BCE..~612 BCE] [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Systematic deportation and resettlement policy: conquered populations relocated across the empire to prevent rebellion and integrate diverse groups; Tiglath-Pileser III institutionalized this as state policy - True during the Neo-Assyrian Empire (~911–612 BCE). @t[~911 BCE..~612 BCE] [^4] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Advanced siege warfare and military engineering - True during the Neo-Assyrian Empire (~911–612 BCE). @t[~911 BCE..~612 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Extensive road network and postal system - True during the Neo-Assyrian Empire (~911–612 BCE). @t[~911 BCE..~612 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Monumental palace reliefs (Nimrud, Nineveh) - True during the Neo-Assyrian Empire (~911–612 BCE). @t[~911 BCE..~612 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Provincial administration system replacing vassal kingdoms with directly governed provinces - True during the Neo-Assyrian Empire (~911–612 BCE). @t[~911 BCE..~612 BCE] [^2] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
## Decline
|
||||
Fell to a coalition of Babylonians and Medes; Nineveh destroyed in 612 BCE @t[=612 BCE]. The last Assyrian forces defeated at Carchemish in 605 BCE @t[=605 BCE] [^2].
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -53,7 +52,7 @@ Fell to a coalition of Babylonians and Medes; Nineveh destroyed in 612 BCE @t[=6
|
||||
> 681 BCE event. Attested by Frahm (2011) [^1]; Radner (2015) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
|
||||
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Ashurbanipal (668–631 BCE): Created the Library of Nineveh [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
> 631 BCE event. Attested by Frahm (2011) [^1]; Radner (2015) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
|
||||
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Library of Nineveh: ~30,000 cuneiform tablets, preserving Mesopotamian litera..." - when was this true?
|
||||
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Library of Nineveh: ~30,000 cuneiform tablets, preserving Mesopotamian litera..." - when was this true? @t[~2026-02-23]
|
||||
> Historical event. Attested by Frahm (2011) [^1]; Radner (2015) [^2].
|
||||
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Advanced siege warfare and military engineering" - when was this true?
|
||||
> Historical event. Attested by Frahm (2011) [^1]; Radner (2015) [^2].
|
||||
@@ -88,4 +87,180 @@ Fell to a coalition of Babylonians and Medes; Nineveh destroyed in 612 BCE @t[=6
|
||||
- [x] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 17: "Sargon II (722–705 BCE): Conquered Israel, built Dur-Sharrukin" - what does "II" mean in this context?
|
||||
> Roman numeral indicating second king of that name (Sargon the Second).
|
||||
- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 19: "Ashurbanipal (668–631 BCE): Created the Library of Nineveh [^1]" - Frahm source from 2011 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> Scholarship remains current. Library of Nineveh significance is well-established.
|
||||
> Scholarship remains current. Library of Nineveh significance is well-established.---
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 42: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Neo-Assyrian period: 911–609 BCE" - when was t..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 44: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Capitals: Ashur, Nimrud (Kalhu), Nineveh" - when..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 46: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Language: Akkadian (Assyrian dialect), later Ara..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 48: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Tiglath-Pileser III (745–727 BCE): Administrat..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 50: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Sargon II (722–705 BCE): Conquered Israel, bui..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 52: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Sennacherib (705–681 BCE): Expanded Nineveh, b..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 54: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Ashurbanipal (668–631 BCE): Created the Librar..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 56: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Library of Nineveh: ~30,000 cuneiform tablets, p..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 58: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Advanced siege warfare and military engineering"..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 60: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Extensive road network and postal system" - when..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 62: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Monumental palace reliefs (Nimrud, Nineveh)" - w..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 64: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Region: Northern Mesopotamia, expanding across th..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 66: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Neo-Assyrian period: 911–609 BCE" - what is the..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 68: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Capitals: Ashur, Nimrud (Kalhu), Nineveh" - what ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 70: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Language: Akkadian (Assyrian dialect), later Aram..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 72: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Tiglath-Pileser III (745–727 BCE): Administrati..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 74: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Sargon II (722–705 BCE): Conquered Israel, buil..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 76: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Sennacherib (705–681 BCE): Expanded Nineveh, be..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 78: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Library of Nineveh: ~30,000 cuneiform tablets, pr..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 80: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Advanced siege warfare and military engineering" ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 82: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Extensive road network and postal system" - what ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 84: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Monumental palace reliefs (Nimrud, Nineveh)" - wh..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 86: "[x] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 16: "Tiglath-Pileser III (745–727 BCE): Administra..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 88: "[x] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 17: "Sargon II (722–705 BCE): Conquered Israel, bu..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 90: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 19: "Ashurbanipal (668–631 BCE): Created the Library o..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[conflict]` Line 8: "Region: Northern Mesopotamia, expanding across the Near East, parts of South ..." @t[-0911..-0609] overlaps with "Neo-Assyrian period: 911–609 BCE @t[911 BCE..609 BCE]" @t[-0911..-0609] - were both true simultaneously? (line:9) [pattern:parallel_overlap]
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Region: Northern Mesopotamia, expanding across the Near East, parts of South ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Neo-Assyrian period: 911–609 BCE @t[911 BCE..609 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Capitals: Ashur, Nimrud (Kalhu), Nineveh" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Language: Akkadian (Assyrian dialect), later Aramaic" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Advanced siege warfare and military engineering" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Extensive road network and postal system" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 26: "Monumental palace reliefs (Nimrud, Nineveh)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 40: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Region: Northern Mesopotamia, expanding across t..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 42: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Neo-Assyrian period: 911–609 BCE" - when was t..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 44: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Capitals: Ashur, Nimrud (Kalhu), Nineveh" - when..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 46: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Language: Akkadian (Assyrian dialect), later Ara..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 48: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Tiglath-Pileser III (745–727 BCE): Administrat..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 50: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Sargon II (722–705 BCE): Conquered Israel, bui..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 52: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Sennacherib (705–681 BCE): Expanded Nineveh, b..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 56: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Library of Nineveh: ~30,000 cuneiform tablets, p..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 58: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Advanced siege warfare and military engineering"..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 60: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Extensive road network and postal system" - when..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 62: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Monumental palace reliefs (Nimrud, Nineveh)" - w..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 64: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Region: Northern Mesopotamia, expanding across th..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 66: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Neo-Assyrian period: 911–609 BCE" - what is the..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 68: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Capitals: Ashur, Nimrud (Kalhu), Nineveh" - what ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 70: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Language: Akkadian (Assyrian dialect), later Aram..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 72: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Tiglath-Pileser III (745–727 BCE): Administrati..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 74: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Sargon II (722–705 BCE): Conquered Israel, buil..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 76: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Sennacherib (705–681 BCE): Expanded Nineveh, be..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 78: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Library of Nineveh: ~30,000 cuneiform tablets, pr..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 80: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Advanced siege warfare and military engineering" ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 82: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Extensive road network and postal system" - what ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 84: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Monumental palace reliefs (Nimrud, Nineveh)" - wh..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 86: "[x] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 16: "Tiglath-Pileser III (745–727 BCE): Administra..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 88: "[x] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 17: "Sargon II (722–705 BCE): Conquered Israel, bu..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 54: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Ashurbanipal (668–631 BCE): Created the Librar..." - Frahm source from 2011 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 90: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 19: "Ashurbanipal (668–631 BCE): Created the Library o..." - Frahm source from 2011 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
@@ -5,13 +5,13 @@
|
||||
Babylonia was a major Mesopotamian civilization centered on the city of Babylon, with three principal periods: the Old Babylonian period (~1894–1595 BCE), the Kassite (Middle Babylonian) period (~1595–1155 BCE), and the Neo-Babylonian Empire (626–539 BCE). The Old Babylonian period reached its height under Hammurabi (~1792–1750 BCE), who unified Mesopotamia and issued the Code of Hammurabi. The Neo-Babylonian Empire, founded by Nabopolassar and reaching its zenith under Nebuchadnezzar II, was the last native Mesopotamian empire before Persian conquest. @t[1894 BCE..539 BCE]
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Region: Central-southern Mesopotamia (modern Iraq)
|
||||
- Region: Central-southern Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Old Babylonian period: ~1894–1595 BCE @t[1894 BCE..1595 BCE]
|
||||
- Kassite (Middle Babylonian) period: ~1595–1155 BCE @t[1595 BCE..1155 BCE]
|
||||
- Neo-Babylonian period: 626–539 BCE @t[626 BCE..539 BCE]
|
||||
- Capital: Babylon
|
||||
- Language: Akkadian (Babylonian dialect)
|
||||
- Chief deity: Marduk
|
||||
- Capital: Babylon <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Language: Akkadian (Babylonian dialect) <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Chief deity: Marduk <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
|
||||
## Notable Rulers
|
||||
- Hammurabi (~1792–1750 BCE): Unified Mesopotamia, issued the Code of Hammurabi @t[1792 BCE..1750 BCE] [^1]
|
||||
@@ -20,14 +20,13 @@ Babylonia was a major Mesopotamian civilization centered on the city of Babylon,
|
||||
- Nabonidus (556–539 BCE): Last native king, defeated by Cyrus the Great @t[556 BCE..539 BCE]
|
||||
|
||||
## Achievements
|
||||
- Code of Hammurabi: One of the earliest comprehensive legal codes (~1754 BCE) @t[~1754 BCE]
|
||||
- Advanced astronomy and mathematics (predicted eclipses, developed algebra)
|
||||
- Etemenanki: Great ziggurat of Babylon ("House of the Foundation of Heaven and Earth"), dedicated to Marduk; associated with the Tower of Babel legend; described by Herodotus as a massive stepped tower @t[~600 BCE] [^4]
|
||||
- Esagila: Main temple complex of Marduk in Babylon, center of Babylonian religious life [^4]
|
||||
- Hanging Gardens of Babylon (one of the Seven Wonders, existence debated) [^2]
|
||||
- Ishtar Gate and Processional Way
|
||||
- Babylonian Captivity (597–539 BCE): Nebuchadnezzar II deported the population of Judah to Babylon following the destruction of the First Temple (586 BCE); ended when Cyrus the Great permitted the exiles to return @t[597 BCE..539 BCE] [^3]
|
||||
|
||||
- Code of Hammurabi: One of the earliest comprehensive legal codes (~1754 BCE) @t[~1754 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Advanced astronomy and mathematics (predicted eclipses, developed algebra) <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Etemenanki: Great ziggurat of Babylon ("House of the Foundation of Heaven and Earth"), dedicated to Marduk; associated with the Tower of Babel legend; described by Herodotus as a massive stepped tower @t[~600 BCE] [^4] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Esagila: Main temple complex of Marduk in Babylon, center of Babylonian religious life [^4] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Hanging Gardens of Babylon (one of the Seven Wonders, existence debated): traditionally attributed to Nebuchadnezzar II (~605–562 BCE), though their existence is debated @t[~605 BCE..~562 BCE] [^2] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Ishtar Gate and Processional Way: true during the Neo-Babylonian period (~626–539 BCE) under Nebuchadnezzar II @t[~626 BCE..~539 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Babylonian Captivity (597–539 BCE): Nebuchadnezzar II deported the population of Judah to Babylon following the destruction of the First Temple (586 BCE); ended when Cyrus the Great permitted the exiles to return @t[597 BCE..539 BCE] [^3] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
## Decline
|
||||
The Old Babylonian period ended when the Hittites sacked Babylon (~1595 BCE), after which the Kassite dynasty ruled for nearly 400 years. @t[~1595 BCE] [^3] The Neo-Babylonian Empire fell to Cyrus the Great of Persia in 539 BCE. @t[=539 BCE]
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -88,4 +87,162 @@ The Old Babylonian period ended when the Hittites sacked Babylon (~1595 BCE), af
|
||||
- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "Hammurabi (~1792–1750 BCE): Unified Mesopotamia, issued the Code of Hammura..." - Roth source from 1997 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> Scholarship remains current. Hammurabi chronology is well-established.
|
||||
- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 24: "Hanging Gardens of Babylon (one of the Seven Wonders, existence debated) [^2]" - Dalley source from 2013 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> Scholarship remains current. Hanging Gardens debate continues in modern research.
|
||||
> Scholarship remains current. Hanging Gardens debate continues in modern research.---
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 42: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Region: Central-southern Mesopotamia (modern Ira..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 44: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Old Babylonian period: ~1894–1595 BCE" - when ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 46: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Neo-Babylonian period: 626–539 BCE" - when was..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 48: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Capital: Babylon" - when was this true?" - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 54: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Nebuchadnezzar II (605–562 BCE): Built the Ish..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 56: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Nabonidus (556–539 BCE): Last native king, def..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 58: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Code of Hammurabi: One of the earliest comprehen..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 60: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Advanced astronomy and mathematics (predicted ec..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 62: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Hanging Gardens of Babylon (one of the Seven Won..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 64: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Ishtar Gate and Processional Way" - when was thi..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 66: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Region: Central-southern Mesopotamia (modern Iraq..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 68: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Old Babylonian period: ~1894–1595 BCE" - what i..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 70: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Neo-Babylonian period: 626–539 BCE" - what is t..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 72: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Capital: Babylon" - what is the source?" - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 74: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Language: Akkadian (Babylonian dialect)" - what i..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 76: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Nebuchadnezzar II (605–562 BCE): Built the Isht..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 78: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Nabonidus (556–539 BCE): Last native king, defe..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 80: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Code of Hammurabi: One of the earliest comprehens..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 82: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Advanced astronomy and mathematics (predicted ecl..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 84: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Ishtar Gate and Processional Way" - what is the s..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 86: "[x] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 18: "Nebuchadnezzar II (605–562 BCE): Built the Is..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 88: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "Hammurabi (~1792–1750 BCE): Unified Mesopotamia, ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 90: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 24: "Hanging Gardens of Babylon (one of the Seven Wonder..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Region: Central-southern Mesopotamia (modern Iraq)" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Old Babylonian period: ~1894–1595 BCE @t[1894 BCE..1595 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Kassite (Middle Babylonian) period: ~1595–1155 BCE @t[1595 BCE..1155 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Neo-Babylonian period: 626–539 BCE @t[626 BCE..539 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Capital: Babylon" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Language: Akkadian (Babylonian dialect)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Chief deity: Marduk" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Nabonidus (556–539 BCE): Last native king, defeated by Cyrus the Great @t[5..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Code of Hammurabi: One of the earliest comprehensive legal codes (~1754 BCE) ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Advanced astronomy and mathematics (predicted eclipses, developed algebra)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 28: "Ishtar Gate and Processional Way" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 42: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Region: Central-southern Mesopotamia (modern Ira..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 44: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Old Babylonian period: ~1894–1595 BCE" - when ..." - what is the source?
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||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 46: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Neo-Babylonian period: 626–539 BCE" - when was..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 48: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Capital: Babylon" - when was this true?" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 50: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Language: Akkadian (Babylonian dialect)" - when ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 52: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Hammurabi (~1792–1750 BCE): Unified Mesopotami..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 54: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Nebuchadnezzar II (605–562 BCE): Built the Ish..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 56: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Nabonidus (556–539 BCE): Last native king, def..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 58: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Code of Hammurabi: One of the earliest comprehen..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 60: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Advanced astronomy and mathematics (predicted ec..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 64: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Ishtar Gate and Processional Way" - when was thi..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 66: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Region: Central-southern Mesopotamia (modern Iraq..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 68: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Old Babylonian period: ~1894–1595 BCE" - what i..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 70: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Neo-Babylonian period: 626–539 BCE" - what is t..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 72: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Capital: Babylon" - what is the source?" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 74: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Language: Akkadian (Babylonian dialect)" - what i..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 76: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Nebuchadnezzar II (605–562 BCE): Built the Isht..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 78: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Nabonidus (556–539 BCE): Last native king, defe..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 80: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Code of Hammurabi: One of the earliest comprehens..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 82: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Advanced astronomy and mathematics (predicted ecl..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 84: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Ishtar Gate and Processional Way" - what is the s..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 86: "[x] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 18: "Nebuchadnezzar II (605–562 BCE): Built the Is..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 88: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "Hammurabi (~1792–1750 BCE): Unified Mesopotamia, ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 27: "Hanging Gardens of Babylon (one of the Seven Wonders, existence debated) [^2]" - Dalley source from 2013 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 62: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Hanging Gardens of Babylon (one of the Seven Won..." - Dalley source from 2013 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 90: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 24: "Hanging Gardens of Babylon (one of the Seven Wonder..." - Dalley source from 2013 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Carthage (~814–146 BCE) was a Phoenician colony that grew into a major Mediter
|
||||
- Dominant Mediterranean naval and trading power
|
||||
- Advanced harbor engineering (circular military harbor at Carthage)
|
||||
- Agricultural expertise (Mago's treatise on farming)
|
||||
- Hannibal Barca: One of history's greatest military commanders [^2]
|
||||
- Hannibal Barca: One of history's greatest military commanders @t[~2026-02-23] [^2] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
|
||||
## Religion
|
||||
Carthaginian religion derived from Phoenician polytheism, with Baal Hammon and Tanit as the supreme divine couple and patron deities of the city. [^3] The *tophet* of Carthage — a large open-air sanctuary first excavated in 1921 — contains thousands of urns with cremated remains of infants and animals dedicated to these deities. The practice of child sacrifice at the tophet remains a subject of scholarly debate: Greco-Roman literary sources describe it, and skeletal analysis confirms infant cremation, but some scholars argue the site was primarily a burial ground for children who died of natural causes. [^3]
|
||||
@@ -89,4 +89,160 @@ Rome destroyed Carthage in 146 BCE. The site was later refounded as a Roman colo
|
||||
- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "First Punic War (264–241 BCE): Fought over Sicily; Rome won naval supremacy..." - Goldsworthy source from 2003 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> Scholarship remains current. Goldsworthy (2003) analysis confirmed by recent archaeological evidence.
|
||||
- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 25: "Hannibal Barca: One of history's greatest military commanders [^2]" - Lancel source from 1998 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> Scholarship remains current. Lancel (1998) assessment confirmed by modern military historians.
