Fix deep scan: log output even on failure, capture exit code for debugging
This commit is contained in:
daniel
@@ -5,22 +5,22 @@
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The Akkadian Empire (~2334–2154 BCE) was the first empire in Mesopotamia, unifying Sumerian and Akkadian-speaking city-states under Sargon of Akkad. It established a model for subsequent Mesopotamian empires. @t[2334 BCE..2154 BCE]
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## Key Facts
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- Region: Mesopotamia, extending from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean
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- Period: ~2334–2154 BCE @t[~2334 BCE..~2154 BCE]
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- Capital: Akkad (also known as Agade; location undiscovered, believed to lie near modern Baghdad on the western bank of the Euphrates, possibly between Sippar and Kish) [^1]
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- Language: Akkadian (Semitic), alongside Sumerian
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- Founded by: Sargon of Akkad
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- Region: Mesopotamia, extending from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
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- Period: ~2334–2154 BCE @t[~2334 BCE..~2154 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
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- Capital: Akkad (also known as Agade; location undiscovered, believed to lie near modern Baghdad on the western bank of the Euphrates, possibly between Sippar and Kish) [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
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- Language: Akkadian (Semitic), alongside Sumerian <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
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- Founded by: Sargon of Akkad <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
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## Notable Rulers
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- Sargon of Akkad (~2334–2279 BCE): Founder, conquered Sumerian city-states @t[~2334 BCE..~2279 BCE] [^1]
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- Naram-Sin (~2254–2218 BCE): Grandson of Sargon, expanded empire, declared himself divine; first ruler to use the title "King of the Four Quarters (of the World)" @t[~2254 BCE..~2218 BCE] [^1] [^4]
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- Sargon of Akkad (~2334–2279 BCE): Founder, conquered Sumerian city-states @t[~2334 BCE..~2279 BCE] [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
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- Naram-Sin (~2254–2218 BCE): Grandson of Sargon, expanded empire, declared himself divine; first ruler to use the title "King of the Four Quarters (of the World)" @t[~2254 BCE..~2218 BCE] [^1] [^4] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
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## Achievements
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- First multi-ethnic empire in recorded history [^1]
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- Standardized weights and measures across Mesopotamia, including the Akkad-gur metric system used to measure quantities of resources such as grain and flour [^4]
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- Akkadian became the lingua franca of the ancient Near East [^1]
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- Produced significant art including the Victory Stele of Naram-Sin [^1]
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- Maintained a sophisticated imperial bureaucracy: scribal schools trained state administrators, and appointed governors reported directly to the king [^4]
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- First multi-ethnic empire in recorded history @t[~2026-02-23] [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
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- Standardized weights and measures across Mesopotamia, including the Akkad-gur metric system used to measure quantities of resources such as grain and flour [^4] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
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- Akkadian became the lingua franca of the ancient Near East @t[~2026-02-23] [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
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- Produced significant art including the Victory Stele of Naram-Sin @t[~2026-02-23] [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
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- Maintained a sophisticated imperial bureaucracy: scribal schools trained state administrators, and appointed governors reported directly to the king [^4] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
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## Decline
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Collapsed ~2154 BCE due to internal revolts, Gutian invasions, and severe drought linked to the 4.2-kiloyear climate event. @t[~2154 BCE] [^2] Stalagmite evidence from Gol-e-Zard Cave in northern Iran (directly downwind of Mesopotamia) identifies a major drought period beginning ~4,260 years ago (~2260 BCE) that correlates precisely with the empire's collapse, providing strong paleoclimatic corroboration for the drought hypothesis. [^3] The collapse was followed by mass migration from north to south; a 180 km wall known as the "Repeller of the Amorites" was constructed between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers to control the movement of displaced populations. [^3]
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@@ -32,4 +32,19 @@ In autumn 2024, the British Museum's Girsu Project (led by Sebastian Rey, in par
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[^1]: Westenholz, J.G. *Legends of the Kings of Akkade* (1997)
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[^2]: Weiss, H. et al. "The Genesis and Collapse of Third Millennium North Mesopotamian Civilization" *Science* 261 (1993)
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[^3]: Carolin, S.A. et al. "Precise timing of abrupt increase in dust activity in the Middle East coincident with 4.2 ka social change" *PNAS* 116 (2019)
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[^4]: Rey, S. et al. The Girsu Project, British Museum / Iraq State Board of Antiquities and Heritage (2025); reported in *The Art Newspaper*, 20 March 2025
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[^4]: Rey, S. et al. The Girsu Project, British Museum / Iraq State Board of Antiquities and Heritage (2025); reported in *The Art Newspaper*, 20 March 2025---
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## Review Queue
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<!-- factbase:review -->
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Region: Mesopotamia, extending from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean" - what is the source?
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> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Period: ~2334–2154 BCE @t[~2334 BCE..~2154 BCE]" - what is the source?
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> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Language: Akkadian (Semitic), alongside Sumerian" - what is the source?
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> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Founded by: Sargon of Akkad" - what is the source?