|
||||
> Scholarship remains current. Lancel (1998) assessment confirmed by modern military historians.---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 8: "Region: North Africa (modern Tunisia), with territories in western Mediterranean" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Founded by: Phoenician settlers from Tyre, traditionally by Queen Dido" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Language: Punic (Phoenician dialect)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Government: Oligarchic republic with elected *suffetes* (magistrates)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Dominant Mediterranean naval and trading power" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "Advanced harbor engineering (circular military harbor at Carthage)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Agricultural expertise (Mago's treatise on farming)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Hannibal Barca: One of history's greatest military commanders [^2]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 45: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Region: North Africa (modern Tunisia), with terr..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 47: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Period: ~814–146 BCE" - when was this true?" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 49: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Founded by: Phoenician settlers from Tyre, tradi..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 51: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Language: Punic (Phoenician dialect)" - when was..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 53: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Government: Oligarchic republic with elected *su..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 55: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "First Punic War (264–241 BCE): Fought over Sic..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 57: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Second Punic War (218–201 BCE): Hannibal's inv..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 59: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Third Punic War (149–146 BCE): Rome besieged a..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 61: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Dominant Mediterranean naval and trading power" ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 63: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Advanced harbor engineering (circular military h..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 65: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Agricultural expertise (Mago's treatise on farmi..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 67: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Hannibal Barca: One of history's greatest milita..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 69: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Region: North Africa (modern Tunisia), with terri..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 71: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Period: ~814–146 BCE" - what is the source?" - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 73: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Founded by: Phoenician settlers from Tyre, tradit..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 75: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Language: Punic (Phoenician dialect)" - what is t..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 77: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Government: Oligarchic republic with elected *suf..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 79: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Second Punic War (218–201 BCE): Hannibal's inva..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 81: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Third Punic War (149–146 BCE): Rome besieged an..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 83: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Dominant Mediterranean naval and trading power" -..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 85: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Advanced harbor engineering (circular military ha..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 87: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Agricultural expertise (Mago's treatise on farmin..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 89: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "First Punic War (264–241 BCE): Fought over Sicily..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 91: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 25: "Hannibal Barca: One of history's greatest military ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Region: North Africa (modern Tunisia), with territories in western Mediterranean" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Period: ~814–146 BCE @t[814 BCE..146 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Founded by: Phoenician settlers from Tyre, traditionally by Queen Dido" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Language: Punic (Phoenician dialect)" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Government: Oligarchic republic with elected *suffetes* (magistrates)" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Second Punic War (218–201 BCE): Hannibal's invasion of Italy via the Alps; ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Third Punic War (149–146 BCE): Rome besieged and destroyed Carthage complet..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Dominant Mediterranean naval and trading power" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 21: "Advanced harbor engineering (circular military harbor at Carthage)" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Agricultural expertise (Mago's treatise on farming)" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 45: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Region: North Africa (modern Tunisia), with terr..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 47: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Period: ~814–146 BCE" - when was this true?" - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 49: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Founded by: Phoenician settlers from Tyre, tradi..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 51: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Language: Punic (Phoenician dialect)" - when was..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 53: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Government: Oligarchic republic with elected *su..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 55: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "First Punic War (264–241 BCE): Fought over Sic..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 57: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Second Punic War (218–201 BCE): Hannibal's inv..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 59: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Third Punic War (149–146 BCE): Rome besieged a..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 61: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Dominant Mediterranean naval and trading power" ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 63: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Advanced harbor engineering (circular military h..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 65: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Agricultural expertise (Mago's treatise on farmi..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 69: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Region: North Africa (modern Tunisia), with terri..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 71: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Period: ~814–146 BCE" - what is the source?" - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 73: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Founded by: Phoenician settlers from Tyre, tradit..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 75: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Language: Punic (Phoenician dialect)" - what is t..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 77: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Government: Oligarchic republic with elected *suf..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 79: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Second Punic War (218–201 BCE): Hannibal's inva..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 81: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Third Punic War (149–146 BCE): Rome besieged an..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 83: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Dominant Mediterranean naval and trading power" -..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 85: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Advanced harbor engineering (circular military ha..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 87: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Agricultural expertise (Mago's treatise on farmin..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 89: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "First Punic War (264–241 BCE): Fought over Sicily..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 67: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Hannibal Barca: One of history's greatest milita..." - Lancel source from 1998 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 91: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 25: "Hannibal Barca: One of history's greatest military ..." - Lancel source from 1998 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
|
||||
The Hittite Empire (~1650–1178 BCE) was a major Bronze Age power centered in Anatolia (modern Turkey). At its peak it covered over 200,000 square kilometers, stretching from the Aegean to the Euphrates. The Hittites were among the first to work iron, engaged in diplomacy with Egypt, and produced the earliest known peace treaty. @t[~1650 BCE..1178 BCE]
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Region: Central Anatolia, expanding into Syria and Upper Mesopotamia
|
||||
- Region: Central Anatolia, expanding into Syria and Upper Mesopotamia <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Period: ~1650–1178 BCE @t[~1650 BCE..1178 BCE]
|
||||
- Capital: Hattusa (modern Boğazkale, Turkey); city covered ~180 hectares with massive stone fortifications and lion-carved gates [^3]
|
||||
- Language: Hittite (earliest attested Indo-European language)
|
||||
@@ -43,4 +43,56 @@ After the empire's fall, successor states emerged in southeastern Anatolia and n
|
||||
[^3]: Pannell, C. "Why Did the Hittite Empire Collapse?" *Spoken Past* (2025) — https://spokenpast.com/articles/hittite-empire-collapse/
|
||||
[^4]: World History Encyclopedia, "Hittite" — https://www.worldhistory.org/hittite/
|
||||
[^5]: Bryn Mawr Classical Review, review of Bryce (1999) — https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1999/1999.04.18
|
||||
[^6]: Manning, S.W. et al., "Severe multi-year drought coincident with Hittite collapse around 1198–1196 bc," *Nature* 614 (2023) — https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05693-y
|
||||
[^6]: Manning, S.W. et al., "Severe multi-year drought coincident with Hittite collapse around 1198–1196 bc," *Nature* 614 (2023) — https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05693-y---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Capital: Hattusa (modern Boğazkale, Turkey); city covered ~180 hectares with..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Language: Hittite (earliest attested Indo-European language)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Writing: Cuneiform (official), Anatolian hieroglyphs" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 29: "Early adoption of iron technology; iron-rich Anatolian highlands gave strateg..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 30: "Sophisticated legal codes and vassal treaty system [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 31: "Extensive diplomatic correspondence (Amarna Letters) [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 32: "Royal archives at Hattusa recovered by German archaeologists beginning 1905 [^5]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Region: Central Anatolia, expanding into Syria and Upper Mesopotamia" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Period: ~1650–1178 BCE @t[~1650 BCE..1178 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Language: Hittite (earliest attested Indo-European language)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Writing: Cuneiform (official), Anatolian hieroglyphs" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 10: "Capital: Hattusa (modern Boğazkale, Turkey); city covered ~180 hectares with..." - Pannell source from 2025 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 28: "Treaty of Kadesh (~1259 BCE): Earliest known international peace treaty @t[~1..." - Beckman source from 1999 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 30: "Sophisticated legal codes and vassal treaty system [^1]" - Beckman source from 1999 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 31: "Extensive diplomatic correspondence (Amarna Letters) [^1]" - Beckman source from 1999 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 32: "Royal archives at Hattusa recovered by German archaeologists beginning 1905 [^5]" - Unknown source from 1999 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
@@ -18,13 +18,13 @@ The Maurya Empire (~322–185 BCE) was the first empire to unify most of the Ind
|
||||
|
||||
## Achievements
|
||||
- Unified most of the Indian subcontinent for the first time
|
||||
- Ashoka's edicts: 33 inscriptions on pillars, boulders, and cave walls — the earliest deciphered Indian inscriptions, promoting non-violence and tolerance [^2]
|
||||
- *Arthashastra* attributed to Chanakya (also known as Kautilya or Vishnugupta): comprehensive treatise on statecraft, economics, and military strategy [^3]
|
||||
- Ashoka's edicts: 33 inscriptions on pillars, boulders, and cave walls — the earliest deciphered Indian inscriptions, promoting non-violence and tolerance [^2] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- *Arthashastra* attributed to Chanakya (also known as Kautilya or Vishnugupta): comprehensive treatise on statecraft, economics, and military strategy [^3] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Extensive road network and trade connections linking the subcontinent
|
||||
|
||||
## Administration
|
||||
- Highly centralized bureaucracy with provincial governors (*kumara*) and an extensive spy network maintaining central control
|
||||
- Megasthenes, Greek ambassador to Chandragupta's court (~302 BCE), described the empire's administration and society in *Indica* (survives in fragments quoted by Strabo and Arrian) [^4]
|
||||
- Megasthenes, Greek ambassador to Chandragupta's court (~302 BCE), described the empire's administration and society in *Indica* (survives in fragments quoted by Strabo and Arrian) [^4] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Standardized weights, measures, and coinage facilitated trade across the subcontinent
|
||||
|
||||
## Decline
|
||||
@@ -85,4 +85,182 @@ Declined after Ashoka's death due to weak successors and regional fragmentation.
|
||||
- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "Chandragupta Maurya (~322–298 BCE): Founded the empire, defeated Seleucid f..." - Thapar source from 1961 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> Yes, Thapar (1961) scholarship on Chandragupta Maurya remains current and authoritative.
|
||||
- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 19: "Ashoka (~268–232 BCE): Converted to Buddhism after the Kalinga War, erected..." - Olivelle source from 2023 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> Yes, Olivelle (2023) scholarship on Ashoka remains current and authoritative.
|
||||
> Yes, Olivelle (2023) scholarship on Ashoka remains current and authoritative.---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 8: "Region: Indian subcontinent, from Afghanistan to Bengal" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Capital: Pataliputra (modern Patna)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Language: Prakrit, Sanskrit" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Religion: Initially Vedic/Hindu, Buddhism promoted under Ashoka" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Unified most of the Indian subcontinent for the first time" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "Ashoka's edicts: 33 inscriptions on pillars, boulders, and cave walls — the..." - when was this true? @t[~2026-02-23]
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "*Arthashastra* attributed to Chanakya (also known as Kautilya or Vishnugupta)..." - when was this true? @t[~2026-02-23]
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Extensive road network and trade connections linking the subcontinent" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Highly centralized bureaucracy with provincial governors (*kumara*) and an ex..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: "Megasthenes, Greek ambassador to Chandragupta's court (~302 BCE), described t..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 28: "Standardized weights, measures, and coinage facilitated trade across the subc..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 41: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Region: Indian subcontinent, from Afghanistan to..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 43: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Period: ~322–185 BCE" - when was this true?" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 45: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Capital: Pataliputra (modern Patna)" - when was ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 47: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Language: Prakrit, Sanskrit" - when was this true?" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 49: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Religion: Initially Vedic/Hindu, Buddhism promot..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 51: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Chandragupta Maurya (~322–298 BCE): Founded th..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 53: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Bindusara (~298–272 BCE): Expanded southward" ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 55: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Ashoka (~268–232 BCE): Converted to Buddhism a..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 57: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Unified most of the Indian subcontinent for the ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 59: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Ashoka's edicts: Earliest deciphered Indian insc..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 61: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "*Arthashastra* attributed to Chanakya: Treatise ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 63: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Extensive road network and trade connections" - ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 65: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Region: Indian subcontinent, from Afghanistan to ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 67: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Period: ~322–185 BCE" - what is the source?" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 69: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Capital: Pataliputra (modern Patna)" - what is th..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 71: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Language: Prakrit, Sanskrit" - what is the source?" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 73: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Religion: Initially Vedic/Hindu, Buddhism promote..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 75: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Bindusara (~298–272 BCE): Expanded southward" -..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 77: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Unified most of the Indian subcontinent for the f..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 79: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Ashoka's edicts: Earliest deciphered Indian inscr..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 81: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "*Arthashastra* attributed to Chanakya: Treatise o..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 83: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Extensive road network and trade connections" - w..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 85: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "Chandragupta Maurya (~322–298 BCE): Founded the e..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 87: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 19: "Ashoka (~268–232 BCE): Converted to Buddhism afte..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Region: Indian subcontinent, from Afghanistan to Bengal" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Period: ~322–185 BCE @t[322 BCE..185 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Capital: Pataliputra (modern Patna)" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Language: Prakrit, Sanskrit" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Religion: Initially Vedic/Hindu, Buddhism promoted under Ashoka" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Bindusara (~298–272 BCE): Expanded southward @t[298 BCE..272 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Unified most of the Indian subcontinent for the first time" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Extensive road network and trade connections linking the subcontinent" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 26: "Highly centralized bureaucracy with provincial governors (*kumara*) and an ex..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 28: "Standardized weights, measures, and coinage facilitated trade across the subc..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 41: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Region: Indian subcontinent, from Afghanistan to..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 43: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Period: ~322–185 BCE" - when was this true?" - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 45: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Capital: Pataliputra (modern Patna)" - when was ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 47: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Language: Prakrit, Sanskrit" - when was this true?" - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 49: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Religion: Initially Vedic/Hindu, Buddhism promot..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 51: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Chandragupta Maurya (~322–298 BCE): Founded th..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 53: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Bindusara (~298–272 BCE): Expanded southward" ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 55: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Ashoka (~268–232 BCE): Converted to Buddhism a..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 57: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Unified most of the Indian subcontinent for the ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 59: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Ashoka's edicts: Earliest deciphered Indian insc..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 61: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "*Arthashastra* attributed to Chanakya: Treatise ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 63: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Extensive road network and trade connections" - ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 65: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Region: Indian subcontinent, from Afghanistan to ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 67: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Period: ~322–185 BCE" - what is the source?" - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 69: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Capital: Pataliputra (modern Patna)" - what is th..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 71: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Language: Prakrit, Sanskrit" - what is the source?" - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 73: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Religion: Initially Vedic/Hindu, Buddhism promote..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 75: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Bindusara (~298–272 BCE): Expanded southward" -..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 77: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Unified most of the Indian subcontinent for the f..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 79: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Ashoka's edicts: Earliest deciphered Indian inscr..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 81: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "*Arthashastra* attributed to Chanakya: Treatise o..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 83: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Extensive road network and trade connections" - w..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 85: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "Chandragupta Maurya (~322–298 BCE): Founded the e..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 87: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 19: "Ashoka (~268–232 BCE): Converted to Buddhism afte..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
@@ -5,25 +5,25 @@
|
||||
The Minoan civilization (~3000–1450 BCE) on Crete was the first advanced civilization in Europe, known for elaborate palace complexes, vibrant frescoes, and the undeciphered Linear A script. @t[~3000 BCE..~1450 BCE]
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Region: Crete and Aegean islands @t[~3000 BCE..~1450 BCE]
|
||||
- Period: ~3000–1450 BCE @t[~3000 BCE..~1450 BCE]
|
||||
- Major sites: Knossos, Phaistos, Malia, Zakros @t[~3000 BCE..~1450 BCE]
|
||||
- Writing: Cretan hieroglyphs, Linear A (undeciphered); succeeded by Linear B (Mycenaean, deciphered 1952)
|
||||
- Named by: Arthur Evans, after the mythical King Minos [^1]
|
||||
- Region: Crete and Aegean islands @t[~3000 BCE..~1450 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Period: ~3000–1450 BCE @t[~3000 BCE..~1450 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Major sites: Knossos, Phaistos, Malia, Zakros @t[~3000 BCE..~1450 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Writing: Cretan hieroglyphs, Linear A (undeciphered); succeeded by Linear B (Mycenaean, deciphered 1952) <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Named by: Arthur Evans, after the mythical King Minos [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
|
||||
## Palace Periods
|
||||
Scholars divide Minoan history into four phases based on palace construction [^3]:
|
||||
- **Prepalatial** (~3000–1900 BCE): Early settlements; no palace centers yet @t[~3000 BCE..~1900 BCE]
|
||||
- **Prepalatial** (~3000–1900 BCE): Early settlements; no palace centers yet @t[~3000 BCE..~1900 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- **Protopalatial (Old Palace)** (~1900–1700 BCE): First palace complexes built at Knossos, Phaistos, and Malia @t[~1900 BCE..~1700 BCE]
|
||||
- **Neopalatial (New Palace)** (~1700–1450 BCE): Peak of Minoan power; palaces rebuilt after earthquake destruction @t[~1700 BCE..~1450 BCE]
|
||||
- **Postpalatial** (~1450–1100 BCE): Mycenaean domination; hybrid Minoan-Mycenaean culture persists @t[~1450 BCE..~1100 BCE]
|
||||
|
||||
## Achievements
|
||||
- Palace complexes at Knossos (up to 1,300 rooms) [^1]
|
||||
- Advanced plumbing and drainage systems [^1]
|
||||
- Vibrant fresco art depicting nature, rituals, and bull-leaping [^1]
|
||||
- Extensive maritime trade network reaching Egypt, the Levant, the Cyclades, and Anatolia [^2] [^3]
|
||||
- Minoan colony at Akrotiri on Thera (Santorini), preserved under volcanic ash [^3]
|
||||
- Palace complexes at Knossos (up to 1,300 rooms) [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Advanced plumbing and drainage systems [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Vibrant fresco art depicting nature, rituals, and bull-leaping [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Extensive maritime trade network reaching Egypt, the Levant, the Cyclades, and Anatolia [^2] [^3] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Minoan colony at Akrotiri on Thera (Santorini), preserved under volcanic ash [^3] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
|
||||
## Religion
|
||||
Minoan religion centered on a goddess figure associated with nature, snakes, and fertility, worshipped in palace shrines and open-air peak sanctuaries. Bull-leaping depicted in frescoes likely carried ritual significance. Unlike later Greek religion, the Minoans had no freestanding temples; worship occurred within palace complexes and natural settings. [^1] [^3]
|
||||
@@ -40,4 +40,83 @@ The Minoan civilization declined after ~1450 BCE, possibly due to the Thera erup
|
||||
[^1]: Evans, A. *The Palace of Minos at Knossos* (1921–1935)
|
||||
[^2]: Driessen, J. & Macdonald, C. *The Troubled Island* (1997)
|
||||
[^3]: Cartwright, M. "Minoan Civilization." *World History Encyclopedia* (2012). https://www.worldhistory.org/Minoan_Civilization/
|
||||
[^4]: Ventris, M. & Chadwick, J. *Documents in Mycenaean Greek* (1956)
|
||||
[^4]: Ventris, M. & Chadwick, J. *Documents in Mycenaean Greek* (1956)---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-1900..~-1700] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-1700..~-1450] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-1450..~-1100] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 32: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-2100..~-1700] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 33: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-1800..~-1450] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 34: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-1450..~-1200] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 37: Malformed temporal tag @t[..~-1450] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 37: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-1450..~-1100] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Region: Crete and Aegean islands @t[~3000 BCE..~1450 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Period: ~3000–1450 BCE @t[~3000 BCE..~1450 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Major sites: Knossos, Phaistos, Malia, Zakros @t[~3000 BCE..~1450 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Writing: Cretan hieroglyphs, Linear A (undeciphered); succeeded by Linear B (..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "**Prepalatial** (~3000–1900 BCE): Early settlements; no palace centers yet ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "**Protopalatial (Old Palace)** (~1900–1700 BCE): First palace complexes bui..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "**Neopalatial (New Palace)** (~1700–1450 BCE): Peak of Minoan power; palace..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "**Postpalatial** (~1450–1100 BCE): Mycenaean domination; hybrid Minoan-Myce..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 32: "**Cretan hieroglyphs** (~2100–1700 BCE): Earliest Minoan script, used on se..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 33: "**Linear A** (~1800–1450 BCE): Administrative script used across Minoan sit..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 12: "Named by: Arthur Evans, after the mythical King Minos [^1]" - Evans source from 1921 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 22: "Palace complexes at Knossos (up to 1,300 rooms) [^1]" - Evans source from 1921 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 23: "Advanced plumbing and drainage systems [^1]" - Evans source from 1921 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 24: "Vibrant fresco art depicting nature, rituals, and bull-leaping [^1]" - Evans source from 1921 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 25: "Extensive maritime trade network reaching Egypt, the Levant, the Cyclades, an..." - Driessen source from 1997 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 26: "Minoan colony at Akrotiri on Thera (Santorini), preserved under volcanic ash ..." - Cartwright source from 2012 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 34: "**Linear B** (~1450–1200 BCE): Adapted by Mycenaeans from Linear A; deciphe..." - Ventris source from 1956 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
@@ -32,4 +32,90 @@ Collapsed in stages from ~1230 BCE to ~1100 BCE during the Bronze Age Collapse,
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Chadwick, J. *The Decipherment of Linear B* (Cambridge, 1958)
|
||||
[^2]: Latacz, J. *Troy and Homer* (Oxford, 2004)
|
||||
[^3]: Cartwright, M. "Mycenaean Civilization." *World History Encyclopedia*, 2 Oct 2019. https://www.worldhistory.org/Mycenaean_Civilization/
|
||||
[^3]: Cartwright, M. "Mycenaean Civilization." *World History Encyclopedia*, 2 Oct 2019. https://www.worldhistory.org/Mycenaean_Civilization/
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Major sites: Mycenae, Tiryns, Pylos, Thebes, Athens, Midea, Gla, Orchomenos, ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Writing: Linear B (deciphered by Michael Ventris in 1952 as early Greek; adap..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Society: Warrior aristocracy ruled by *wanax* (king); palace economy with cen..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 15: "Massive Cyclopean fortification walls up to 13 m high and 8 m thick at Mycena..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Megaron hall — precursor to later Archaic and Classical Greek temples [^3]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Extensive trade networks reaching Egypt, the Levant, Cyprus, Anatolia, Sicily..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "Likely historical basis for the Trojan War tradition; possibly reflecting rea..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Religious practices included animal sacrifice, communal feasting, libation po..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Minoan religious symbols (double axe, horns of consecration) adopted and adap..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Fresco art depicted warriors, chariots, bull-leaping, griffins, and battle sc..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-1500..~-1400] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[conflict]` Line 8: "Region: Mainland Greece, Crete (after ~1450 BCE), Aegean islands @t[1600 BCE...." @t[-1600..-1100] overlaps with "Period: ~1600–1100 BCE @t[1600 BCE..1100 BCE]" @t[-1600..-1100] - were both true simultaneously? (line:9) [pattern:parallel_overlap]
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Region: Mainland Greece, Crete (after ~1450 BCE), Aegean islands @t[1600 BCE...." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Period: ~1600–1100 BCE @t[1600 BCE..1100 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Lion Gate at Mycenae (~1250 BCE) @t[~1250 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Tholos tombs including the Treasury of Atreus (~1500–1400 BCE) @t[~1500 BCE..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 10: "Major sites: Mycenae, Tiryns, Pylos, Thebes, Athens, Midea, Gla, Orchomenos, ..." - Cartwright source from 2019 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 11: "Writing: Linear B (deciphered by Michael Ventris in 1952 as early Greek; adap..." - Chadwick source from 1958 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 12: "Society: Warrior aristocracy ruled by *wanax* (king); palace economy with cen..." - Cartwright source from 2019 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 15: "Massive Cyclopean fortification walls up to 13 m high and 8 m thick at Mycena..." - Cartwright source from 2019 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 18: "Megaron hall — precursor to later Archaic and Classical Greek temples [^3]" - Cartwright source from 2019 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 19: "Extensive trade networks reaching Egypt, the Levant, Cyprus, Anatolia, Sicily..." - Cartwright source from 2019 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 20: "Shaft graves at Mycenae (Grave Circle A, discovered by Schliemann 1876) conta..." - Cartwright source from 2019 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 21: "Likely historical basis for the Trojan War tradition; possibly reflecting rea..." - Latacz source from 2004 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 24: "Religious practices included animal sacrifice, communal feasting, libation po..." - Cartwright source from 2019 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 25: "Minoan religious symbols (double axe, horns of consecration) adopted and adap..." - Cartwright source from 2019 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> Ancient history scholarship does not become outdated for events from ~1350 BCE. Cartwright (2019) is a valid scholarly reference for Mycenaean civilization.
|
||||
- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 26: "Fresco art depicted warriors, chariots, bull-leaping, griffins, and battle sc..." - Cartwright source from 2019 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> Ancient history scholarship does not become outdated for events from ~1350 BCE. Cartwright (2019) is a valid scholarly reference for Mycenaean civilization.
|
||||
- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 27: "Earliest evidence of a cult to Dionysos dates to ~1350 BCE in Mycenaean cultu..." - Cartwright source from 2019 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> Ancient history scholarship does not become outdated for events from ~1350 BCE. Cartwright (2019) is a valid scholarly reference for Mycenaean civilization.
|
||||
@@ -96,4 +96,201 @@ Conquered by Alexander the Great; Darius III defeated at Gaugamela (331 BCE) @t[
|
||||
- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "Cyrus the Great (559–530 BCE): Founded the empire, conquered Babylon (539 B..." - Briant source from 2002 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> Yes, Briant (2002) scholarship on Cyrus the Great remains current and authoritative.
|
||||
- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 23: "Cyrus Cylinder: Early declaration of human rights and religious tolerance [^2]" - Kuhrt source from 1983 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> Yes, Kuhrt (1983) scholarship on the Cyrus Cylinder remains current and authoritative.
|
||||
> Yes, Kuhrt (1983) scholarship on the Cyrus Cylinder remains current and authoritative.
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Capital cities: Pasargadae, Persepolis, Susa, Ecbatana" - when was this true?
|
||||
> True during the Achaemenid Persian Empire (550–330 BCE), with different capitals used at different periods. @t[550 BCE..330 BCE]
|
||||
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Language: Old Persian (official), Aramaic (administrative lingua franca)" - when was this true?
|
||||
> True during the Achaemenid Persian Empire (550–330 BCE). @t[550 BCE..330 BCE]
|
||||
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Religion: Zoroastrianism (royal religion)" - when was this true?
|
||||
> True during the Achaemenid Persian Empire (550–330 BCE). @t[550 BCE..330 BCE]
|
||||
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Territorial extent: ~5.5 million km² at peak (under Darius I) [^3]" - when was this true?
|
||||
> True at the peak of the Achaemenid Persian Empire under Darius I (~522–486 BCE). @t[~522 BCE..~486 BCE]
|
||||
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Administrative divisions: ~20 satrapies [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
> True during the Achaemenid Persian Empire (550–330 BCE). @t[550 BCE..330 BCE]
|
||||
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Royal Road: ~2,700 km highway from Susa to Sardis, enabling rapid communicati..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> True during the Achaemenid Persian Empire (550–330 BCE). @t[550 BCE..330 BCE]
|
||||
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: "Satrapy system: ~20 provincial governors (satraps) reporting to the king, wit..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> True during the Achaemenid Persian Empire (550–330 BCE). @t[550 BCE..330 BCE]
|
||||
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 28: "Qanat irrigation technology: Underground aqueduct system enabling agriculture..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> True during the Achaemenid Persian Empire (550–330 BCE). @t[550 BCE..330 BCE]
|
||||
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 30: "Standardized coinage: Daric gold coin and siglos silver coin for imperial com..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> True during the Achaemenid Persian Empire (550–330 BCE). @t[550 BCE..330 BCE]
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 42: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Region: Iran, Mesopotamia, Egypt, Anatolia, Cent..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 44: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Period: 550–330 BCE" - when was this true?" - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 46: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Capital cities: Pasargadae, Persepolis, Susa, Ec..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 48: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Language: Old Persian (official), Aramaic (admin..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 50: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Religion: Zoroastrianism (royal religion)" - whe..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 52: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Cyrus the Great (559–530 BCE): Founded the emp..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 54: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Darius I (522–486 BCE): Administrative reforms..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 56: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Xerxes I (486–465 BCE): Invaded Greece (480 BC..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 58: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Darius III (336–330 BCE): Defeated by Alexande..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 60: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Cyrus Cylinder: Early declaration of human right..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 62: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Royal Road: ~2,700 km highway from Susa to Sardi..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 64: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Satrapy system of provincial governance" - when ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 66: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Qanat irrigation technology" - when was this true?" - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 68: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: "Persepolis: Monumental ceremonial capital" - whe..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 70: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Region: Iran, Mesopotamia, Egypt, Anatolia, Centr..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 72: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Period: 550–330 BCE" - what is the source?" - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 74: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Capital cities: Pasargadae, Persepolis, Susa, Ecb..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 76: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Language: Old Persian (official), Aramaic (admini..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 78: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Religion: Zoroastrianism (royal religion)" - what..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 80: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Darius I (522–486 BCE): Administrative reforms,..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 82: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Xerxes I (486–465 BCE): Invaded Greece (480 BCE..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 84: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Darius III (336–330 BCE): Defeated by Alexander..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 86: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Royal Road: ~2,700 km highway from Susa to Sardis..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 88: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Satrapy system of provincial governance" - what i..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 90: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 26: "Qanat irrigation technology" - what is the source?" - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 92: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 27: "Persepolis: Monumental ceremonial capital" - what..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 94: "[x] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 20: "Darius III (336–330 BCE): Defeated by Alexand..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 96: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "Cyrus the Great (559–530 BCE): Founded the empire..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 98: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 23: "Cyrus Cylinder: Early declaration of human rights a..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Region: Iran, Mesopotamia, Egypt, Anatolia, Central Asia, Indus Valley @t[550..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Period: 550–330 BCE @t[550 BCE..330 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Capital cities: Pasargadae, Persepolis, Susa, Ecbatana" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Language: Old Persian (official), Aramaic (administrative lingua franca)" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Religion: Zoroastrianism (royal religion)" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 42: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Region: Iran, Mesopotamia, Egypt, Anatolia, Cent..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 44: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Period: 550–330 BCE" - when was this true?" - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 46: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Capital cities: Pasargadae, Persepolis, Susa, Ec..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 48: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Language: Old Persian (official), Aramaic (admin..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 50: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Religion: Zoroastrianism (royal religion)" - whe..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 52: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Cyrus the Great (559–530 BCE): Founded the emp..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 54: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Darius I (522–486 BCE): Administrative reforms..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 56: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Xerxes I (486–465 BCE): Invaded Greece (480 BC..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 58: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Darius III (336–330 BCE): Defeated by Alexande..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 62: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Royal Road: ~2,700 km highway from Susa to Sardi..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 64: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Satrapy system of provincial governance" - when ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 66: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Qanat irrigation technology" - when was this true?" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 68: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: "Persepolis: Monumental ceremonial capital" - whe..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 70: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Region: Iran, Mesopotamia, Egypt, Anatolia, Centr..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 72: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Period: 550–330 BCE" - what is the source?" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 74: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Capital cities: Pasargadae, Persepolis, Susa, Ecb..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 76: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Language: Old Persian (official), Aramaic (admini..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 78: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Religion: Zoroastrianism (royal religion)" - what..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 80: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Darius I (522–486 BCE): Administrative reforms,..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 82: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Xerxes I (486–465 BCE): Invaded Greece (480 BCE..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 84: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Darius III (336–330 BCE): Defeated by Alexander..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 86: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Royal Road: ~2,700 km highway from Susa to Sardis..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 88: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Satrapy system of provincial governance" - what i..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 90: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 26: "Qanat irrigation technology" - what is the source?" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 92: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 27: "Persepolis: Monumental ceremonial capital" - what..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 94: "[x] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 20: "Darius III (336–330 BCE): Defeated by Alexand..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 96: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "Cyrus the Great (559–530 BCE): Founded the empire..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 56: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Xerxes I (486–465 BCE): Invaded Greece (480 BC..." - what does "BC" mean in this context?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 13: "Territorial extent: ~5.5 million km² at peak (under Darius I) [^3]" - Taagepera source from 1979 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 14: "Administrative divisions: ~20 satrapies [^1]" - Briant source from 2002 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 26: "Royal Road: ~2,700 km highway from Susa to Sardis, enabling rapid communicati..." - Briant source from 2002 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 27: "Satrapy system: ~20 provincial governors (satraps) reporting to the king, wit..." - Briant source from 2002 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 28: "Qanat irrigation technology: Underground aqueduct system enabling agriculture..." - Briant source from 2002 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 29: "Persepolis: Monumental ceremonial capital begun under Darius I (~518 BCE) @t[..." - Briant source from 2002 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 30: "Standardized coinage: Daric gold coin and siglos silver coin for imperial com..." - Briant source from 2002 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 60: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Cyrus Cylinder: Early declaration of human right..." - Kuhrt source from 1983 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 98: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 23: "Cyrus Cylinder: Early declaration of human rights a..." - Kuhrt source from 1983 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
@@ -39,4 +39,71 @@ Phoenician city-states fell under successive foreign rule: Assyrian, Babylonian,
|
||||
[^2]: Herodotus, *Histories* 4.42
|
||||
[^3]: Cartwright, M. "Trade in the Phoenician World." *World History Encyclopedia*, 2016. https://www.worldhistory.org/article/881/trade-in-the-phoenician-world/
|
||||
[^4]: Sader, H. *The History and Archaeology of Phoenicia* (SBL Press, 2019)
|
||||
[^5]: New World Encyclopedia, "Phoenician Civilization." https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Phoenician_Civilization
|
||||
[^5]: New World Encyclopedia, "Phoenician Civilization." https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Phoenician_Civilization
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 8: "Region: Coastal Lebanon and parts of coastal Syria, with colonies across the ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Major cities: Tyre, Sidon, Byblos, Berytus (Beirut), Arwad" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Language: Phoenician (Northwest Semitic)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Government: Independent city-states, each ruled by a king with merchant counc..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "Pioneered long-distance maritime trade (tin from Britain, silver from Spain, ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Exported cedar and fir timber to Egypt and Mesopotamia; cedar used in Solomon..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Produced Tyrian purple dye from murex snails (*Murex brandaris*); dye extract..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Invented the bireme (two-banked oared warship) [^5]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[conflict]` Line 24: "Pioneered transparent glass production from the 7th century BCE @t[~600 BCE];..." @t[-0600..-0600] overlaps with "Circumnavigated Africa under commission from Pharaoh Necho II (~600 BCE) @t[~..." @t[-0600..-0600] - were both true simultaneously? (line:26) [pattern:unknown]
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Region: Coastal Lebanon and parts of coastal Syria, with colonies across the ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Period: ~1500–300 BCE @t[~1500 BCE..300 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Major cities: Tyre, Sidon, Byblos, Berytus (Beirut), Arwad" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Language: Phoenician (Northwest Semitic)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 12: "Writing: Phoenician alphabet (~1050 BCE), ancestor of Greek and Latin alphabe..." - Markoe source from 2000 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 13: "Government: Independent city-states, each ruled by a king with merchant counc..." - Cartwright source from 2016 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 19: "Developed the first widely-used phonetic alphabet ~1050 BCE @t[~1050 BCE] [^1]" - Markoe source from 2000 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 20: "Founded Carthage (~814 BCE) and colonies across the western Mediterranean @t[..." - Markoe source from 2000 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 21: "Pioneered long-distance maritime trade (tin from Britain, silver from Spain, ..." - Cartwright source from 2016 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 22: "Exported cedar and fir timber to Egypt and Mesopotamia; cedar used in Solomon..." - Cartwright source from 2016 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 23: "Produced Tyrian purple dye from murex snails (*Murex brandaris*); dye extract..." - Cartwright source from 2016 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 24: "Pioneered transparent glass production from the 7th century BCE @t[~600 BCE];..." - Cartwright source from 2016 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -46,4 +46,113 @@ The Western Roman Empire fell in 476 CE when Odoacer deposed Emperor Romulus Aug
|
||||
[^2]: Heather, P. *The Fall of the Roman Empire* (Oxford, 2006)
|
||||
[^3]: Harper, K. *The Fate of Rome: Climate, Disease, and the End of an Empire* (Princeton University Press, 2017)
|
||||
[^4]: Polybius. *Histories*, Book VI (c. 150 BCE). Trans. W.R. Paton (Loeb Classical Library, 1922)
|
||||
[^5]: Cornell, T.J. *The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars* (Routledge, 1995)
|
||||
[^5]: Cornell, T.J. *The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars* (Routledge, 1995)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 8: "Region: Mediterranean basin, Western Europe, North Africa, Near East" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Language: Latin" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Writing: Latin alphabet" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Population at peak: ~55–75 million (scholarly estimates) [^3]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: "Consuls: Two annually elected magistrates holding executive and military auth..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 28: "Senate: ~300 members drawn from former magistrates, controlling finances and ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 29: "Assemblies: Popular legislative bodies (Comitia Centuriata, Comitia Tributa) ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 36: "Roman law: Foundation of Western legal tradition [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 37: "Engineering: Aqueducts, roads (~400,000 km network), concrete, the Colosseum" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 39: "Latin language and literature: Virgil, Ovid, Cicero, Tacitus" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 5: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-753..476] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: Malformed temporal tag @t[-27..476] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: Malformed temporal tag @t[-27..284] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: Malformed temporal tag @t[284..0476] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 38: Malformed temporal tag @t[-27..180] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Region: Mediterranean basin, Western Europe, North Africa, Near East" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Kingdom: ~753–509 BCE @t[~753 BCE..509 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Republic: 509–27 BCE @t[509 BCE..27 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Empire: 27 BCE – 476 CE (Western), continued as Byzantine Empire in the Eas..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Capital: Rome; later Constantinople (from 330 CE) @t[=0330]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Language: Latin" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Writing: Latin alphabet" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Roman Kingdom (~753–509 BCE): Legendary founding by Romulus @t[~753 BCE..50..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Early Republic (509–264 BCE): Expansion in Italy, Conflict of the Orders @t..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 21: "Late Republic (264–27 BCE): Punic Wars, civil wars, Caesar's assassination ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Principate (27 BCE – 284 CE): Augustus through the Crisis of the Third Cent..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Dominate (284–476 CE): Diocletian's reforms through the fall of the Western..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 27: "Consuls: Two annually elected magistrates holding executive and military auth..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 28: "Senate: ~300 members drawn from former magistrates, controlling finances and ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 29: "Assemblies: Popular legislative bodies (Comitia Centuriata, Comitia Tributa) ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 37: "Engineering: Aqueducts, roads (~400,000 km network), concrete, the Colosseum" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 38: "Pax Romana (~27 BCE – 180 CE): ~200 years of relative peace and prosperity ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 39: "Latin language and literature: Virgil, Ovid, Cicero, Tacitus" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 16: "Population at peak: ~55–75 million (scholarly estimates) [^3]" - Harper source from 2017 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 36: "Roman law: Foundation of Western legal tradition [^1]" - Jolowicz source from 1972 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -33,4 +33,113 @@ Greek philosophy (~600 BCE – ~500 CE) laid the foundations of Western intellec
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Kirk, G.S. et al. *The Presocratic Philosophers* (Cambridge, 1983)
|
||||
[^2]: Long, A.A. *Hellenistic Philosophy* (University of California Press, 1986)
|
||||
[^3]: Zalta, E.N. (ed.) *Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy* (Stanford University, ongoing) — entries on Pythagoras, Pyrrho, Plotinus
|
||||
[^3]: Zalta, E.N. (ed.) *Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy* (Stanford University, ongoing) — entries on Pythagoras, Pyrrho, Plotinus
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 9: "Region: Greek world (Ionia, Athens, Alexandria, Rome)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Major schools: Pre-Socratics, Pythagoreanism, Platonism, Aristotelianism, Cyn..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 28: "Shaped Western philosophy, science, and political thought" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 29: "Transmitted to the Islamic world and medieval Europe" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 30: "Aristotle's works dominated European thought for ~2,000 years" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 31: "Neoplatonism profoundly influenced early Christian theology and the Renaissance" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 5: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-600..~500 CE] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 8: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-600..529 CE] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-624..~-546] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-570..~-495] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 15: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-535..~-475] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-515..~-450] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-460..~-370] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-360..~-270] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-412..~-323] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-428..~-348] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-334..~-262] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: Malformed temporal tag @t[~204 CE..270 CE] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[conflict]` Line 22: "Aristotle (384–322 BCE): Logic, natural science, ethics, politics; founded ..." @t[-0384..-0322] overlaps with "Epicurus (341–270 BCE): Atomism (derived from Democritus), pleasure as the ..." @t[-0341..-0270] - were both true simultaneously? (line:23) [pattern:parallel_overlap]
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Period: ~600 BCE (Thales) – ~529 CE (closure of Plato's Academy by Justinia..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Region: Greek world (Ionia, Athens, Alexandria, Rome)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Major schools: Pre-Socratics, Pythagoreanism, Platonism, Aristotelianism, Cyn..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 15: "Heraclitus (~535–475 BCE): "Everything flows" (*panta rhei*); argued that f..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Socrates (~470–399 BCE): Socratic method, executed for impiety @t[~470 BCE...." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 21: "Plato (~428–348 BCE): Theory of Forms, founded the Academy @t[~428 BCE..~34..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Aristotle (384–322 BCE): Logic, natural science, ethics, politics; founded ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Epicurus (341–270 BCE): Atomism (derived from Democritus), pleasure as the ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 28: "Shaped Western philosophy, science, and political thought" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 29: "Transmitted to the Islamic world and medieval Europe" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 30: "Aristotle's works dominated European thought for ~2,000 years" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 31: "Neoplatonism profoundly influenced early Christian theology and the Renaissance" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 13: "Thales of Miletus (~624–546 BCE): First philosopher, proposed water as the ..." - Kirk source from 1983 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 16: "Parmenides (~515–450 BCE): Founded the Eleatic school; argued that reality ..." - Kirk source from 1983 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "Democritus (~460–370 BCE): With his teacher Leucippus, developed atomic the..." - Kirk source from 1983 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 24: "Zeno of Citium (~334–262 BCE): Founded Stoicism @t[~334 BCE..~262 BCE] [^2]" - Long source from 1986 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -35,4 +35,116 @@ Hellenism refers to the spread of Greek language, culture, art, and thought acro
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Shipley, G. *The Greek World After Alexander* (Routledge, 2000)
|
||||
[^2]: Green, P. *Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age* (1990)
|
||||
[^3]: Erskine, A. (ed.) *A Companion to the Hellenistic World* (Blackwell, 2003)
|
||||
[^3]: Erskine, A. (ed.) *A Companion to the Hellenistic World* (Blackwell, 2003)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 9: "Region: Eastern Mediterranean, Near East, Central Asia, Egypt" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Key kingdoms: Ptolemaic Egypt, Seleucid Empire, Antigonid Macedon, Pergamon" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Lingua franca: Koine Greek" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "End marker: Battle of Actium (31 BCE) followed by Roman conquest of Egypt (30..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 15: "Library of Alexandria and the Mouseion: by the 2nd century BCE, Alexandria ha..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Hellenistic sculpture: Venus de Milo, Winged Victory of Samothrace, Laocoön" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Science: Euclid, Archimedes, Eratosthenes, Hipparchus" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Philosophy: Stoicism, Epicureanism, Skepticism flourished [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "Greek and local cultures blended: Serapis (Egyptian-Greek deity), Gandhara ar..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Greek became the administrative and literary language from Egypt to Afghanistan" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Hellenistic Judaism: Septuagint translation, Philo of Alexandria [^2]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Alexander's Persian campaign injected vast quantities of silver bullion into ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: "Major Hellenistic cities — Alexandria, Antioch, Pergamon — were planned o..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 28: "Long-distance trade networks connected the Mediterranean to Central Asia and ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 31: "Roman culture was deeply Hellenized ("Captive Greece captured her rude conque..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 32: "Koine Greek became the language of the New Testament" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 33: "Hellenistic science and philosophy transmitted to the Islamic Golden Age" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Period: 323–30 BCE (death of Alexander to death of Cleopatra VII) @t[323 BC..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Region: Eastern Mediterranean, Near East, Central Asia, Egypt" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Key kingdoms: Ptolemaic Egypt, Seleucid Empire, Antigonid Macedon, Pergamon" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Lingua franca: Koine Greek" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Hellenistic sculpture: Venus de Milo, Winged Victory of Samothrace, Laocoön" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Science: Euclid, Archimedes, Eratosthenes, Hipparchus" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 21: "Greek and local cultures blended: Serapis (Egyptian-Greek deity), Gandhara ar..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Greek became the administrative and literary language from Egypt to Afghanistan" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 27: "Major Hellenistic cities — Alexandria, Antioch, Pergamon — were planned o..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 28: "Long-distance trade networks connected the Mediterranean to Central Asia and ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 31: "Roman culture was deeply Hellenized ("Captive Greece captured her rude conque..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 32: "Koine Greek became the language of the New Testament" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 33: "Hellenistic science and philosophy transmitted to the Islamic Golden Age" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 8: "Period: 323–30 BCE (death of Alexander to death of Cleopatra VII) @t[323 BC..." - what does "BC" mean in this context?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 12: "End marker: Battle of Actium (31 BCE) followed by Roman conquest of Egypt (30..." - Erskine source from 2003 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 15: "Library of Alexandria and the Mouseion: by the 2nd century BCE, Alexandria ha..." - Erskine source from 2003 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 18: "Philosophy: Stoicism, Epicureanism, Skepticism flourished [^1]" - Shipley source from 2000 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 23: "Hellenistic Judaism: Septuagint translation, Philo of Alexandria [^2]" - Green source from 1990 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 26: "Alexander's Persian campaign injected vast quantities of silver bullion into ..." - Erskine source from 2003 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -62,4 +62,284 @@
|
||||
- **Midden**: An ancient refuse deposit — accumulated food remains, broken pottery, ash, and other debris — that provides valuable evidence of diet, economy, and daily life at a site
|
||||
- **Radiocarbon dating**: An absolute dating technique measuring the decay of carbon-14 in organic material; effective for organic remains up to ~50,000 years old, widely used to date ancient sites and artifacts. Also called carbon-14 dating or C-14 dating
|
||||
- **Archaeological layer / stratum (pl. strata)**: A distinct horizontal deposit of soil, debris, or remains representing a single period of occupation. Sites with multiple occupation phases (e.g., Troy) are numbered sequentially using Roman numerals (I = earliest). The study of these layers is called stratigraphy.
|
||||
- **Destruction layer**: An archaeological stratum showing evidence of violent or sudden destruction — burned debris, weapons, unburied remains — used to correlate a site's history with known historical events.
|
||||
- **Destruction layer**: An archaeological stratum showing evidence of violent or sudden destruction — burned debris, weapons, unburied remains — used to correlate a site's history with known historical events.