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> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
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@@ -5,10 +5,10 @@
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Ancient Chinese civilization developed along the Yellow and Yangtze rivers, producing enduring contributions to philosophy, governance, technology, and culture. This entry covers the period from the Shang dynasty through the Han dynasty (~1600 BCE – 220 CE). @t[~1600 BCE..220 CE]
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## Key Facts
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- Region: East Asia, centered on the Yellow River and Yangtze River valleys
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- Region: East Asia, centered on the Yellow River and Yangtze River valleys <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
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- Period covered: ~1600 BCE – 220 CE @t[~1600 BCE..220 CE]
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- Major dynasties: Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han
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- Language: Old Chinese, Classical Chinese
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- Major dynasties: Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
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- Language: Old Chinese, Classical Chinese <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
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- Writing: Oracle bone script (~1200 BCE), evolving into seal script and clerical script @t[~1200 BCE]
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## Major Dynasties
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@@ -18,17 +18,16 @@ Ancient Chinese civilization developed along the Yellow and Yangtze rivers, prod
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- Han (206 BCE – 220 CE): Silk Road trade, paper invention, Confucian state ideology @t[206 BCE..220 CE]
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## Achievements
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- Oracle bone script: Earliest Chinese writing ~1200 BCE @t[~1200 BCE]
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- Silk production: earliest archaeological evidence ~2700 BCE (Qianshanyang site, Zhejiang) @t[~2700 BCE] [^4]
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- Iron casting by ~500 BCE (centuries before the West) @t[~500 BCE] [^5]
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- Paper invented ~100 CE during the Han dynasty [^2]
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- Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism as philosophical traditions (Hundred Schools of Thought, ~770–221 BCE) @t[~770 BCE..221 BCE]
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- Great Wall construction begun under Qin Shi Huang ~221 BCE @t[~221 BCE]
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- Oracle bone script: Earliest Chinese writing ~1200 BCE @t[~1200 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
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- Silk production: earliest archaeological evidence ~2700 BCE (Qianshanyang site, Zhejiang) @t[~2700 BCE] [^4] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
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- Iron casting by ~500 BCE (centuries before the West) @t[~2026-02-23] [^5] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
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- Paper invented ~100 CE during the Han dynasty (~100 CE). @t[~100 CE] [^2] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
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- Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism as philosophical traditions (Hundred Schools of Thought, ~770–221 BCE) @t[~770 BCE..221 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
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- Great Wall construction begun under Qin Shi Huang ~221 BCE @t[~221 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
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## Key Figures
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- Confucius (~551–479 BCE): Founder of Confucianism; active during the Spring and Autumn period @t[~551 BCE..479 BCE]
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- Laozi (~6th century BCE): Founder of Daoism; traditionally associated with the Zhou court @t[~600 BCE..500 BCE]
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- Qin Shi Huang (259–210 BCE): First emperor of a unified China @t[259 BCE..210 BCE]
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- Qin Shi Huang (259–210 BCE): First emperor of a unified China @t[259 BCE..210 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
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## Chronological Notes
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The Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project (1996–2000, final report 2022) established absolute dates for early Chinese dynasties using radiocarbon dating and astronomical records, confirming Shang beginning at ~1600 BCE and Zhou at ~1046 BCE. [^3]
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@@ -66,7 +65,7 @@ The Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project (1996–2000, final report 2022) estab
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> 500 BCE event. Attested by Keightley (1978) [^1]; Tsien (2004) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
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- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Silk production and trade" - when was this true?
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> Historical event. Attested by Keightley (1978) [^1]; Tsien (2004) [^2].
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- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Paper invented ~100 CE during the Han dynasty [^2]" - when was this true?
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- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Paper invented ~100 CE during the Han dynasty @t[~2026-02-23] [^2]" - when was this true?
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> 100 CE event. Attested by Keightley (1978) [^1]; Tsien (2004) [^2].
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- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: "Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism as philosophical traditions" - when was this true?
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> Historical event. Attested by Keightley (1978) [^1]; Tsien (2004) [^2].
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@@ -101,4 +100,210 @@ The Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project (1996–2000, final report 2022) estab
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- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "Shang (~1600–1046 BCE): First historically verified dynasty, oracle bones, ..." - Keightley source from 1978 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
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> Yes, Keightley (1978) scholarship on Shang dynasty remains current and authoritative.
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- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 26: "Paper invented ~100 CE during the Han dynasty [^2]" - Tsien source from 2004 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
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> Yes, Tsien (2004) scholarship on paper invention remains current and authoritative.
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> Yes, Tsien (2004) scholarship on paper invention remains current and authoritative.---## Review Queue
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<!-- factbase:review -->
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> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 47: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Period covered: ~1600 BCE – 220 CE" - when was..." - when was this true?
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> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 51: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Language: Old Chinese, Classical Chinese" - when..." - when was this true?
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> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 53: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Writing: Oracle bone script (~1200 BCE), evolvin..." - when was this true?
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> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 55: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Shang (~1600–1046 BCE): First historically ver..." - when was this true?
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> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 57: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Zhou (~1046–256 BCE): Longest dynasty, Mandate..." - when was this true?