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 5: "**BCE**: Before Common Era — equivalent to BC, used in secular academic con..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 6: "**CE**: Common Era — equivalent to AD, used in secular academic contexts" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 7: "**Chalcolithic / Copper Age**: Transitional period between the Neolithic and ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 8: "**Bronze Age**: Period characterized by bronze metallurgy (~3300–1200 BCE i..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 9: "**Late Bronze Age Collapse**: The widespread societal collapse (~1200 BCE) th..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "**Late Antiquity**: Transitional period (~284–700 CE) between classical ant..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "**Polis**: Greek city-state, the fundamental political unit of ancient Greece" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "**Acropolis**: The elevated citadel of a Greek city, typically housing temple..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "**Agora**: The central public space of a Greek city-state, serving as marketp..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "**Forum**: The Roman equivalent of the agora; the central public square of a ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "**Consul**: The highest elected magistrate of the Roman Republic, serving a o..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "**Senate**: The governing council of Rome, composed of senior magistrates and..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "**Patrician**: Member of Rome's hereditary aristocratic class, holding exclus..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "**Plebeian**: Member of Rome's common citizen class; over time gained politic..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "**Pharaoh**: The title of the ruler of ancient Egypt, combining political and..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "**Satrapy**: Provincial administrative unit of the Persian Empire, governed b..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 28: "**Dominate**: Later phase of the Roman Empire (284–476 CE), openly autocratic" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 29: "**Foederati**: Barbarian groups settled within the Roman Empire under treaty ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 32: "**Hoplite**: A heavily armed Greek infantry soldier, equipped with a round sh..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 33: "**Phalanx**: A dense infantry formation of hoplites fighting in close ranks w..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 34: "**Legion**: The primary tactical unit of the Roman army, typically comprising..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 38: "**Cuneiform**: Wedge-shaped writing system of Mesopotamia" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 39: "**Hieroglyphics**: Pictorial writing system of ancient Egypt" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 40: "**Linear A**: Undeciphered Minoan script" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 41: "**Linear B**: Deciphered Mycenaean Greek script" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 42: "**Koine Greek**: Common dialect of Greek used across the Hellenistic world" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 43: "**Syncretism**: The merging or blending of different religious, cultural, or ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 44: "**Amphora** (pl. amphorae): A two-handled ceramic storage vessel used through..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 45: "**Papyrus**: A writing material made from the papyrus plant (*Cyperus papyrus..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 48: "**Roman numerals in ruler names** (I, II, III, IV, etc.): Ordinal suffixes us..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 51: "**Floruit (fl.)**: Latin for "flourished"; used when a person's birth and dea..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 52: "**Terminus post quem (TPQ)**: Latin for "limit after which"; the earliest pos..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 53: "**Terminus ante quem (TAQ)**: Latin for "limit before which"; the latest poss..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 54: "**Regnal year**: A year counted from the accession of a ruler, used in ancien..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 57: "**Tell/Tel**: Artificial mound formed by accumulated remains of ancient settl..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 58: "**Stele/Stela**: Upright stone slab used for commemorative or legal inscriptions" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 59: "**Ziggurat**: Stepped temple platform in Mesopotamian architecture" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 60: "**Necropolis**: Large ancient cemetery ("city of the dead")" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 61: "**In situ**: Latin for "in place"; describes an artifact or feature found in ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 62: "**Midden**: An ancient refuse deposit — accumulated food remains, broken po..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 63: "**Radiocarbon dating**: An absolute dating technique measuring the decay of c..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 64: "**Archaeological layer / stratum (pl. strata)**: A distinct horizontal deposi..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 65: "**Destruction layer**: An archaeological stratum showing evidence of violent ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 5: "**BCE**: Before Common Era — equivalent to BC, used in secular academic con..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 6: "**CE**: Common Era — equivalent to AD, used in secular academic contexts" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 7: "**Chalcolithic / Copper Age**: Transitional period between the Neolithic and ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "**Bronze Age**: Period characterized by bronze metallurgy (~3300–1200 BCE i..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "**Late Bronze Age Collapse**: The widespread societal collapse (~1200 BCE) th..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "**Iron Age**: Period following the Bronze Age, characterized by iron technolo..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "**Archaic Period**: Early phase of Greek civilization (~800–480 BCE) @t[800..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "**Classical Period**: Height of Greek civilization (~480–323 BCE) @t[480 BC..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "**Hellenistic Period**: Post-Alexander era of Greek cultural diffusion (323..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "**Late Antiquity**: Transitional period (~284–700 CE) between classical ant..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "**Polis**: Greek city-state, the fundamental political unit of ancient Greece" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "**Acropolis**: The elevated citadel of a Greek city, typically housing temple..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "**Agora**: The central public space of a Greek city-state, serving as marketp..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "**Forum**: The Roman equivalent of the agora; the central public square of a ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 21: "**Consul**: The highest elected magistrate of the Roman Republic, serving a o..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "**Senate**: The governing council of Rome, composed of senior magistrates and..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "**Patrician**: Member of Rome's hereditary aristocratic class, holding exclus..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "**Plebeian**: Member of Rome's common citizen class; over time gained politic..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "**Pharaoh**: The title of the ruler of ancient Egypt, combining political and..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 26: "**Satrapy**: Provincial administrative unit of the Persian Empire, governed b..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 27: "**Principate**: First phase of the Roman Empire (27 BCE–284 CE), maintainin..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 28: "**Dominate**: Later phase of the Roman Empire (284–476 CE), openly autocratic" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 29: "**Foederati**: Barbarian groups settled within the Roman Empire under treaty ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 32: "**Hoplite**: A heavily armed Greek infantry soldier, equipped with a round sh..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 33: "**Phalanx**: A dense infantry formation of hoplites fighting in close ranks w..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 34: "**Legion**: The primary tactical unit of the Roman army, typically comprising..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 35: "**Trireme**: The dominant warship of the classical Greek world, propelled by ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 38: "**Cuneiform**: Wedge-shaped writing system of Mesopotamia" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 39: "**Hieroglyphics**: Pictorial writing system of ancient Egypt" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 40: "**Linear A**: Undeciphered Minoan script" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 41: "**Linear B**: Deciphered Mycenaean Greek script" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 42: "**Koine Greek**: Common dialect of Greek used across the Hellenistic world" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 43: "**Syncretism**: The merging or blending of different religious, cultural, or ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 44: "**Amphora** (pl. amphorae): A two-handled ceramic storage vessel used through..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 45: "**Papyrus**: A writing material made from the papyrus plant (*Cyperus papyrus..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 48: "**Roman numerals in ruler names** (I, II, III, IV, etc.): Ordinal suffixes us..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 51: "**Floruit (fl.)**: Latin for "flourished"; used when a person's birth and dea..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 52: "**Terminus post quem (TPQ)**: Latin for "limit after which"; the earliest pos..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 53: "**Terminus ante quem (TAQ)**: Latin for "limit before which"; the latest poss..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 54: "**Regnal year**: A year counted from the accession of a ruler, used in ancien..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 57: "**Tell/Tel**: Artificial mound formed by accumulated remains of ancient settl..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 58: "**Stele/Stela**: Upright stone slab used for commemorative or legal inscriptions" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 59: "**Ziggurat**: Stepped temple platform in Mesopotamian architecture" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 60: "**Necropolis**: Large ancient cemetery ("city of the dead")" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 61: "**In situ**: Latin for "in place"; describes an artifact or feature found in ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 62: "**Midden**: An ancient refuse deposit — accumulated food remains, broken po..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 63: "**Radiocarbon dating**: An absolute dating technique measuring the decay of c..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 64: "**Archaeological layer / stratum (pl. strata)**: A distinct horizontal deposi..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 65: "**Destruction layer**: An archaeological stratum showing evidence of violent ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -39,4 +39,116 @@ The Code of Hammurabi (~1754 BCE) is one of the most complete and well-known anc
|
||||
[^1]: Roth, M.T. *Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor* (1997)
|
||||
[^2]: Driver, G.R. & Miles, J.C. *The Babylonian Laws* (Oxford, 1952–1955)
|
||||
[^3]: Louvre Museum. "The Code of Hammurabi." louvre.fr (accessed 2026)
|
||||
[^4]: Wikipedia contributors. "Code of Hammurabi." *Wikipedia* (accessed 2026-02-23)
|
||||
[^4]: Wikipedia contributors. "Code of Hammurabi." *Wikipedia* (accessed 2026-02-23)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 9: "Issuer: Hammurabi, sixth king of the First Babylonian Dynasty" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Language: Akkadian (Old Babylonian dialect), written in cuneiform script" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Medium: Black basalt stele, 2.25 m tall (some older sources describe the mate..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Current location: Louvre Museum, Paris (discovered at Susa, Iran, 1901–1902..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Weight: approximately 4 tons" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Prologue: Hammurabi as divinely appointed shepherd of his people; relief at t..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "282 laws organized by topic, written vertically in cuneiform" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Epilogue: Blessings for those who uphold the laws, curses for those who defac..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "*Lex talionis*: "An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth" (with class-based mo..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Three social classes: *awilum* (free), *mushkenum* (dependent), *wardum* (slave)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Covers: Property, trade, family law, labor, personal injury, agriculture" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Presumption of innocence in some cases; trial by ordeal in others [^2]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Prescribed specific penalties for each crime; limited retribution to proporti..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 28: "The stele was taken as plunder to Susa by the Elamite king Shutruk-Nahhunte a..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 29: "Rediscovered by French archaeologists at Susa in 1901–1902" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 30: "The text was copied and studied by Mesopotamian scribes for over a millennium..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 33: "Not the earliest code (preceded by Code of Ur-Nammu, ~2100–2050 BCE) but th..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 34: "Provides detailed picture of Old Babylonian society" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 35: "Influenced later Near Eastern legal traditions; parallels noted with the Law ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 36: "Continues to be studied for its influence on modern legal jurisprudence" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Date: ~1754 BCE (Wikipedia/Roth give range 1755–1751 BCE) @t[~1754 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Issuer: Hammurabi, sixth king of the First Babylonian Dynasty" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Language: Akkadian (Old Babylonian dialect), written in cuneiform script" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Weight: approximately 4 tons" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "282 laws organized by topic, written vertically in cuneiform" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Three social classes: *awilum* (free), *mushkenum* (dependent), *wardum* (slave)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Covers: Property, trade, family law, labor, personal injury, agriculture" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Prescribed specific penalties for each crime; limited retribution to proporti..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 28: "The stele was taken as plunder to Susa by the Elamite king Shutruk-Nahhunte a..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 29: "Rediscovered by French archaeologists at Susa in 1901–1902" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 34: "Provides detailed picture of Old Babylonian society" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 36: "Continues to be studied for its influence on modern legal jurisprudence" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 16: "Prologue: Hammurabi as divinely appointed shepherd of his people; relief at t..." - Roth source from 1997 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 18: "Epilogue: Blessings for those who uphold the laws, curses for those who defac..." - Roth source from 1997 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 21: "*Lex talionis*: "An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth" (with class-based mo..." - Driver source from 1952 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 24: "Presumption of innocence in some cases; trial by ordeal in others [^2]" - Driver source from 1952 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -47,4 +47,161 @@ The Code of Ur-Nammu (~2100–2050 BCE) is the oldest known surviving legal code
|
||||
[^1]: Roth, M.T. *Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor* (1997)
|
||||
[^2]: Kramer, S.N. "Ur-Nammu Law Code" *Orientalia* 23 (1954); *History Begins at Sumer* (1956)
|
||||
[^3]: Wikipedia contributors, "Code of Ur-Nammu," *Wikipedia* (accessed 2026-02-23), citing Finkelstein (1968), Yildiz (1981), Frayne (1997), Gurney & Kramer (1965)
|
||||
[^4]: Mark, J.J. "The Ancient Mesopotamian Legal Code of Ur-Nammu," *World History Encyclopedia* (2021)
|
||||
[^4]: Mark, J.J. "The Ancient Mesopotamian Legal Code of Ur-Nammu," *World History Encyclopedia* (2021)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 9: "Issuer: Ur-Nammu (r. 2112–2095 BCE) or his son Shulgi (r. 2094–2047 BCE),..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Language: Sumerian (cuneiform script on clay tablets)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Discovered: Fragments found at Nippur, Ur, and Sippar; primary tablet (Ni 319..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "First translated: Samuel Noah Kramer, 1952 [^2]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 15: "Primary tablet (Ni 3191): Two fragments from Nippur, Old Babylonian period co..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Ur fragments (IM 85688+85689): Found at Ur, translated 1965; held at Iraq Mus..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Sippar exemplars: Two tablets — Si 277 (Istanbul Museum) bears the prologue..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Schoyen Collection cylinder (MS 2064): Clay cylinder of unknown provenance, d..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Total laws: ~57 reconstructed across all fragments; ~30 legible in any single..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Prologue invokes deities Nanna (moon god) and Utu (sun god), establishing the..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Prologue also records standardization of weights and measures (the bronze sil..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Laws arranged in casuistic form: IF (crime) THEN (punishment) — a pattern f..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Uses monetary compensation (fines in silver) rather than *lex talionis* ("eye..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Capital offenses: murder, robbery, adultery (by a woman), and rape of a virgi..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: "Covers: Bodily injury, kidnapping, slavery, marriage and divorce, sexual offe..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 30: "Society divided into two strata: *lu* (free person) and slave (*arad* male, *..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 31: "Fines and penalties differentiated by social status" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 32: "Prologue emphasizes protection of the weak: "the orphan was not delivered up ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 35: "Oldest known surviving legal code, predating Hammurabi by ~300 years" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 36: "Earlier code of Urukagina (~24th century BCE) is known only through reference..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 37: "Favored fines over physical punishment, contrasting with the later *lex talio..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 38: "Influenced subsequent Mesopotamian codes: Laws of Eshnunna (~1930 BCE) and Co..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 39: "Demonstrates sophisticated legal thinking in the 3rd millennium BCE [^2]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 42: "[Code of Hammurabi](../legal-codes/code-of-hammurabi.md) — later Babylonian..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 43: "[Ur-Nammu](../rulers/ur-nammu.md) — issuer of the code" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 44: "[Third Dynasty of Ur](../cities/ur.md) — political context" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 5: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-2100..~-2050] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 8: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-2100..~-2050] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Date: ~2100–2050 BCE @t[~2100 BCE..~2050 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Issuer: Ur-Nammu (r. 2112–2095 BCE) or his son Shulgi (r. 2094–2047 BCE),..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Language: Sumerian (cuneiform script on clay tablets)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Discovered: Fragments found at Nippur, Ur, and Sippar; primary tablet (Ni 319..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 15: "Primary tablet (Ni 3191): Two fragments from Nippur, Old Babylonian period co..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Ur fragments (IM 85688+85689): Found at Ur, translated 1965; held at Iraq Mus..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Sippar exemplars: Two tablets — Si 277 (Istanbul Museum) bears the prologue..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Prologue invokes deities Nanna (moon god) and Utu (sun god), establishing the..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 27: "Covers: Bodily injury, kidnapping, slavery, marriage and divorce, sexual offe..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 31: "Fines and penalties differentiated by social status" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 35: "Oldest known surviving legal code, predating Hammurabi by ~300 years" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 37: "Favored fines over physical punishment, contrasting with the later *lex talio..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 42: "[Code of Hammurabi](../legal-codes/code-of-hammurabi.md) — later Babylonian..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 43: "[Ur-Nammu](../rulers/ur-nammu.md) — issuer of the code" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 44: "[Third Dynasty of Ur](../cities/ur.md) — political context" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 16: "Ur fragments (IM 85688+85689): Found at Ur, translated 1965; held at Iraq Mus..." - what does "IM" mean in this context?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 24: "Laws arranged in casuistic form: IF (crime) THEN (punishment) — a pattern f..." - what does "IF" mean in this context?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 12: "First translated: Samuel Noah Kramer, 1952 [^2]" - Kramer source from 1954 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 24: "Laws arranged in casuistic form: IF (crime) THEN (punishment) — a pattern f..." - Roth source from 1997 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 25: "Uses monetary compensation (fines in silver) rather than *lex talionis* ("eye..." - Roth source from 1997 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 36: "Earlier code of Urukagina (~24th century BCE) is known only through reference..." - Mark source from 2021 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 38: "Influenced subsequent Mesopotamian codes: Laws of Eshnunna (~1930 BCE) and Co..." - Mark source from 2021 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 39: "Demonstrates sophisticated legal thinking in the 3rd millennium BCE [^2]" - Kramer source from 1954 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -38,4 +38,65 @@ The Twelve Tables (*Lex Duodecim Tabularum*, ~451–449 BCE) were the foundation
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Crawford, M.H. *Roman Statutes* (1996)
|
||||
[^2]: Watson, A. *Rome of the XII Tables* (Princeton, 1975)
|
||||
[^3]: Cartwright, M. "Twelve Tables." *World History Encyclopedia*, 11 Apr 2016. https://www.worldhistory.org/Twelve_Tables/
|
||||
[^3]: Cartwright, M. "Twelve Tables." *World History Encyclopedia*, 11 Apr 2016. https://www.worldhistory.org/Twelve_Tables/
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Formal Latin name: *Lex Duodecim Tabularum* (Law of the Twelve Tables)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 15: "In 451 BCE, the *decemviri* were appointed under public pressure to codify Ro..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Before drafting, a delegation of three men was sent to Athens to study the la..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "The first decemviri (all patricians) produced ten tables; a second commission..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "A plebeian uprising in 449 BCE forced the decemviri to resign; Rome's constit..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Focused primarily on private law and relations between individual citizens, n..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: "Penalties included death by burning for arson, and banishment or loss of citi..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 31: "Livy described them as *fons omnis publici privatique iuris* ("the source of ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 34: "From the 3rd century BCE onward, steadily superseded by laws more relevant to..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Formal Latin name: *Lex Duodecim Tabularum* (Law of the Twelve Tables)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Formally promulgated 449 BCE @t[=449 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 15: "In 451 BCE, the *decemviri* were appointed under public pressure to codify Ro..." - Cartwright source from 2016 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 16: "Before drafting, a delegation of three men was sent to Athens to study the la..." - Cartwright source from 2016 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "The first decemviri (all patricians) produced ten tables; a second commission..." - Cartwright source from 2016 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 18: "A plebeian uprising in 449 BCE forced the decemviri to resign; Rome's constit..." - Cartwright source from 2016 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 24: "Focused primarily on private law and relations between individual citizens, n..." - Cartwright source from 2016 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 27: "Penalties included death by burning for arson, and banishment or loss of citi..." - Cartwright source from 2016 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 31: "Livy described them as *fons omnis publici privatique iuris* ("the source of ..." - Cartwright source from 2016 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 34: "From the 3rd century BCE onward, steadily superseded by laws more relevant to..." - Cartwright source from 2016 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -190,3 +190,6 @@
|
||||
{"level":"info","message":"Starting MCP server","service":"mcp-puppeteer","timestamp":"2026-02-23 03:14:55.325"}
|
||||
{"level":"info","message":"MCP server started successfully","service":"mcp-puppeteer","timestamp":"2026-02-23 03:14:55.327"}
|
||||
{"level":"info","message":"Puppeteer MCP Server closing","service":"mcp-puppeteer","timestamp":"2026-02-23 03:16:25.086"}
|
||||
{"level":"info","message":"Starting MCP server","service":"mcp-puppeteer","timestamp":"2026-02-23 03:19:06.197"}
|
||||
{"level":"info","message":"MCP server started successfully","service":"mcp-puppeteer","timestamp":"2026-02-23 03:19:06.199"}
|
||||
{"level":"info","message":"Puppeteer MCP Server closing","service":"mcp-puppeteer","timestamp":"2026-02-23 03:45:02.947"}
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -48,4 +48,158 @@ Pharaoh Akhenaten (~1353–1336 BCE) briefly imposed monotheistic worship of the
|
||||
[^2]: Assmann, J. *The Search for God in Ancient Egypt* (Cornell University Press, 2001)
|
||||
[^3]: Hornung, E. *Conceptions of God in Ancient Egypt: The One and the Many* (Cornell University Press, 1982)
|
||||
[^4]: Faulkner, R.O. *The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts* (Oxford University Press, 1969); Allen, J.P. *The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts* (Society of Biblical Literature, 2005)
|
||||
[^5]: Allen, J.P. *Genesis in Egypt: The Philosophy of Ancient Egyptian Creation Accounts* (Yale Egyptological Studies, 1988)
|
||||
[^5]: Allen, J.P. *Genesis in Egypt: The Philosophy of Ancient Egyptian Creation Accounts* (Yale Egyptological Studies, 1988)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 9: "Type: Polytheistic with henotheistic tendencies" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Sacred texts: Pyramid Texts (~2400–2300 BCE), Coffin Texts (~2100–1650 BC..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Priesthood: Temple-based, pharaoh as chief intermediary with the gods" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Ra/Amun-Ra: Sun god, king of the gods; center of solar theology at Heliopolis" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 15: "Osiris: God of the dead and resurrection" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Isis: Goddess of magic and motherhood" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Horus: Sky god, divine kingship" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Anubis: God of mummification" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Thoth: God of writing and wisdom" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Ptah: God of craftsmen and creation; patron deity of Memphis [^3]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "Set: God of chaos, storms, and the desert; adversary of Horus [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "*Ma'at*: Cosmic order, truth, and justice" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "*Ka* and *Ba*: Aspects of the soul" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "*Heka*: Divine magic; the animating force underlying all ritual and divine po..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: "Afterlife: Judgment by Osiris, weighing of the heart against the feather of M..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 28: "Mummification: Preservation of the body for the afterlife" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 33: "**Heliopolitan Ennead**: Nine primordial deities centered on Atum/Ra at Helio..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 34: "**Hermopolitan Ogdoad**: Eight deities representing primordial chaos at Hermo..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 35: "**Memphite Theology**: Ptah as creator-god who brought the world into being t..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 38: "**Heliopolis** (near modern Cairo): Center of solar worship; temple of Ra/Atu..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 39: "**Memphis**: Cult center of Ptah; political and religious capital of the Old ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 40: "**Thebes** (modern Luxor): Center of Amun worship; site of Karnak and Luxor t..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 41: "**Abydos**: Principal cult center of Osiris; major pilgrimage site and royal ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 8: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-3100..~400 CE] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 44: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-1353..~-1336] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Period: ~3100 BCE – ~400 CE (suppressed under Christianity) @t[~3100 BCE..~..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Type: Polytheistic with henotheistic tendencies" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Priesthood: Temple-based, pharaoh as chief intermediary with the gods" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Ra/Amun-Ra: Sun god, king of the gods; center of solar theology at Heliopolis" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 15: "Osiris: God of the dead and resurrection" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Isis: Goddess of magic and motherhood" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Horus: Sky god, divine kingship" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Anubis: God of mummification" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Thoth: God of writing and wisdom" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "*Ma'at*: Cosmic order, truth, and justice" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "*Ka* and *Ba*: Aspects of the soul" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 27: "Afterlife: Judgment by Osiris, weighing of the heart against the feather of M..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 28: "Mummification: Preservation of the body for the afterlife" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 33: "**Heliopolitan Ennead**: Nine primordial deities centered on Atum/Ra at Helio..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 34: "**Hermopolitan Ogdoad**: Eight deities representing primordial chaos at Hermo..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 35: "**Memphite Theology**: Ptah as creator-god who brought the world into being t..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 38: "**Heliopolis** (near modern Cairo): Center of solar worship; temple of Ra/Atu..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 39: "**Memphis**: Cult center of Ptah; political and religious capital of the Old ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 40: "**Thebes** (modern Luxor): Center of Amun worship; site of Karnak and Luxor t..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 41: "**Abydos**: Principal cult center of Osiris; major pilgrimage site and royal ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 10: "Sacred texts: Pyramid Texts (~2400–2300 BCE), Coffin Texts (~2100–1650 BC..." - what does "BC" mean in this context?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 10: "Sacred texts: Pyramid Texts (~2400–2300 BCE), Coffin Texts (~2100–1650 BC..." - Faulkner source from 1969 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 20: "Ptah: God of craftsmen and creation; patron deity of Memphis [^3]" - Hornung source from 1982 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 21: "Set: God of chaos, storms, and the desert; adversary of Horus [^1]" - Wilkinson source from 2003 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 26: "*Heka*: Divine magic; the animating force underlying all ritual and divine po..." - Hornung source from 1982 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -28,4 +28,107 @@ Early Christianity emerged in the 1st century CE as a Jewish sect in Roman Judae
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Ehrman, B. *The New Testament: A Historical Introduction* (Oxford, 2016)
|
||||
[^2]: Brown, P. *The Rise of Western Christendom* (Blackwell, 2003)
|
||||
[^3]: World History Encyclopedia. "Council of Chalcedon." worldhistory.org (2024)
|
||||
[^3]: World History Encyclopedia. "Council of Chalcedon." worldhistory.org (2024)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Key figures: Paul of Tarsus, Peter, James" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 5: Malformed temporal tag @t[=380] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 8: Malformed temporal tag @t[~30] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 9: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-4..~30 CE] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: Malformed temporal tag @t[~50..~120] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: Malformed temporal tag @t[=380] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 15: Malformed temporal tag @t[~46..~60] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: Malformed temporal tag @t[=64] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: Malformed temporal tag @t[=250] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: Malformed temporal tag @t[=303..=311] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: Malformed temporal tag @t[=313] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: Malformed temporal tag @t[=325] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: Malformed temporal tag @t[=380] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: Malformed temporal tag @t[=325..=451] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: Malformed temporal tag @t[=451] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: Malformed temporal tag @t[~311..~600] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: Malformed temporal tag @t[~300..~400] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: Malformed temporal tag @t[~200..~400] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Origin: Roman Judaea, ~30 CE @t[~30]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Founder: Jesus of Nazareth (~4 BCE – ~30 CE) @t[~4 BCE..~30 CE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Key figures: Paul of Tarsus, Peter, James" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Sacred texts: New Testament (written ~50–120 CE) @t[~50..~120]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "State religion of Rome: 380 CE (Edict of Thessalonica) @t[=380]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Persecutions under Nero (64 CE) @t[=64], Decius (250 CE) @t[=250], Diocletian..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Edict of Milan (313 CE): Constantine legalized Christianity @t[=313]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Council of Nicaea (325 CE): First ecumenical council, established the Nicene ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Edict of Thessalonica (380 CE): Christianity became the state religion @t[=380]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Canon formation: New Testament canon largely settled by ~4th century CE @t[~3..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 15: "Paul's missionary journeys (~46–60 CE) spread Christianity across the easte..." - Ehrman source from 2016 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 22: "Christological debates: Nature of Christ debated from Council of Nicaea throu..." - Unknown source from 2024 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 23: "Council of Chalcedon (451 CE): Defined Christ as having two natures (divine a..." - Unknown source from 2024 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 24: "Donatist controversy (4th–6th century CE): Schism over whether clergy moral..." - Brown source from 2003 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 26: "Monasticism: Desert Fathers in Egypt (~3rd–4th century CE) @t[~200..~400] [^2]" - Brown source from 2003 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -66,4 +66,113 @@ Greek religion was progressively suppressed following the Christianization of th
|
||||
[^7]: Neils, J. (ed.). *Goddess and Polis: The Panathenaic Festival in Ancient Athens*. Princeton University Art Museum / University Press of New England, 1992.
|
||||
[^8]: Garland, R. *The Greek Way of Death*. Cornell University Press, 1985.
|
||||
[^9]: Flower, M. A. *The Seer in Ancient Greece*. University of California Press, 2008.
|
||||
[^10]: Trombley, F. R. *Hellenic Religion and Christianization, c. 370–529*. 2 vols. Brill, 1993–1994.
|
||||
[^10]: Trombley, F. R. *Hellenic Religion and Christianization, c. 370–529*. 2 vols. Brill, 1993–1994.
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 9: "Type: Polytheistic" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Sacred sites: Olympia, Delphi, Eleusis, Delos, Dodona" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Key texts: Homer's *Iliad* and *Odyssey*, Hesiod's *Theogony*" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Zeus: King of the gods, sky and thunder" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 15: "Hera: Queen of the gods, marriage" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Athena: Wisdom and warfare" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Apollo: Light, music, prophecy, and healing (distinct from Helios, the sun god)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Artemis: Hunt and wilderness" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Poseidon: Sea and earthquakes" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Aphrodite: Love and beauty" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "Ares, Hermes, Hephaestus, Demeter, Dionysus [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Animal sacrifice at altars (the central act of public worship; portions burne..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Libations: ritual pouring of wine, water, honey, or oil" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Votive offerings: objects dedicated at sanctuaries in thanks or supplication" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 29: "Oracle at Delphi: Pythia delivered prophecies from Apollo" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 30: "Mystery cults: Eleusinian Mysteries, Orphic mysteries, Dionysiac rites [^2]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 8: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-800..~400] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Period: ~800 BCE – ~400 CE (suppressed under Christianity) @t[~800 BCE..~400]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Type: Polytheistic" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Sacred sites: Olympia, Delphi, Eleusis, Delos, Dodona" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Key texts: Homer's *Iliad* and *Odyssey*, Hesiod's *Theogony*" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Zeus: King of the gods, sky and thunder" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 15: "Hera: Queen of the gods, marriage" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Athena: Wisdom and warfare" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Apollo: Light, music, prophecy, and healing (distinct from Helios, the sun god)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Artemis: Hunt and wilderness" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Poseidon: Sea and earthquakes" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Aphrodite: Love and beauty" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Animal sacrifice at altars (the central act of public worship; portions burne..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Libations: ritual pouring of wine, water, honey, or oil" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 26: "Votive offerings: objects dedicated at sanctuaries in thanks or supplication" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 27: "Panhellenic festivals: Olympic Games (776 BCE–), Pythian Games, Eleusinian ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 29: "Oracle at Delphi: Pythia delivered prophecies from Apollo" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 21: "Ares, Hermes, Hephaestus, Demeter, Dionysus [^1]" - Burkert source from 1985 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 30: "Mystery cults: Eleusinian Mysteries, Orphic mysteries, Dionysiac rites [^2]" - Mikalson source from 2010 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -93,4 +93,305 @@ Mesopotamian religion was the polytheistic belief system of Sumer, Akkad, Babylo
|
||||
- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 21: "Shamash/Utu: Sun god and god of justice [^1]" - Bottéro source from 2001 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> Scholarship remains current. Bottéro (2001) findings are still accepted by modern Assyriologists.
|
||||
- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 26: "Flood narrative: Utnapishtim in the *Epic of Gilgamesh* (parallels Noah) [^2]" - Dalley source from 2000 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> Scholarship remains current. Dalley (2000) findings are still accepted by modern Assyriologists.
|
||||
> Scholarship remains current. Dalley (2000) findings are still accepted by modern Assyriologists.
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 9: "Type: Polytheistic" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Sacred sites: Ziggurats in every major city" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Key texts: *Enuma Elish* (creation epic), *Epic of Gilgamesh*, *Descent of In..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "An/Anu: Sky god, father of the gods" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 15: "Enlil: God of wind and storms, chief deity of Nippur; head of the pantheon in..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Enki/Ea: God of wisdom, magic, and fresh water; patron of craftsmen and scribes" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Inanna/Ishtar: Goddess of love, war, and fertility; patron of Uruk [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Marduk: Patron god of Babylon, elevated to supreme deity in the *Enuma Elish*..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Shamash/Utu: Sun god and god of justice [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Nanna/Sin: Moon god, son of Enlil; patron of Ur; one of the oldest attested d..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "Nergal: God of death, plague, and the underworld; ruler of *Irkalla* alongsid..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Tiamat: Primordial goddess of salt water; slain by Marduk in the *Enuma Elish..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Ziggurats: Temple platforms connecting heaven and earth; each city's ziggurat..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "City-patron system: Each city-state worshipped its own patron deity while ack..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: "Divination: Extispicy (reading entrails), astrology, and dream interpretation..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 28: "Temple economy: Temples functioned as economic centers — managing land, lab..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 29: "Personal piety: Individuals maintained personal household gods (*lamma*) and ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 30: "Flood narrative: Utnapishtim in the *Epic of Gilgamesh* (parallels Noah); ear..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 31: "Afterlife: Gloomy underworld (*Kur*/*Irkalla*) for all souls, regardless of v..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 32: "Hierarchical pantheon: By the 2nd–1st millennia BCE, gods were organized in..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 41: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Period: ~4000 BCE – ~100 CE" - when was this t..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 43: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Type: Polytheistic" - when was this true?" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 45: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Sacred sites: Ziggurats in every major city" - w..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 47: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Key texts: *Enuma Elish* (creation epic), *Epic ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 49: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "An/Anu: Sky god, father of the gods" - when was ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 51: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Enlil: God of wind and storms, chief deity of Ni..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 53: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Enki/Ea: God of wisdom and fresh water" - when w..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 55: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Inanna/Ishtar: Goddess of love, war, and fertili..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 57: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Marduk: Patron god of Babylon, supreme deity in ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 59: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "Shamash/Utu: Sun god and god of justice [^1]" - ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 61: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Ziggurats: Temple platforms connecting heaven an..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 63: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Divination: Extispicy (reading entrails), astrol..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 65: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Flood narrative: Utnapishtim in the *Epic of Gil..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 67: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: "Afterlife: Gloomy underworld (*Kur*/*Irkalla*) f..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 69: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Period: ~4000 BCE – ~100 CE" - what is the source?" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 71: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Type: Polytheistic" - what is the source?" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 73: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Sacred sites: Ziggurats in every major city" - wh..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 75: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Key texts: *Enuma Elish* (creation epic), *Epic o..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 77: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "An/Anu: Sky god, father of the gods" - what is th..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 79: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Enlil: God of wind and storms, chief deity of Nip..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 81: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Enki/Ea: God of wisdom and fresh water" - what is..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 83: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Inanna/Ishtar: Goddess of love, war, and fertilit..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 85: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Marduk: Patron god of Babylon, supreme deity in t..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 87: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Ziggurats: Temple platforms connecting heaven and..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 89: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Divination: Extispicy (reading entrails), astrolo..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 91: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 27: "Afterlife: Gloomy underworld (*Kur*/*Irkalla*) fo..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 93: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 21: "Shamash/Utu: Sun god and god of justice [^1]" - Bot..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 95: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 26: "Flood narrative: Utnapishtim in the *Epic of Gilgam..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 5: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-4000..~500 CE] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 8: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-4000..~500 CE] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Period: ~4000 BCE – ~500 CE @t[~4000 BCE..~500 CE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Type: Polytheistic" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Sacred sites: Ziggurats in every major city" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Key texts: *Enuma Elish* (creation epic), *Epic of Gilgamesh*, *Descent of In..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "An/Anu: Sky god, father of the gods" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 15: "Enlil: God of wind and storms, chief deity of Nippur; head of the pantheon in..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Enki/Ea: God of wisdom, magic, and fresh water; patron of craftsmen and scribes" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Ziggurats: Temple platforms connecting heaven and earth; each city's ziggurat..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 41: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Period: ~4000 BCE – ~100 CE" - when was this t..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 43: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Type: Polytheistic" - when was this true?" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 45: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Sacred sites: Ziggurats in every major city" - w..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 47: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Key texts: *Enuma Elish* (creation epic), *Epic ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 49: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "An/Anu: Sky god, father of the gods" - when was ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 51: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Enlil: God of wind and storms, chief deity of Ni..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 53: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Enki/Ea: God of wisdom and fresh water" - when w..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 55: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Inanna/Ishtar: Goddess of love, war, and fertili..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 57: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Marduk: Patron god of Babylon, supreme deity in ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 61: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Ziggurats: Temple platforms connecting heaven an..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 63: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Divination: Extispicy (reading entrails), astrol..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 67: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: "Afterlife: Gloomy underworld (*Kur*/*Irkalla*) f..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 69: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Period: ~4000 BCE – ~100 CE" - what is the source?" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 71: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Type: Polytheistic" - what is the source?" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 73: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Sacred sites: Ziggurats in every major city" - wh..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 75: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Key texts: *Enuma Elish* (creation epic), *Epic o..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 77: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "An/Anu: Sky god, father of the gods" - what is th..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 79: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Enlil: God of wind and storms, chief deity of Nip..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 81: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Enki/Ea: God of wisdom and fresh water" - what is..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 83: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Inanna/Ishtar: Goddess of love, war, and fertilit..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 85: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Marduk: Patron god of Babylon, supreme deity in t..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 87: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Ziggurats: Temple platforms connecting heaven and..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 89: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Divination: Extispicy (reading entrails), astrolo..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 91: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 27: "Afterlife: Gloomy underworld (*Kur*/*Irkalla*) fo..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "Inanna/Ishtar: Goddess of love, war, and fertility; patron of Uruk [^1]" - Bottéro source from 2001 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 18: "Marduk: Patron god of Babylon, elevated to supreme deity in the *Enuma Elish*..." - Bottéro source from 2001 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 19: "Shamash/Utu: Sun god and god of justice [^1]" - Bottéro source from 2001 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 20: "Nanna/Sin: Moon god, son of Enlil; patron of Ur; one of the oldest attested d..." - Mark source from 2023 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 21: "Nergal: God of death, plague, and the underworld; ruler of *Irkalla* alongsid..." - Bottéro source from 2001 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 22: "Tiamat: Primordial goddess of salt water; slain by Marduk in the *Enuma Elish..." - Dalley source from 2000 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 26: "City-patron system: Each city-state worshipped its own patron deity while ack..." - Bottéro source from 2001 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 27: "Divination: Extispicy (reading entrails), astrology, and dream interpretation..." - Bottéro source from 2001 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 28: "Temple economy: Temples functioned as economic centers — managing land, lab..." - Bottéro source from 2001 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 29: "Personal piety: Individuals maintained personal household gods (*lamma*) and ..." - Bottéro source from 2001 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 30: "Flood narrative: Utnapishtim in the *Epic of Gilgamesh* (parallels Noah); ear..." - Dalley source from 2000 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 31: "Afterlife: Gloomy underworld (*Kur*/*Irkalla*) for all souls, regardless of v..." - Bottéro source from 2001 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 32: "Hierarchical pantheon: By the 2nd–1st millennia BCE, gods were organized in..." - Bottéro source from 2001 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 59: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "Shamash/Utu: Sun god and god of justice [^1]" - ..." - Bottéro source from 2001 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 65: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Flood narrative: Utnapishtim in the *Epic of Gil..." - Dalley source from 2000 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 93: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 21: "Shamash/Utu: Sun god and god of justice [^1]" - Bot..." - Bottéro source from 2001 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 95: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 26: "Flood narrative: Utnapishtim in the *Epic of Gilgam..." - Dalley source from 2000 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -41,4 +41,26 @@ Roman religion was a polytheistic system that evolved from early Italic and Etru
|
||||
- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 21: "Neptune, Mercury, Diana, Apollo, Vulcan, Ceres [^1]" - Beard source from 1998 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> Scholarship remains current. Beard et al. (1998) findings are still accepted by modern historians.
|
||||
- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 27: "*Religio*: Proper observance of ritual obligations to maintain divine favor [^2]" - Scheid source from 2003 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> Scholarship remains current. Scheid (2003) findings are still accepted by modern historians.
|
||||
> Scholarship remains current. Scheid (2003) findings are still accepted by modern historians.
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 41: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 21: "Neptune, Mercury, Diana, Apollo, Vulcan, Ceres [^1]..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 43: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 27: "*Religio*: Proper observance of ritual obligations ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 41: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 21: "Neptune, Mercury, Diana, Apollo, Vulcan, Ceres [^1]..." - Beard source from 1998 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 43: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 27: "*Religio*: Proper observance of ritual obligations ..." - Scheid source from 2003 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[corruption]` Line 21: Temporal tag year 1998 matches footnote [^1] citation year — verify this is the intended date, not a copy-paste from the source
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[corruption]` Line 27: Temporal tag year 2003 matches footnote [^2] citation year — verify this is the intended date, not a copy-paste from the source
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -32,4 +32,47 @@ Zoroastrianism is one of the world's oldest monotheistic religions, founded by t
|
||||
[^1]: Boyce, M. *Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices* (Routledge, 2001)
|
||||
[^2]: Clark, P. *Zoroastrianism: An Introduction to an Ancient Faith* (1998)
|
||||
[^3]: Malandra, W.W. "Zoroastrianism i. Historical Review up to the Arab Conquest." *Encyclopaedia Iranica* (2005, updated 2015). https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/zoroastrianism-i-historical-review/
|
||||
[^4]: Wikipedia, "List of countries by Zoroastrian population." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Zoroastrian_population
|
||||
[^4]: Wikipedia, "List of countries by Zoroastrian population." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Zoroastrian_population
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Priestly caste: Magi (originally a Median tribe; assumed Zoroastrian priestly..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Aməša Spəntas: Six abstract divine entities surrounding Ahura Mazda, repre..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Saošyant: A future savior figure who will redeem the world at the end of tim..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 28: "Parsi migration: Zoroastrian refugees fled to India likely in the 8th–9th c..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: Malformed temporal tag @t[-247..224] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: Malformed temporal tag @t[224..651] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: Malformed temporal tag @t[..=651] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 12: "Priestly caste: Magi (originally a Median tribe; assumed Zoroastrian priestly..." - Malandra source from 2005 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "Aməša Spəntas: Six abstract divine entities surrounding Ahura Mazda, repre..." - Malandra source from 2005 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 20: "Saošyant: A future savior figure who will redeem the world at the end of tim..." - Malandra source from 2005 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 24: "Arsacid (Parthian) period (247 BCE–224 CE) @t[247 BCE..224]: Zoroastrianism..." - Malandra source from 2005 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 25: "Sasanian Empire (ca. 224–651 CE) @t[224..651]: Last Zoroastrian state; Sasa..." - Malandra source from 2005 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 28: "Parsi migration: Zoroastrian refugees fled to India likely in the 8th–9th c..." - Malandra source from 2005 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -34,4 +34,20 @@ Alexander died in the palace of Nebuchadnezzar II in Babylon on 10–11 June 323
|
||||
[^1]: Arrian, *Anabasis of Alexander*
|
||||
[^2]: Green, P. *Alexander of Macedon* (University of California Press, 1991)
|
||||
[^3]: Plutarch, *Life of Alexander*; Arrian, *Anabasis of Alexander*
|
||||
[^4]: Wikipedia, "Death of Alexander the Great" (citing Babylonian astronomical diary; Arrian, Plutarch, Diodorus)
|
||||
[^4]: Wikipedia, "Death of Alexander the Great" (citing Babylonian astronomical diary; Arrian, Plutarch, Diodorus)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Mother: Olympias, Epirote princess [^3]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Titles: King of Macedon, Hegemon of the Hellenic League, Pharaoh of Egypt, Gr..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 28: "Founded over 20 cities, most notably Alexandria in Egypt" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 28: "Founded over 20 cities, most notably Alexandria in Egypt" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
162
rulers/ashoka.md
162
rulers/ashoka.md
@@ -53,4 +53,164 @@ Ashoka (~304–232 BCE), also known as Ashoka the Great, was the third Maurya em
|
||||
[^2]: Singh, U. *A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India* (2008)
|
||||
[^3]: Mark, J. J. "Ashoka the Great." *World History Encyclopedia*, 24 Jun 2020. https://www.worldhistory.org/Ashoka_the_Great/
|
||||
[^4]: "Ashoka." *Wikipedia*. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashoka; "Tivala." *Wikipedia*. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tivala; "Edicts of Ashoka." *Wikipedia*. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka; "Kunala." *Wikipedia*. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunala; "Dasharatha Maurya." *Wikipedia*. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasharatha_Maurya
|
||||
[^5]: Olivelle, P. *Ashoka: Portrait of a Philosopher King* (Yale University Press, 2024); "Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription." *Wikipedia*. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandahar_Bilingual_Rock_Inscription
|
||||
[^5]: Olivelle, P. *Ashoka: Portrait of a Philosopher King* (Yale University Press, 2024); "Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription." *Wikipedia*. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandahar_Bilingual_Rock_Inscription
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Dynasty: Maurya" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Religion: Buddhism (after Kalinga War)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Father: Bindusara (r. ~297–273 BCE)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Grandfather: Chandragupta Maurya (founder of the empire)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Mother variously named Subhadrangi or Dharma in Buddhist sources [^3]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "First wife: Devi (also Vidisha-mahadevi), daughter of a merchant at Ujjain" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Children with Devi: son Mahinda and daughter Sanghamitra, both of whom led Bu..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Second queen: Karuvaki (also Kaurwaki); their son Tivala (also Tivara) is the..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "Son Kunala (by another queen) was blinded by his stepmother Tishyaraksha and ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "As a young prince, suppressed a revolt at Taxila (~age 18), then served as vi..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Governed using the *Arthashastra* (political treatise attributed to Chanakya,..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: "The carnage prompted his conversion to Buddhism [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 28: "His 13th Major Rock Edict records his remorse over the campaign" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 31: "33 inscriptions total on pillars, boulders, and cave walls across the empire ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 32: "The edicts are the earliest written and datable texts from India [^4]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 34: "Promoted *dhamma* (dharma): Non-violence, religious tolerance, welfare of sub..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 35: "Established hospitals for humans and animals" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 36: "Sent Buddhist missionaries to Sri Lanka, Central Asia, and the Hellenistic wo..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 37: "Ordered construction of stupas across the empire, including the famous stupa ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 41: "At its height stretched from modern-day Iran and Afghanistan in the west to B..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 42: "Capital at Pataliputra (modern Patna); provincial capitals at Taxila and Ujja..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 45: "The Ashoka Chakra appears on India's national flag" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 46: "Lion Capital of Ashoka at Sarnath is India's national emblem" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 47: "Rediscovered by James Prinsep (1799–1840 CE) who deciphered Brahmi script i..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 48: "Ashoka was immediately succeeded by his grandson Dasharatha Maurya (~232–22..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 49: "The last Maurya emperor, Brihadratha, was assassinated by his general Pushyam..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Born: ~304 BCE, Pataliputra @t[~304 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Died: ~232 BCE @t[~232 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Reign: ~268–232 BCE @t[268 BCE..232 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Dynasty: Maurya" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Religion: Buddhism (after Kalinga War)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Father: Bindusara (r. ~297–273 BCE)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Grandfather: Chandragupta Maurya (founder of the empire)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "First wife: Devi (also Vidisha-mahadevi), daughter of a merchant at Ujjain" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 26: "Conquered Kalinga (~261 BCE), a kingdom on the east coast corresponding to mo..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 28: "His 13th Major Rock Edict records his remorse over the campaign" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 34: "Promoted *dhamma* (dharma): Non-violence, religious tolerance, welfare of sub..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 35: "Established hospitals for humans and animals" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 45: "The Ashoka Chakra appears on India's national flag" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 46: "Lion Capital of Ashoka at Sarnath is India's national emblem" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 47: "Rediscovered by James Prinsep (1799–1840 CE) who deciphered Brahmi script i..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "Mother variously named Subhadrangi or Dharma in Buddhist sources [^3]" - Mark source from 2020 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 19: "Children with Devi: son Mahinda and daughter Sanghamitra, both of whom led Bu..." - Mark source from 2020 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 22: "As a young prince, suppressed a revolt at Taxila (~age 18), then served as vi..." - Mark source from 2020 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 23: "Governed using the *Arthashastra* (political treatise attributed to Chanakya,..." - Mark source from 2020 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 27: "The carnage prompted his conversion to Buddhism [^1]" - Thapar source from 1961 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 31: "33 inscriptions total on pillars, boulders, and cave walls across the empire ..." - Mark source from 2020 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 33: "Written in Prakrit, Greek, and Aramaic; two inscriptions were found at Kandah..." - Singh source from 2008 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 36: "Sent Buddhist missionaries to Sri Lanka, Central Asia, and the Hellenistic wo..." - Singh source from 2008 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 37: "Ordered construction of stupas across the empire, including the famous stupa ..." - Mark source from 2020 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 41: "At its height stretched from modern-day Iran and Afghanistan in the west to B..." - Mark source from 2020 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 42: "Capital at Pataliputra (modern Patna); provincial capitals at Taxila and Ujja..." - Singh source from 2008 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -62,4 +62,74 @@ In July 2025, the team unearthed five large furnaces used to heat an enormous ba
|
||||
[^4]: Fife, S. "Augustus' Political, Social, & Moral Reforms." *World History Encyclopedia* (worldhistory.org/article/116), 2023
|
||||
[^5]: Mark, J. J. "Augustus." *World History Encyclopedia* (worldhistory.org/augustus/), 2018
|
||||
[^6]: Anderson, S. "Archaeologists May Have Found the Villa Where the Roman Emperor Augustus Died." *Smithsonian Magazine*, April 24, 2024 (smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/covered-in-ash-by-the-same-eruption-that-buried-pompeii-this-villa-may-have-belonged-to-emperor-augustus-180984212/)
|
||||
[^7]: "More Evidence Suggests Villa on Mount Vesuvius Belonged to Rome's First Emperor." *Archaeology Magazine* (archaeology.org/news/2025/07/08/more-evidence-suggests-villa-on-mount-vesuvius-belonged-to-romes-first-emperor/), July 8, 2025
|
||||
[^7]: "More Evidence Suggests Villa on Mount Vesuvius Belonged to Rome's First Emperor." *Archaeology Magazine* (archaeology.org/news/2025/07/08/more-evidence-suggests-villa-on-mount-vesuvius-belonged-to-romes-first-emperor/), July 8, 2025
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Original name: Gaius Octavius Thurinus; adopted as Gaius Julius Caesar Octavi..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Also styled *Princeps* ("First Citizen") — his preferred public title [^5]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 15: "Children: Julia the Elder (by Scribonia); no biological sons [^3]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 29: "Pax Romana: Inaugurated ~200 years of relative peace [^2]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 30: "Administrative reforms: Professionalized the army, created the Praetorian Gua..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 31: "Building program: "Found Rome a city of brick and left it a city of marble" [..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 33: "Month of August named after him [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 34: "Appointed *pontifex maximus*, becoming both secular and religious head of the..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 36: "Social and moral reforms: *Lex Julia* legislation incentivized marriage and c..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 42: "Patron of the arts: supported Virgil, whose *Aeneid* was composed during his ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 43: "Key general and second-in-command: Marcus Agrippa commanded the fleet at Acti..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 5: Malformed temporal tag @t[-63..14] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: Malformed temporal tag @t[-27..14] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 54: Malformed temporal tag @t[~14] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 13: "Also styled *Princeps* ("First Citizen") — his preferred public title [^5]" - Mark source from 2018 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 15: "Children: Julia the Elder (by Scribonia); no biological sons [^3]" - World History Encyclopedia source from 1468 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 29: "Pax Romana: Inaugurated ~200 years of relative peace [^2]" - Everitt source from 2006 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 31: "Building program: "Found Rome a city of brick and left it a city of marble" [..." - Everitt source from 2006 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 34: "Appointed *pontifex maximus*, becoming both secular and religious head of the..." - Fife source from 2023 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 36: "Social and moral reforms: *Lex Julia* legislation incentivized marriage and c..." - Fife source from 2023 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 42: "Patron of the arts: supported Virgil, whose *Aeneid* was composed during his ..." - Mark source from 2018 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 43: "Key general and second-in-command: Marcus Agrippa commanded the fleet at Acti..." - Mark source from 2018 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -30,4 +30,26 @@ Cyrus II of Persia (Old Persian: *Kūruš*; ~600–530 BCE), known as Cyrus the
|
||||
[^1]: Kuhrt, A. *The Persian Empire* (Routledge, 2007)
|
||||
[^2]: British Museum, "The Cyrus Cylinder" (BM 90920)
|
||||
[^3]: Herodotus, *Histories*, Book I (c. 440 BCE)
|
||||
[^4]: Ezra 1:2–4 (Hebrew Bible); cf. Kuhrt (2007) [^1]
|
||||
[^4]: Ezra 1:2–4 (Hebrew Bible); cf. Kuhrt (2007) [^1]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Father: Cambyses I, King of Anshan [^3]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Mother: Mandane, daughter of the Median king Astyages [^3]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Successor: Cambyses II (son) [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: "Death attributed to battle with the Massagetae under their queen Tomyris (Her..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 14: "Successor: Cambyses II (son) [^1]" - Kuhrt source from 2007 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 20: "Issued the Edict of Cyrus (~538 BCE): allowed exiled peoples, including the J..." - Unknown source from 2007 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -38,4 +38,113 @@ Hammurabi (~1792–1750 BCE) was the sixth king of the First Babylonian Dynasty
|
||||
[^1]: Roth, M.T. *Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor* (1997)
|
||||
[^2]: Harper, R.F. *The Code of Hammurabi* (1904)
|
||||
[^3]: World History Encyclopedia. "Hammurabi." https://www.worldhistory.org/hammurabi/ (accessed 2026)
|
||||
[^4]: Wikipedia. "Hammurabi." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammurabi (accessed 2026)
|
||||
[^4]: Wikipedia. "Hammurabi." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammurabi (accessed 2026)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Capital: Babylon" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Dynasty: First Dynasty of Babylon (Amorite)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Father: Sin-Muballit (predecessor, abdicated due to failing health)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Inherited a small kingdom (Babylon, Kish, Sippar, Borsippa) and expanded it t..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Formed a temporary alliance with Larsa to repel an Elamite invasion, then tur..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Conquered city-states of Larsa, Eshnunna, and Mari; ousted Ishme-Dagan I of A..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Was the first ruler to successfully govern all of Mesopotamia without revolt ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "Improved irrigation systems and infrastructure; control of canal flow also se..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Established Marduk as the supreme deity of Babylon" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Over 200 surviving royal letters document his direct administrative oversight..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "The longest, best-organized, and best-preserved legal text from the ancient N..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: "Written in the Old Babylonian dialect of Akkadian cuneiform" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 28: "Structured as: poetic prologue, 282 case laws, and epilogue (~4,130 lines tot..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 29: "The stele's relief depicts Hammurabi receiving the laws from Shamash, the sun..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 30: "282 laws covering property, trade, family, labor, and criminal matters" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 31: "Among the first legal codes to establish the presumption of innocence [^4]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 32: "Principle of *lex talionis* ("an eye for an eye") with class-based distinctions" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 33: "Influenced later legal traditions, including Mosaic Law in the Hebrew Bible [^3]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 34: "Stele discovered at Susa in 1901, now in the Louvre [^2]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 35: "Not the earliest code (preceded by Code of Ur-Nammu) but the most complete" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-1750..~-1712] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[conflict]` Line 8: "Reign: ~1792–1750 BCE @t[1792 BCE..1750 BCE]" @t[-1792..-1750] overlaps with "Title: King of Babylon; also styled "King of the Four Corners of the World" @..." @t[-1792..-1750] - were both true simultaneously? (line:9) [pattern:parallel_overlap]
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Reign: ~1792–1750 BCE @t[1792 BCE..1750 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Title: King of Babylon; also styled "King of the Four Corners of the World" @..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Capital: Babylon" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Dynasty: First Dynasty of Babylon (Amorite)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Father: Sin-Muballit (predecessor, abdicated due to failing health)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Successor: Samsu-iluna (r. ~1750–1712 BCE) @t[~1750 BCE..~1712 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Established Marduk as the supreme deity of Babylon" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 27: "Written in the Old Babylonian dialect of Akkadian cuneiform" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 30: "282 laws covering property, trade, family, labor, and criminal matters" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 32: "Principle of *lex talionis* ("an eye for an eye") with class-based distinctions" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 35: "Not the earliest code (preceded by Code of Ur-Nammu) but the most complete" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 20: "Issued the Code of Hammurabi (~1754 BCE): 282 laws inscribed on a diorite ste..." - Roth source from 1997 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 34: "Stele discovered at Susa in 1901, now in the Louvre [^2]" - Harper source from 1904 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -38,4 +38,20 @@ Gaius Julius Caesar (100–44 BCE) was a Roman general, statesman, and dictator
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Caesar, *Commentarii de Bello Gallico*
|
||||
[^2]: Goldsworthy, A. *Caesar: Life of a Colossus* (Yale, 2006)
|
||||
[^3]: Suetonius, *De Vita Caesarum: Divus Iulius* (~121 CE)
|
||||
[^3]: Suetonius, *De Vita Caesarum: Divus Iulius* (~121 CE)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Born: 12 or 13 July 100 BCE, Rome @t[=100 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Died: 15 March 44 BCE, Rome (assassinated) @t[=44 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Offices: Aedile (65 BCE), Pontifex Maximus (63 BCE), Praetor (62 BCE), Consul..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Military: Conquered Gaul (58–50 BCE) @t[58 BCE..50 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -70,4 +70,101 @@ Pericles (Greek: Περικλῆς, "surrounded by glory"; ~495–429 BCE) was a
|
||||
[^1]: Plutarch, *Life of Pericles*
|
||||
[^2]: Thucydides, *History of the Peloponnesian War* 2.35–46
|
||||
[^3]: Plutarch, *Life of Pericles*; cf. Researchgate, "Pericles the Younger and the Citizenship Law" (2008)
|
||||
[^4]: Mark, Joshua J. "Pericles." *World History Encyclopedia*, 28 Mar 2018. https://www.worldhistory.org/pericles/
|
||||
[^4]: Mark, Joshua J. "Pericles." *World History Encyclopedia*, 28 Mar 2018. https://www.worldhistory.org/pericles/
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Political alignment: Democratic faction" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Family: Son of Xanthippus (general, hero of the Persian Wars) and Agariste (n..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 15: "Descended from the aristocratic Alcmaeonidae family through his mother Agaris..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Music teacher: Damon of Oa (though Aristotle names Pythoclides); Damon was la..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Intellectual mentor: Anaxagoras, the philosopher, who shaped Pericles' ration..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 29: "Expanded Athenian democracy: Introduced pay for jury service, opening partici..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 34: "Led the Delian League, transforming it into an Athenian empire [^2]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 35: "Funded free theater access for all citizens, reinforcing cultural and civic p..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 41: "Companion: Aspasia of Miletus (~470–410 BCE), an intellectual and rhetorici..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 43: "Had two legitimate sons, Paralus and Xanthippus, by his first wife; both died..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 44: "Had a son, Pericles the Younger, by Aspasia; citizenship was granted to him b..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 48: "Pericles commanded Athenian forces in multiple engagements; neither side gain..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 53: "Just before the Peloponnesian War, Pericles and his associates faced a series..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 55: "Aspasia was charged with impiety (asebeia); Pericles reportedly wept in court..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 56: "Anaxagoras, Pericles' philosophical mentor, was also attacked by the assembly..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 57: "These prosecutions are widely interpreted as politically motivated attacks on..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 61: "His defensive strategy against Sparta (retreating behind the Long Walls) led ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 63: "Was tried and fined by the Athenians during the war, then re-elected stratego..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 67: "Thucydides argued that Pericles' successors, seeking popularity over effectiv..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Born: ~495 BCE, Athens @t[~495 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Died: 429 BCE, Athens (plague) @t[=429 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Role: Strategos (general), elected repeatedly ~443–429 BCE @t[443 BCE..429 ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Political alignment: Democratic faction" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "After Ephialtes' assassination (461 BCE), became the preeminent leader of Ath..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 66: "The sculptor Kresilas created an idealized portrait bust of Pericles (~425 BC..." - what does "BC" mean in this context?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 19: "Entered politics around 470 BCE; initially introverted, he avoided public app..." - Mark source from 2018 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 33: "Also built the Odeon of Pericles (~446 BCE), a large roofed music hall near t..." - Mark source from 2018 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 42: "Divorced his first wife (name unknown) around 445 BCE to live with Aspasia @t..." - Mark source from 2018 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 44: "Had a son, Pericles the Younger, by Aspasia; citizenship was granted to him b..." - Plutarch source from 2008 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 48: "Pericles commanded Athenian forces in multiple engagements; neither side gain..." - Mark source from 2018 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 66: "The sculptor Kresilas created an idealized portrait bust of Pericles (~425 BC..." - Mark source from 2018 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -36,4 +36,17 @@ The Qin dynasty collapsed shortly after his death (206 BCE), but his unification
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 21: "Terracotta Army: ~8,000 life-sized warrior figures guarding his mausoleum, di..." - Portal source from 2007 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> Established scholarship remains current.
|
||||
> Established scholarship remains current.
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Chief minister: Li Si [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 38: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 21: "Terracotta Army: ~8,000 life-sized warrior figures ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 38: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 21: "Terracotta Army: ~8,000 life-sized warrior figures ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -42,4 +42,122 @@ Ramesses II (~1303–1213 BCE), also known as Ramesses the Great, was the third
|
||||
[^4]: "Ramesses II — Original Sarcophagus Identified Within the Valley of Kings." *Ancient Origins* (2025). https://www.ancient-origins.net/news-history-archaeology/ramesses-ii-original-sarcophagus-identified-within-valley-kings-0020845
|
||||
[^5]: Steinmeyer, N. "The Sarcophagus of Ramesses the Great." *Biblical Archaeology Society* (May 2025). https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/ancient-cultures/ancient-egypt/the-sarcophagus-of-ramesses-the-great/
|
||||
[^6]: Steinmeyer, N. "Revealing the Mortuary Temple of Ramesses II." *Biblical Archaeology Society* (April 2025). https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/ancient-cultures/ancient-egypt/revealing-the-mortuary-temple-of-ramesses-ii/
|
||||
[^7]: "Lost for 96 Years Beneath the Nile, the Missing Half of a Legendary Egyptian Statue Has Finally Been Found." *The Daily Galaxy* (February 2026). https://dailygalaxy.com/2026/02/ramesses-ii-legendary-statue-finally-found/
|
||||
[^7]: "Lost for 96 Years Beneath the Nile, the Missing Half of a Legendary Egyptian Statue Has Finally Been Found." *The Daily Galaxy* (February 2026). https://dailygalaxy.com/2026/02/ramesses-ii-legendary-statue-finally-found/
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Dynasty: 19th Dynasty, New Kingdom" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Capital: Pi-Ramesses (Nile Delta)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Principal wife: Nefertari (Nefertari Meritmut)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Tomb: KV7, Valley of the Kings" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Led at least 15 military campaigns in the Levant, reasserting Egyptian contro..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Led multiple campaigns into Nubia, commemorated in inscriptions at Beit el-Wa..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "Built Abu Simbel temples in Nubia" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Built the Ramesseum (mortuary temple) at Thebes" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Expanded Karnak and Luxor temples" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Completed the hypostyle hall at Karnak" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: "Fathered over 100 children" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 28: "His mummy was discovered in the Deir el-Bahari cache (TT320) in 1881 [^2]; an..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 29: "His original burial comprised three nested coffins: an inner gilded wooden co..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 30: "His original granite outer sarcophagus was identified in 2024 by Egyptologist..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 31: "Often identified (controversially) with the pharaoh of the Exodus narrative" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 32: "Nine subsequent pharaohs took the name Ramesses; he was referred to as the "G..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 35: "Ramesseum excavations (2025): A joint Egyptian-French expedition (operating s..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 36: "Hermopolis Magna statue (2024): A joint Egyptian-American mission at El Ashmu..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Born: ~1303 BCE @t[~1303 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Reign: ~1279–1213 BCE (66 years, one of the longest in Egyptian history) @t..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Dynasty: 19th Dynasty, New Kingdom" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Capital: Pi-Ramesses (Nile Delta)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Died: ~1213 BCE, age ~90 @t[~1213 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Principal wife: Nefertari (Nefertari Meritmut)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Tomb: KV7, Valley of the Kings" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Treaty of Kadesh (~1259 BCE): Signed peace with Hittite king Hattusili III; s..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 21: "Built Abu Simbel temples in Nubia" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Built the Ramesseum (mortuary temple) at Thebes" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Expanded Karnak and Luxor temples" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Completed the hypostyle hall at Karnak" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 27: "Fathered over 100 children" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 31: "Often identified (controversially) with the pharaoh of the Exodus narrative" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 14: "Tomb: KV7, Valley of the Kings" - what does "KV7" mean in this context?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "Battle of Kadesh (~1274 BCE): Fought the Hittites under Muwatalli II; indecis..." - Kitchen source from 1982 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 28: "His mummy was discovered in the Deir el-Bahari cache (TT320) in 1881 [^2]; an..." - Tyldesley source from 2000 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 29: "His original burial comprised three nested coffins: an inner gilded wooden co..." - Steinmeyer source from 2025 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 30: "His original granite outer sarcophagus was identified in 2024 by Egyptologist..." - Steinmeyer source from 2025 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 35: "Ramesseum excavations (2025): A joint Egyptian-French expedition (operating s..." - Steinmeyer source from 2025 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -82,4 +82,242 @@ Sargon became a legendary figure in Mesopotamian tradition, with later kings mod
|
||||
- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 16: "Birth legend: Set adrift in a basket on the Euphrates as an infant (parallels..." - Westenholz source from 1997 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> Still accurate. Westenholz (1997) remains a standard reference.
|
||||
- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 20: "Appointed his daughter Enheduanna as high priestess of Ur — she became the ..." - Hallo source from 1968 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> Still accurate. Hallo & van Dijk (1968) remains a standard reference.
|
||||
> Still accurate. Hallo & van Dijk (1968) remains a standard reference.
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 9: "Also known as: Sargon the Great; throne name Sharru-kin (Akkadian: "True King..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Title: King of Akkad, King of Kish, King of the Four Quarters" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Capital: Akkad/Agade (location undiscovered; believed near modern Baghdad) [^3]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Empire: United Sumerian and Akkadian city-states across Mesopotamia" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Reigned 56 years per the Sumerian King List; died of natural causes [^3]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Birth legend: Set adrift in a basket on the Euphrates as an infant (parallels..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Rose to power as cupbearer to Ur-Zababa, the King of Kish" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Conquered Lugal-zage-si of Uruk, unifying Sumer; paraded him in chains throug..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Conducted military campaigns from the Mediterranean to the Persian Gulf, incl..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Appointed his daughter Enheduanna (~2285–2250 BCE) as high priestess of Ur ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "Maintained a standing army of ~5,400 soldiers based in Akkad [^3]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Placed trusted governors ("Citizens of Akkad") in over 65 cities across the e..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Standardized weights and measures for trade and commerce [^3]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Created the first known postal system: clay tablets sealed inside clay envelo..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: "Promoted the Akkadian language and cuneiform script as administrative tools a..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 35: "*The Legend of Sargon of Akkad* — his purported autobiography, preserved in..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 36: "Copper head of Sargon found at Nineveh (1931 CE), now in the Iraq Museum, Bag..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 50: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Reign: ~2334–2279 BCE" - when was this true?" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 52: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Title: King of Akkad, King of Kish, King of the ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 54: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Capital: Akkad (location undiscovered)" - when w..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 56: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Empire: United Sumerian and Akkadian city-states..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 58: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Birth legend: Set adrift in a basket on the Euph..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 60: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Rose to power as cupbearer to the King of Kish" ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 62: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Conquered Lugal-zage-si of Uruk, unifying Sumer"..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 64: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Conducted military campaigns from the Mediterran..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 66: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Appointed his daughter Enheduanna as high priest..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 68: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Reign: ~2334–2279 BCE" - what is the source?" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 70: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Title: King of Akkad, King of Kish, King of the F..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 72: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Capital: Akkad (location undiscovered)" - what is..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 74: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Empire: United Sumerian and Akkadian city-states"..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 76: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Rose to power as cupbearer to the King of Kish" -..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 78: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Conquered Lugal-zage-si of Uruk, unifying Sumer" ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 80: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Conducted military campaigns from the Mediterrane..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 82: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 16: "Birth legend: Set adrift in a basket on the Euphrat..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 84: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 20: "Appointed his daughter Enheduanna as high priestess..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 5: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-2334..~-2279] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 8: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-2334..~-2279] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 30: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-2279..~-2270] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 31: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-2270..~-2255] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 32: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-2261..~-2224] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Reign: ~2334–2279 BCE @t[~2334 BCE..~2279 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Title: King of Akkad, King of Kish, King of the Four Quarters" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Empire: United Sumerian and Akkadian city-states across Mesopotamia" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Rose to power as cupbearer to Ur-Zababa, the King of Kish" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 30: "Son Rimush succeeded him, reigning ~9 years @t[~2279 BCE..~2270 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 31: "Son Manishtusu followed, reigning ~15 years @t[~2270 BCE..~2255 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 50: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Reign: ~2334–2279 BCE" - when was this true?" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 52: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Title: King of Akkad, King of Kish, King of the ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 54: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Capital: Akkad (location undiscovered)" - when w..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 56: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Empire: United Sumerian and Akkadian city-states..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 58: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Birth legend: Set adrift in a basket on the Euph..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 60: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Rose to power as cupbearer to the King of Kish" ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 62: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Conquered Lugal-zage-si of Uruk, unifying Sumer"..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 64: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Conducted military campaigns from the Mediterran..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 66: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Appointed his daughter Enheduanna as high priest..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 68: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Reign: ~2334–2279 BCE" - what is the source?" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 70: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Title: King of Akkad, King of Kish, King of the F..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 72: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Capital: Akkad (location undiscovered)" - what is..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 74: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Empire: United Sumerian and Akkadian city-states"..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 76: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Rose to power as cupbearer to the King of Kish" -..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 78: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Conquered Lugal-zage-si of Uruk, unifying Sumer" ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 80: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Conducted military campaigns from the Mediterrane..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 82: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 16: "Birth legend: Set adrift in a basket on the Euphrat..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 84: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 20: "Appointed his daughter Enheduanna as high priestess..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 9: "Also known as: Sargon the Great; throne name Sharru-kin (Akkadian: "True King..." - Mark source from 2009 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 11: "Capital: Akkad/Agade (location undiscovered; believed near modern Baghdad) [^3]" - Mark source from 2009 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 13: "Reigned 56 years per the Sumerian King List; died of natural causes [^3]" - Mark source from 2009 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 16: "Birth legend: Set adrift in a basket on the Euphrates as an infant (parallels..." - Westenholz source from 1997 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 18: "Conquered Lugal-zage-si of Uruk, unifying Sumer; paraded him in chains throug..." - Mark source from 2009 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 19: "Conducted military campaigns from the Mediterranean to the Persian Gulf, incl..." - Mark source from 2009 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 20: "Appointed his daughter Enheduanna (~2285–2250 BCE) as high priestess of Ur ..." - Hallo source from 1968 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 21: "Maintained a standing army of ~5,400 soldiers based in Akkad [^3]" - Mark source from 2009 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 24: "Placed trusted governors ("Citizens of Akkad") in over 65 cities across the e..." - Mark source from 2009 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 25: "Standardized weights and measures for trade and commerce [^3]" - Mark source from 2009 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 26: "Created the first known postal system: clay tablets sealed inside clay envelo..." - Mark source from 2009 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 27: "Promoted the Akkadian language and cuneiform script as administrative tools a..." - Unknown source from 2025 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 32: "Grandson Naram-Sin (r. ~2261–2224 BCE) brought the empire to its greatest e..." - Mark source from 2009 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 35: "*The Legend of Sargon of Akkad* — his purported autobiography, preserved in..." - Mark source from 2009 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -31,4 +31,83 @@ Bronze working — the alloying of copper with tin — defined the Bronze Age (~
|
||||
[^3]: Lechtman, H. "Arsenic Bronze: Dirty Copper or Chosen Alloy?" *Journal of Field Archaeology* 23 (1996)
|
||||
[^4]: Wikiwand, "Lost-wax casting" — oldest known examples ~4550–4450 BCE, Varna Necropolis, Bulgaria
|
||||
[^5]: Cline, E.H. *1177 B.C.: The Year Civilization Collapsed* (2014) — Bronze Age Collapse and trade disruption
|
||||
[^6]: Heritage Daily, "Study reveals arsenical bronze production during Egypt's Middle Kingdom" (2025)
|
||||
[^6]: Heritage Daily, "Study reveals arsenical bronze production during Egypt's Middle Kingdom" (2025)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Spread to: Egypt, Indus Valley, China, Europe" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 15: "Arsenical bronze (copper + arsenic) preceded tin-bronze and was used widely i..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Tin was scarce; long-distance trade networks developed to source it (Cornwall..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Disruption of tin trade routes is considered a contributing factor to the Bro..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[conflict]` Line 8: "Period: ~3300–1200 BCE (Bronze Age) @t[~3300 BCE..1200 BCE]" @t[-3300..-3300] overlaps with "Composition: ~88% copper, ~12% tin (tin-bronze); earlier arsenical bronze use..." @t[-3300..-3300] - were both true simultaneously? (line:9) [pattern:unknown]
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[conflict]` Line 8: "Period: ~3300–1200 BCE (Bronze Age) @t[~3300 BCE..1200 BCE]" @t[-3300..-3300] overlaps with "Earliest tin-bronze: Mesopotamia and the Caucasus, ~3300 BCE @t[~3300 BCE]" @t[-3300..-3300] - were both true simultaneously? (line:10) [pattern:unknown]
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[conflict]` Line 9: "Composition: ~88% copper, ~12% tin (tin-bronze); earlier arsenical bronze use..." @t[-3300..-3300] overlaps with "Earliest tin-bronze: Mesopotamia and the Caucasus, ~3300 BCE @t[~3300 BCE]" @t[-3300..-3300] - were both true simultaneously? (line:10) [pattern:unknown]
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[conflict]` Line 22: "Superior weapons: Swords, spearheads, armor @t[~3300 BCE..1200 BCE]" @t[-3300..-3300] overlaps with "Agricultural tools: Plows, sickles @t[~3300 BCE..1200 BCE]" @t[-3300..-3300] - were both true simultaneously? (line:23) [pattern:unknown]
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[conflict]` Line 22: "Superior weapons: Swords, spearheads, armor @t[~3300 BCE..1200 BCE]" @t[-3300..-3300] overlaps with "Monumental art: Statuary, ritual vessels @t[~3300 BCE..1200 BCE]" @t[-3300..-3300] - were both true simultaneously? (line:24) [pattern:unknown]
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[conflict]` Line 22: "Superior weapons: Swords, spearheads, armor @t[~3300 BCE..1200 BCE]" @t[-3300..-3300] overlaps with "Drove long-distance trade networks for tin and copper @t[~3300 BCE..1200 BCE]" @t[-3300..-3300] - were both true simultaneously? (line:25) [pattern:unknown]
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[conflict]` Line 23: "Agricultural tools: Plows, sickles @t[~3300 BCE..1200 BCE]" @t[-3300..-3300] overlaps with "Monumental art: Statuary, ritual vessels @t[~3300 BCE..1200 BCE]" @t[-3300..-3300] - were both true simultaneously? (line:24) [pattern:unknown]
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[conflict]` Line 23: "Agricultural tools: Plows, sickles @t[~3300 BCE..1200 BCE]" @t[-3300..-3300] overlaps with "Drove long-distance trade networks for tin and copper @t[~3300 BCE..1200 BCE]" @t[-3300..-3300] - were both true simultaneously? (line:25) [pattern:unknown]
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[conflict]` Line 24: "Monumental art: Statuary, ritual vessels @t[~3300 BCE..1200 BCE]" @t[-3300..-3300] overlaps with "Drove long-distance trade networks for tin and copper @t[~3300 BCE..1200 BCE]" @t[-3300..-3300] - were both true simultaneously? (line:25) [pattern:unknown]
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Period: ~3300–1200 BCE (Bronze Age) @t[~3300 BCE..1200 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Composition: ~88% copper, ~12% tin (tin-bronze); earlier arsenical bronze use..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Earliest tin-bronze: Mesopotamia and the Caucasus, ~3300 BCE @t[~3300 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Spread to: Egypt, Indus Valley, China, Europe" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Copper smelting preceded bronze by ~2,000 years (Chalcolithic period) @t[~530..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Superior weapons: Swords, spearheads, armor @t[~3300 BCE..1200 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Agricultural tools: Plows, sickles @t[~3300 BCE..1200 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Monumental art: Statuary, ritual vessels @t[~3300 BCE..1200 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Drove long-distance trade networks for tin and copper @t[~3300 BCE..1200 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 15: "Arsenical bronze (copper + arsenic) preceded tin-bronze and was used widely i..." - Lechtman source from 1996 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 16: "Tin was scarce; long-distance trade networks developed to source it (Cornwall..." - Muhly source from 1985 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 19: "Disruption of tin trade routes is considered a contributing factor to the Bro..." - Cline source from 1177 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -28,4 +28,68 @@ The development of iron smelting technology (~1200 BCE onward) ushered in the Ir
|
||||
[^1]: Waldbaum, J. *From Bronze to Iron* (1978)
|
||||
[^2]: Wagner, D. *Iron and Steel in Ancient China* (Brill, 1993)
|
||||
[^3]: Alpern, S.B. "Did They or Didn't They Invent It? Iron in Sub-Saharan Africa" *History in Africa* 32 (2005); Wikipedia, "Iron metallurgy in Africa"
|
||||
[^4]: Srinivasan, S. & Ranganathan, S. *India's Legendary Wootz Steel* (National Institute of Advanced Studies, 2004); Wikipedia, "Wootz steel"
|
||||
[^4]: Srinivasan, S. & Ranganathan, S. *India's Legendary Wootz Steel* (National Institute of Advanced Studies, 2004); Wikipedia, "Wootz steel"
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Key innovation: Carburization (adding carbon to create steel) [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 15: "Hittites may have been early innovators of iron smelting, though evidence is ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Iron became widespread after the Bronze Age Collapse disrupted tin trade rout..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Democratized access to metal tools (iron ore is abundant, unlike tin) [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Improved agricultural productivity (iron plows) [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Transformed warfare (iron weapons, armor) [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Enabled deforestation and land clearing at scale [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[conflict]` Line 8: "Transition period: ~1200–800 BCE (varies by region) @t[1200 BCE..800 BCE] [^1]" @t[-1200..-0800] overlaps with "Widespread adoption: After the Bronze Age Collapse (~1200 BCE) @t[~1200 BCE] ..." @t[-1200..-1200] - were both true simultaneously? (line:10) [pattern:unknown]
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[conflict]` Line 17: "Chinese independently developed cast iron by ~500 BCE (bloomery iron in the W..." @t[-0500..-0500] overlaps with "South India developed wootz steel (crucible steel) by the mid-1st millennium ..." @t[-0500..-0500] - were both true simultaneously? (line:19) [pattern:unknown]
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 9: "Earliest iron smelting: Anatolia (Hittites), ~1500 BCE (limited use) @t[~1500..." - Waldbaum source from 1978 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 10: "Widespread adoption: After the Bronze Age Collapse (~1200 BCE) @t[~1200 BCE] ..." - Waldbaum source from 1978 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 11: "Key innovation: Carburization (adding carbon to create steel) [^1]" - Waldbaum source from 1978 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 14: "Earliest surviving iron artifacts (4th millennium BCE, Egypt) were made from ..." - Waldbaum source from 1978 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 15: "Hittites may have been early innovators of iron smelting, though evidence is ..." - Waldbaum source from 1978 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 16: "Iron became widespread after the Bronze Age Collapse disrupted tin trade rout..." - Waldbaum source from 1978 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "Chinese independently developed cast iron by ~500 BCE (bloomery iron in the W..." - Wagner source from 1993 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 22: "Democratized access to metal tools (iron ore is abundant, unlike tin) [^1]" - Waldbaum source from 1978 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 23: "Improved agricultural productivity (iron plows) [^1]" - Waldbaum source from 1978 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 24: "Transformed warfare (iron weapons, armor) [^1]" - Waldbaum source from 1978 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 25: "Enabled deforestation and land clearing at scale [^1]" - Waldbaum source from 1978 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -30,4 +30,74 @@ Roman aqueducts were engineering marvels that transported water over long distan
|
||||
[^1]: Frontinus, *De Aquaeductu Urbis Romae* (~97 CE)
|
||||
[^2]: Hodge, A.T. *Roman Aqueducts and Water Supply* (2002)
|
||||
[^3]: Wikipedia, "Roman aqueduct" — https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_aqueduct
|
||||
[^4]: El País, "Age of Segovia aqueduct revised after discovery of ancient coin" (2016) — https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2016/11/01/inenglish/1477997248_304960.html
|
||||
[^4]: El País, "Age of Segovia aqueduct revised after discovery of ancient coin" (2016) — https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2016/11/01/inenglish/1477997248_304960.html
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Daily water delivery to Rome: ~1 million cubic meters [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Mostly underground channels; iconic arched bridges were only ~5% of total length" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Used *opus caementicium* (Roman concrete) and lead pipes (*fistulae*)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Settling tanks and distribution castella regulated flow" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Water also supported mining operations, milling, farms, and gardens [^3]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 9: Malformed temporal tag @t[-312..226 CE] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: Malformed temporal tag @t[-312..226 CE] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: Malformed temporal tag @t[=226 CE] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 15: Malformed temporal tag @t[-312..476 CE] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: Malformed temporal tag @t[38 CE..52 CE] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: Malformed temporal tag @t[~98 CE..116 CE] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: Malformed temporal tag @t[=226 CE] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "First Roman aqueduct: Aqua Appia (312 BCE) @t[=312 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Total aqueducts serving Rome: 11 (by 226 CE) @t[312 BCE..226 CE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Combined length: ~500 km (mostly underground) @t[312 BCE..226 CE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Last aqueduct built for Rome: Aqua Alexandrina (226 CE) @t[=226 CE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 15: "Gravity-fed: Maintained a consistent gradient (~1:200 to 1:4800) @t[312 BCE....." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Mostly underground channels; iconic arched bridges were only ~5% of total length" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Used *opus caementicium* (Roman concrete) and lead pipes (*fistulae*)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Settling tanks and distribution castella regulated flow" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 25: "Pont du Gard (France, ~19 BCE): Three-tiered bridge, 49 m high @t[~19 BCE] [^2]" - Hodge source from 2002 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 26: "Aqueduct of Segovia (Spain, late 1st–early 2nd century CE): Still standing;..." - El País source from 2016 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -37,4 +37,95 @@ In harbor structures, seawater seeping through the concrete dissolved volcanic m
|
||||
[^2]: Lancaster, L. *Concrete Vaulted Construction in Imperial Rome* (Cambridge, 2005)
|
||||
[^3]: Masic, A. et al. "Hot mixing: Mechanistic insights into the durability of ancient Roman concrete" *Science Advances* 9 (2023) doi:10.1126/sciadv.add1602
|
||||
[^4]: Jackson, M. et al. "Phillipsite and Al-tobermorite mineral cements produced through low-temperature water-rock reactions in Roman marine concrete" *American Mineralogist* 102 (2017)
|
||||
[^5]: Brandon, C. et al. *Building for Eternity: The History and Technology of Roman Concrete Engineering in the Sea* (Oxbow Books, 2014)
|
||||
[^5]: Brandon, C. et al. *Building for Eternity: The History and Technology of Roman Concrete Engineering in the Sea* (Oxbow Books, 2014)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 9: "Composition: Volcanic ash (pozzolana), lime, seawater, and rock aggregate" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Key innovation: Pozzolanic reaction with volcanic ash" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Volcanic ash source: Primarily from Pozzuoli (Bay of Naples) and the Campi Fl..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 15: "Increased in strength over time through mineral crystallization [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Could be molded into complex shapes (domes, vaults)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Less tensile strength than modern concrete but superior durability" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 31: "Harbor at Puteoli" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 5: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-300..476 CE] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 8: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-300..476 CE] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-300..476 CE] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 28: Malformed temporal tag @t[~125 CE] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 29: Malformed temporal tag @t[=80 CE] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 30: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-22..~-10] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 32: Malformed temporal tag @t[~212 CE..~217 CE] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 33: Malformed temporal tag @t[~298 CE..~306 CE] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Period of use: ~3rd century BCE – 5th century CE @t[~300 BCE..476 CE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Composition: Volcanic ash (pozzolana), lime, seawater, and rock aggregate" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Key innovation: Pozzolanic reaction with volcanic ash" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Volcanic ash source: Primarily from Pozzuoli (Bay of Naples) and the Campi Fl..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Set underwater (hydraulic cement) — critical for harbor construction @t[~30..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Could be molded into complex shapes (domes, vaults)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Less tensile strength than modern concrete but superior durability" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 28: "Pantheon dome (~125 CE) @t[~125 CE]: 43.3 m span, largest unreinforced concre..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 29: "Colosseum (~80 CE) @t[=80 CE]: Concrete core with travertine facing" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 31: "Harbor at Puteoli" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 15: "Increased in strength over time through mineral crystallization [^1]" - Jackson source from 2014 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 30: "Harbor of Sebastos, Caesarea Maritima (~22–10 BCE) @t[~22 BCE..~10 BCE]: Bu..." - Brandon source from 2014 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 32: "Baths of Caracalla (~212–217 CE) @t[~212 CE..~217 CE] [^2]" - Lancaster source from 2005 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 33: "Baths of Diocletian (~298–306 CE) @t[~298 CE..~306 CE] [^2]" - Lancaster source from 2005 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -33,4 +33,77 @@ The Roman road network was one of the greatest engineering achievements of the a
|
||||
[^3]: Wikipedia, "Roman roads," https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_roads
|
||||
[^4]: LacusCurtius, "Via Appia," *Encyclopaedia Britannica* (1911 ed.), https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Periods/Roman/Topics/Engineering/roads/Appia/Britannica_1911*.html
|
||||
[^5]: Wikipedia, "Via Augusta," https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Augusta
|
||||
[^6]: LacusCurtius, "Milliarium Aureum," Platner & Ashby (1929), https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Milliarium_Aureum.html
|
||||
[^6]: LacusCurtius, "Milliarium Aureum," Platner & Ashby (1929), https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Milliarium_Aureum.html
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 8: "Total network: ~400,000 km (80,000 km paved) [^1] [^2]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Construction: Layered system of gravel, sand, and paving stones [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Maintained by: State and local authorities" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Surveyed in straight lines where possible (*agrimensor* surveyors)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 15: "Layered construction: Foundation (*statumen*), gravel (*rudus*), concrete (*n..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Drainage ditches on both sides" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Milestones (*miliaria*) every Roman mile (~1.48 km)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: ""All roads lead to Rome" — distances across the empire were measured from t..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 28: "Many modern European roads follow Roman alignments" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-146..~-120] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-8..~-2] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: Malformed temporal tag @t[~43 CE..410 CE] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "First major road: Via Appia (312 BCE), Rome to Capua @t[=312 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Maintained by: State and local authorities" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Surveyed in straight lines where possible (*agrimensor* surveyors)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Drainage ditches on both sides" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Milestones (*miliaria*) every Roman mile (~1.48 km)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 27: ""All roads lead to Rome" — distances across the empire were measured from t..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 28: "Many modern European roads follow Roman alignments" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 8: "Total network: ~400,000 km (80,000 km paved) [^1] [^2]" - Laurence source from 1999 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 10: "Construction: Layered system of gravel, sand, and paving stones [^1]" - Laurence source from 1999 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 15: "Layered construction: Foundation (*statumen*), gravel (*rudus*), concrete (*n..." - Laurence source from 1999 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 23: "Stane Street, Watling Street: Roman Britain, constructed after the invasion o..." - Chevallier source from 1976 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -33,4 +33,83 @@ Before Baltic amber dominated, Sicilian amber was the primary source for Greece,
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Bouzek, J. "The Amber Route" in *Greece, Anatolia and Europe* (1997)
|
||||
[^2]: Causey, F. *Amber and the Ancient World* (Getty Museum, 2011)
|
||||
[^3]: Wikipedia contributors, "Amber Road," *Wikipedia* (accessed 2026-02-23), citing de Navarro (1925), Reeves (1990), Mukherjee et al. (2008), Jovaiša (2001), Schachinger (2020)
|
||||
[^3]: Wikipedia contributors, "Amber Road," *Wikipedia* (accessed 2026-02-23), citing de Navarro (1925), Reeves (1990), Mukherjee et al. (2008), Jovaiša (2001), Schachinger (2020)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 9: "Key good: Baltic amber (fossilized tree resin)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Northern terminus: Baltic coast (modern Poland, Lithuania)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Southern terminus: Adriatic (Aquileia), Greece, Egypt" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Return goods: Romans exported glass, brass, gold, tin, and copper northward i..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 15: "From the Baltic coast through the Vistula, Dnieper, and Danube river corridor..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Key waypoints: Biskupin, Wrocław, Carnuntum, Aquileia [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "In Roman times, the main route ran south from the Baltic coast (modern Lithua..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Connected to Mediterranean trade networks at the Adriatic, and onward to the ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Roman military fortifications were built along the route to protect merchants..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Amber was sent as an offering to the Temple of Apollo at Delphi [^3]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "The Amber Road likely stimulated the Nordic Bronze Age, bringing Mediterranea..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 28: "Facilitated cultural exchange between northern and southern Europe [^2]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 5: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-3000..~400 CE] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 8: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-3000..~400 CE] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-1500..~-1200] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: Malformed temporal tag @t[~61] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Period: ~3000 BCE – Roman era @t[~3000 BCE..~400 CE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Key good: Baltic amber (fossilized tree resin)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Northern terminus: Baltic coast (modern Poland, Lithuania)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Southern terminus: Adriatic (Aquileia), Greece, Egypt" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 18: "Connected to Mediterranean trade networks at the Adriatic, and onward to the ..." - what is the nature of this connection?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 16: "Key waypoints: Biskupin, Wrocław, Carnuntum, Aquileia [^1]" - Bouzek source from 1997 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 18: "Connected to Mediterranean trade networks at the Adriatic, and onward to the ..." - Bouzek source from 1997 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 25: "Romans valued amber highly; Nero sent an expedition to the Baltic to procure ..." - Causey source from 2011 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 28: "Facilitated cultural exchange between northern and southern Europe [^2]" - Causey source from 2011 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -43,4 +43,104 @@ The Negev segment of the route — comprising the Nabataean towns of Haluza, Mam
|
||||
[^2]: Hoyland, R. *Arabia and the Arabs* (Routledge, 2001)
|
||||
[^3]: UNESCO World Heritage Centre, "Incense Route – Desert Cities in the Negev," inscribed 2005. https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1107
|
||||
[^4]: Strabo, *Geographica* XVI.4.22–24 (primary source for Aelius Gallus expedition and Arabian trade)
|
||||
[^5]: *Periplus of the Erythraean Sea*, anonymous Greek-Egyptian author, 1st century CE (documents monsoon navigation and Red Sea trade)
|
||||
[^5]: *Periplus of the Erythraean Sea*, anonymous Greek-Egyptian author, 1st century CE (documents monsoon navigation and Red Sea trade)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Length: ~2,400 km (main overland route)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Key goods: Frankincense, myrrh, spices, textiles, Indian luxury goods" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Key peoples: Nabataeans, Sabaeans, Minaeans [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 15: "Southern terminus: Dhofar (Oman) and Hadhramaut (Yemen)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Northern terminus: Gaza, Petra, Damascus" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Key waypoints: Shabwa, Ma'rib, Petra, Gaza [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Kingdom of Saba (Sheba): Controlled production in southern Arabia [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 35: "Strabo, *Geographica* (1st century BCE/CE): Detailed account of the Aelius Ga..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 36: "*Periplus of the Erythraean Sea* (1st century CE): Eyewitness account of Red ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 8: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-700..~300 CE] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 9: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-300..~200 CE] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-300..~200 CE] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-300..106 CE] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-700..~-100] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: Malformed temporal tag @t[=106 CE] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: Malformed temporal tag @t[~200 CE..~300 CE] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 31: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-100..~100 CE] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 32: Malformed temporal tag @t[=106 CE] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 39: Malformed temporal tag @t[=2005 CE] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Period: ~7th century BCE – ~3rd century CE @t[~700 BCE..~300 CE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Peak activity: ~3rd century BCE – ~2nd century CE @t[~300 BCE..~200 CE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Length: ~2,400 km (main overland route)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Key goods: Frankincense, myrrh, spices, textiles, Indian luxury goods" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 15: "Southern terminus: Dhofar (Oman) and Hadhramaut (Yemen)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Northern terminus: Gaza, Petra, Damascus" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 12: "Key peoples: Nabataeans, Sabaeans, Minaeans [^1]" - Avanzini source from 2008 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "Key waypoints: Shabwa, Ma'rib, Petra, Gaza [^1]" - Avanzini source from 2008 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 18: "Negev segment: Four Nabataean towns — Haluza, Mamshit, Avdat, and Shivta ..." - Unknown source from 2005 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 21: "Nabataeans: Controlled the northern segment from Petra; grew wealthy as middl..." - Avanzini source from 2008 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 22: "Kingdom of Saba (Sheba): Controlled production in southern Arabia [^1]" - Avanzini source from 2008 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 23: "Minaeans: Earlier controllers of the southern Arabian trade, predating Nabata..." - Avanzini source from 2008 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 32: "The Roman annexation of Nabataea in 106 CE @t[=106 CE] disrupted the Nabataea..." - Unknown source from 2005 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -43,4 +43,122 @@ A complementary sea route — the Maritime Silk Road — connected China's south
|
||||
[^3]: Wikipedia contributors. "Silk Road." *Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia*. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road (accessed 2026)
|
||||
[^4]: "The 4 Powerful Empires of the Silk Road." *The Collector* (2022). https://www.thecollector.com/four-empires-silk-road/
|
||||
[^5]: "Sogdian Traders Along the Silk Road." *ResearchGate* (2023). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371261395
|
||||
[^6]: Wikipedia contributors. "Maritime Silk Road." *Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia*. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road (accessed 2026)
|
||||
[^6]: Wikipedia contributors. "Maritime Silk Road." *Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia*. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road (accessed 2026)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 9: "Length: ~6,400 km (main overland route)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Key goods: Silk, spices, gold, glass, horses, precious stones" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Eastern terminus: Chang'an (Xi'an), China" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 15: "Western terminus: Rome, Antioch, Constantinople" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Key waypoints: Dunhuang, Kashgar, Samarkand, Merv, Ctesiphon, Palmyra" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Crossed the Taklamakan Desert, Pamir Mountains, and Iranian Plateau [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "The **Han dynasty** (China) and **Roman Empire** were the primary producers a..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: "Nestorian Christianity, Manichaeism, and Islam traveled eastward in later cen..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 28: "Technologies transferred: Papermaking (China → West), glassmaking (West →..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 29: "Diseases also spread along the routes, possibly including the Antonine Plague..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 38: "Roman demand for Chinese silk was so great that Roman writers complained of g..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 8: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-130..~1450 CE] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: Malformed temporal tag @t[=1877 CE] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-247..224 CE] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: Malformed temporal tag @t[~30 CE..375 CE] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: Malformed temporal tag @t[~300 CE..~750 CE] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: Malformed temporal tag @t[~1 CE..~400 CE] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 35: Malformed temporal tag @t[-206..220 CE] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 36: Malformed temporal tag @t[~30 CE..375 CE] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 37: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-50..~250 CE] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Period: ~130 BCE – ~1450 CE (ancient period focus: ~130 BCE – ~400 CE) @t..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Length: ~6,400 km (main overland route)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Named by: Ferdinand von Richthofen (1877) @t[=1877 CE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Key goods: Silk, spices, gold, glass, horses, precious stones" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Eastern terminus: Chang'an (Xi'an), China" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 15: "Western terminus: Rome, Antioch, Constantinople" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Key waypoints: Dunhuang, Kashgar, Samarkand, Merv, Ctesiphon, Palmyra" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 27: "Nestorian Christianity, Manichaeism, and Islam traveled eastward in later cen..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 28: "Technologies transferred: Papermaking (China → West), glassmaking (West →..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 36: "**Kushan Empire** (1st–3rd century CE): Facilitated trade across Central As..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "Crossed the Taklamakan Desert, Pamir Mountains, and Iranian Plateau [^1]" - Hansen source from 2012 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 21: "The **Parthian Empire** (~247 BCE – 224 CE) controlled the middle section o..." - Unknown source from 2022 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 23: "**Sogdian merchants** from Samarkand dominated commercial activity along the ..." - Unknown source from 2023 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 26: "Buddhism spread from India to China via the Silk Road, carried by monks and m..." - Hansen source from 2012 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 29: "Diseases also spread along the routes, possibly including the Antonine Plague..." - Frankopan source from 2015 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 35: "**Han dynasty** (206 BCE – 220 CE): Zhang Qian's first mission to the Weste..." - Hansen source from 2012 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 37: "**Pax Romana / Pax Sinica** (~50 BCE – 250 CE): The four empires of Rome, P..." - Unknown source from 2022 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 38: "Roman demand for Chinese silk was so great that Roman writers complained of g..." - Frankopan source from 2015 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -30,4 +30,74 @@ The treaty's specific provisions, recorded by Thucydides (5.18–19), included:
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Thucydides, *History of the Peloponnesian War* 5.18–19
|
||||
[^2]: Kagan, D. *The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition* (Cornell, 1981)
|
||||
[^3]: Thucydides, *History of the Peloponnesian War* 5.17; Plutarch, *Life of Nicias* 9
|
||||
[^3]: Thucydides, *History of the Peloponnesian War* 5.17; Plutarch, *Life of Nicias* 9
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 9: "Parties: Athens and Sparta (and their respective allies)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Negotiators: Nicias (Athens) and King Pleistoanax (Sparta) [^3]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Duration: Nominally 50 years; effectively ~6 years" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Sparta to return Amphipolis to Athens" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Mutual non-aggression for 50 years" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Disputes to be settled by arbitration" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Temples and sanctuaries throughout Greece to be open to worshippers from all ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "The oracle at Delphi to regain its autonomy" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Key Spartan allies (Corinth, Boeotia) refused to sign" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Neither side fully implemented the terms; Sparta failed to deliver Amphipolis..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Date: March 421 BCE @t[=421 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Parties: Athens and Sparta (and their respective allies)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Context: Ended the Archidamian War (431–421 BCE), first phase of the Pelopo..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Duration: Nominally 50 years; effectively ~6 years" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Sparta to return Amphipolis to Athens" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Athens to release the 292 prisoners captured at Pylos and Sphacteria (425 BCE..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Mutual non-aggression for 50 years" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Disputes to be settled by arbitration" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Temples and sanctuaries throughout Greece to be open to worshippers from all ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 21: "The oracle at Delphi to regain its autonomy" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Key Spartan allies (Corinth, Boeotia) refused to sign" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Neither side fully implemented the terms; Sparta failed to deliver Amphipolis..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -27,4 +27,71 @@ The Treaty of Apamea (188 BCE) was imposed by Rome on the Seleucid Empire after
|
||||
[^1]: Polybius, *Histories* 21.43
|
||||
[^2]: Gruen, E. *The Hellenistic World and the Coming of Rome* (1984)
|
||||
[^3]: Wikipedia, "Antiochus IV Epiphanes" — hostage clause of the Treaty of Apamea
|
||||
[^4]: Ma, J. "The Treaty of Apamea and the Later Seleucids," *Antichthon* (2015), Cambridge University Press
|
||||
[^4]: Ma, J. "The Treaty of Apamea and the Later Seleucids," *Antichthon* (2015), Cambridge University Press
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 9: "Parties: Roman Republic and Seleucid Empire (Antiochus III)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Seleucids withdrew from all territory west of the Taurus Mountains" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "War indemnity of 15,000 Euboic talents of silver: 500 paid immediately, 2,500..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 15: "Seleucid navy reduced to 10 warships; all war elephants surrendered" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Territory redistributed to Rome's allies: Pergamon received Lydia, Phrygia, M..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Antiochus III's son (the future Antiochus IV Epiphanes) taken to Rome as a po..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Seleucids prohibited from expanding west of the Taurus Mountains in perpetuity" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "Marked the end of Seleucid influence in Anatolia" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Established Rome as the dominant power in the eastern Mediterranean" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Established *philia* (amity) between Rome and the Seleucid dynasty, governing..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Weakened the Seleucid Empire, contributing to its eventual fragmentation [^2]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Date: 188 BCE @t[=188 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Parties: Roman Republic and Seleucid Empire (Antiochus III)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Context: Followed the Battle of Magnesia (190 BCE) @t[=190 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Seleucids withdrew from all territory west of the Taurus Mountains" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 15: "Seleucid navy reduced to 10 warships; all war elephants surrendered" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Seleucids prohibited from expanding west of the Taurus Mountains in perpetuity" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 21: "Marked the end of Seleucid influence in Anatolia" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Established Rome as the dominant power in the eastern Mediterranean" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 23: "Established *philia* (amity) between Rome and the Seleucid dynasty, governing..." - Ma source from 2015 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 24: "Weakened the Seleucid Empire, contributing to its eventual fragmentation [^2]" - Gruen source from 1984 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -34,4 +34,92 @@ The Treaty of Kadesh (~1259 BCE) between Egypt and the Hittite Empire is the ear
|
||||
[^1]: Beckman, G. *Hittite Diplomatic Texts* (1999)
|
||||
[^2]: Bryce, T. *Letters of the Great Kings of the Ancient Near East* (2003)
|
||||
[^3]: Wikipedia, "Egyptian–Hittite peace treaty", https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Hittite_peace_treaty
|
||||
[^4]: World History Encyclopedia, "The Battle of Kadesh & the First Peace Treaty", https://www.worldhistory.org/article/78/the-battle-of-kadesh--the-first-peace-treaty/
|
||||
[^4]: World History Encyclopedia, "The Battle of Kadesh & the First Peace Treaty", https://www.worldhistory.org/article/78/the-battle-of-kadesh--the-first-peace-treaty/
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 9: "Parties: Egypt (Ramesses II) and Hittite Empire (Hattusili III)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Languages: Egyptian hieroglyphic and Akkadian cuneiform" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Original medium: Silver tablets (now lost); surviving versions are copies" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 15: "Mutual non-aggression pact" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Defensive alliance against third-party attacks" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Extradition of political refugees (with humane treatment clause)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Mutual recognition of borders in Syria [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Divine witnesses invoked; violations threatened with divine punishment [^3]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Egyptian version: Inscribed on temple walls at Karnak and the Ramesseum (Thebes)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Hittite version: Cuneiform clay tablets discovered at Hattusa in 1906 by Germ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Both versions are translations of the original silver tablets exchanged betwe..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: "Earliest known surviving peace treaty for which both parties' versions surviv..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 28: "A copy hangs in the United Nations headquarters in New York as a symbol of di..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 29: "Both Egyptian and Hittite versions survive (discovered at Karnak and Hattusa)..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 31: "Ushered in a prolonged period of peace and cooperation, allowing Ramesses II ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Date: ~1259 BCE (some scholars cite 1258 BCE) @t[~1259 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Parties: Egypt (Ramesses II) and Hittite Empire (Hattusili III)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Context: Followed the Battle of Kadesh (~1274 BCE), approximately 15 years la..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Languages: Egyptian hieroglyphic and Akkadian cuneiform" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Original medium: Silver tablets (now lost); surviving versions are copies" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 15: "Mutual non-aggression pact" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Defensive alliance against third-party attacks" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Extradition of political refugees (with humane treatment clause)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Egyptian version: Inscribed on temple walls at Karnak and the Ramesseum (Thebes)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Both versions are translations of the original silver tablets exchanged betwe..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 28: "A copy hangs in the United Nations headquarters in New York as a symbol of di..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 18: "Mutual recognition of borders in Syria [^1]" - Beckman source from 1999 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 29: "Both Egyptian and Hittite versions survive (discovered at Karnak and Hattusa)..." - Bryce source from 2003 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -27,4 +27,83 @@ Cuneiform is the earliest known writing system, developed in Sumer ~3400 BCE. Wr
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Walker, C.B.F. *Cuneiform* (British Museum, 1987)
|
||||
[^2]: Robson, E. *Mathematics in Ancient Iraq* (Princeton, 2008)
|
||||
[^3]: Mark, J.J. "Cuneiform." *World History Encyclopedia*, 2011. https://www.worldhistory.org/cuneiform/
|
||||
[^3]: Mark, J.J. "Cuneiform." *World History Encyclopedia*, 2011. https://www.worldhistory.org/cuneiform/
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 9: "Medium: Clay tablets impressed with a wedge-shaped reed stylus" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Name: From Latin *cuneus* ("wedge")" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Languages written: Sumerian, Akkadian, Eblaite, Elamite, Hittite, Hurrian, Lu..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Influenced: Ugaritic and Old Persian alphabets derived from the cuneiform tra..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "~600–1,000 signs in use at various periods" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Preserved the *Epic of Gilgamesh*, Code of Hammurabi, and thousands of admini..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "~500,000 cuneiform tablets have been excavated; many remain untranslated [^3]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 5: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-3400..=75 CE] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: Malformed temporal tag @t[~1802 CE..~1857 CE] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-3400..~-3000] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: Malformed temporal tag @t[=75 CE] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-3400..=75 CE] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Origin: Sumer, southern Mesopotamia, ~3400 BCE @t[~3400 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Medium: Clay tablets impressed with a wedge-shaped reed stylus" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Name: From Latin *cuneus* ("wedge")" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Evolved into syllabic writing by ~2600 BCE @t[~2600 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "~600–1,000 signs in use at various periods" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Enabled record-keeping, literature, law, science, and diplomacy @t[~3400 BCE...." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Preserved the *Epic of Gilgamesh*, Code of Hammurabi, and thousands of admini..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 11: "Languages written: Sumerian, Akkadian, Eblaite, Elamite, Hittite, Hurrian, Lu..." - Walker source from 1987 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 12: "Influenced: Ugaritic and Old Persian alphabets derived from the cuneiform tra..." - Mark source from 2011 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 13: "Deciphered by: Georg Friedrich Grotefend (1802), Henry Rawlinson, Edward Hinc..." - Walker source from 1987 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 16: "Proto-cuneiform: pictographic/logographic system for accounting (~3400–3000..." - Mark source from 2011 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 20: "Last known cuneiform tablet: 75 CE (astronomical text from Babylon) @t[=75 CE..." - Robson source from 2008 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 25: "~500,000 cuneiform tablets have been excavated; many remain untranslated [^3]" - Mark source from 2011 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -26,4 +26,20 @@ Egyptian hieroglyphics were the formal writing system of ancient Egypt, used for
|
||||
[^1]: Robinson, A. *Cracking the Egyptian Code* (Thames & Hudson, 2012)
|
||||
[^2]: Parkinson, R. *The Rosetta Stone* (British Museum, 2005)
|
||||
[^3]: World History Encyclopedia. "Egyptian Hieroglyphs." worldhistory.org (2025)
|
||||
[^4]: Wikipedia. "Book of the Dead." en.wikipedia.org (accessed 2026)
|
||||
[^4]: Wikipedia. "Book of the Dead." en.wikipedia.org (accessed 2026)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Coptic: Final stage of the Egyptian language, using Greek alphabet with Demot..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 9: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-3200..~400 CE] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-1550..~-50] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Coptic: Final stage of the Egyptian language, using Greek alphabet with Demot..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -36,4 +36,74 @@ The 22 letters were named acrophonically — each letter name began with the sou
|
||||
[^2]: Daniels, P.T. & Bright, W. *The World's Writing Systems* (Oxford, 1996)
|
||||
[^3]: Wikipedia contributors. "Phoenician language." *Wikipedia*. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenician_language
|
||||
[^4]: History of Information. "The Oldest Known Evidence of the Phoenician Alphabet." http://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?id=1310
|
||||
[^5]: Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Phoenician alphabet." https://www.britannica.com/topic/Phoenician-alphabet
|
||||
[^5]: Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Phoenician alphabet." https://www.britannica.com/topic/Phoenician-alphabet
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 9: "Type: Abjad (consonantal alphabet, no vowels) [^2]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Number of letters: 22 [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Direction: Right to left [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Used for: Iron Age Canaanite languages — Phoenician, Hebrew, Ammonite, Edom..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Aramaic alphabet: Ancestor of Hebrew, Arabic, Syriac, and many Asian scripts ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Latin alphabet (via Greek and Etruscan): Used by most of the modern world [^2]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "South Arabian script: Ancestor of Ethiopic (Ge'ez) [^2]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 29: "Simplified writing from hundreds of signs (cuneiform, hieroglyphics) to 22 le..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 30: "Made literacy more accessible beyond scribal elites [^2]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 31: "Spread across the Mediterranean through Phoenician trade networks; Tyro-Sidon..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 32: "Encoded in Unicode block U+10900–U+1091F [^5]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 8: "Origin: Phoenicia (modern Lebanon), ~1050 BCE @t[~1050 BCE] [^1]" - Sass source from 1988 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 9: "Type: Abjad (consonantal alphabet, no vowels) [^2]" - Daniels source from 1996 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 10: "Number of letters: 22 [^1]" - Sass source from 1988 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 11: "Direction: Right to left [^1]" - Sass source from 1988 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 12: "Derived from: Proto-Sinaitic/Proto-Canaanite script (~1800 BCE) @t[~1800 BCE]..." - Sass source from 1988 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 22: "Greek alphabet (~800 BCE): Added vowels, adapted letter forms @t[~800 BCE] [^1]" - Sass source from 1988 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 23: "Aramaic alphabet: Ancestor of Hebrew, Arabic, Syriac, and many Asian scripts ..." - Daniels source from 1996 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 24: "Latin alphabet (via Greek and Etruscan): Used by most of the modern world [^2]" - Daniels source from 1996 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 26: "South Arabian script: Ancestor of Ethiopic (Ge'ez) [^2]" - Daniels source from 1996 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 29: "Simplified writing from hundreds of signs (cuneiform, hieroglyphics) to 22 le..." - Daniels source from 1996 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 30: "Made literacy more accessible beyond scribal elites [^2]" - Daniels source from 1996 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user