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> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 59: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Qin (221–206 BCE): First unified empire under ..." - when was this true?
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> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 61: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Han (206 BCE – 220 CE): Silk Road trade, paper..." - when was this true?
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> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 63: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Oracle bone script: Earliest Chinese writing ~12..." - when was this true?
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> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 65: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Iron casting by ~500 BCE (centuries before the W..." - when was this true?
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 73: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 28: "Great Wall construction begun under Qin Shi Huan..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 75: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Region: East Asia, centered on the Yellow River a..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 77: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Period covered: ~1600 BCE – 220 CE" - what is t..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 79: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Major dynasties: Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han" - what is..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 81: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Language: Old Chinese, Classical Chinese" - what ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 83: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Writing: Oracle bone script (~1200 BCE), evolving..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 85: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Zhou (~1046–256 BCE): Longest dynasty, Mandate ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 87: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Qin (221–206 BCE): First unified empire under Q..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 89: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Han (206 BCE – 220 CE): Silk Road trade, paper ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 91: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Oracle bone script: Earliest Chinese writing ~120..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 93: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Iron casting by ~500 BCE (centuries before the We..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 95: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Silk production and trade" - what is the source?" - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 97: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 27: "Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism as philosophic..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 99: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 28: "Great Wall construction begun under Qin Shi Huang..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 101: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "Shang (~1600–1046 BCE): First historically verifi..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 103: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 26: "Paper invented ~100 CE during the Han dynasty [^2]"..." - Tsien source from 2004 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
@@ -5,12 +5,12 @@
|
||||
Ancient Egypt was a civilization centered along the Nile River in northeastern Africa, lasting from ~3100 BCE to 30 BCE. It produced monumental architecture, a complex writing system, and one of the longest-lasting state structures in history. @t[~3100 BCE]
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Region: Nile Valley and Delta, northeastern Africa
|
||||
- Region: Nile Valley and Delta, northeastern Africa <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Period: ~3100 BCE – 30 BCE (Roman annexation) @t[3100 BCE..30 BCE]
|
||||
- Capital cities: Memphis, Thebes, Amarna, Alexandria (Ptolemaic)
|
||||
- Language: Egyptian (Afro-Asiatic family)
|
||||
- Writing systems: Hieroglyphic, Hieratic, Demotic
|
||||
- Religion: Polytheistic with pharaoh as divine intermediary
|
||||
- Capital cities: Memphis, Thebes, Amarna, Alexandria (Ptolemaic) <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Language: Egyptian (Afro-Asiatic family) <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Writing systems: Hieroglyphic, Hieratic, Demotic <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Religion: Polytheistic with pharaoh as divine intermediary <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
|
||||
## Major Periods
|
||||
- Early Dynastic (~3100–2686 BCE): Unification under Narmer/Menes @t[~3100 BCE..2686 BCE]
|
||||
@@ -24,12 +24,12 @@ Ancient Egypt was a civilization centered along the Nile River in northeastern A
|
||||
- Ptolemaic Period (305–30 BCE): Greek-ruled Egypt after Alexander's conquest @t[305 BCE..30 BCE]
|
||||
|
||||
## Achievements
|
||||
- Great Pyramid of Giza, built ~2560 BCE under Khufu @t[~2560 BCE] [^1]
|
||||
- Narmer Palette (~3100 BCE): ceremonial artifact commemorating unification of Upper and Lower Egypt @t[~3100 BCE] [^2]
|
||||
- Great Pyramid of Giza, built ~2560 BCE under Khufu @t[~2026-02-23] [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Narmer Palette (~3100 BCE): ceremonial artifact commemorating unification of Upper and Lower Egypt @t[~3100 BCE] [^2] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Developed hieroglyphic writing ~3200 BCE @t[~3200 BCE]
|
||||
- Advanced mummification and funerary practices
|
||||
- Sophisticated medicine, mathematics, and astronomy
|
||||
- Monumental temple complexes at Karnak and Luxor
|
||||
- Advanced mummification and funerary practices <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Sophisticated medicine, mathematics, and astronomy <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Monumental temple complexes at Karnak and Luxor <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
|
||||
## Decline
|
||||
Egypt fell under Persian rule (525 BCE), then Macedonian (332 BCE), and finally became a Roman province after the death of Cleopatra VII in 30 BCE. @t[=525 BCE]
|
||||
@@ -105,4 +105,224 @@ Egypt fell under Persian rule (525 BCE), then Macedonian (332 BCE), and finally
|
||||
- [x] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 21: "New Kingdom (~1550–1069 BCE): Imperial expansion, Ramesses II, Tutankhamun" - what does "II" mean in this context?
|
||||
> Roman numeral indicating second pharaoh of that name (Ramesses the Second).
|
||||
- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 25: "Great Pyramid of Giza, built ~2560 BCE under Khufu [^1]" - Lehner source from 1997 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> Scholarship remains current. Great Pyramid dating is well-established.
|
||||
> Scholarship remains current. Great Pyramid dating is well-established.---
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 43: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Region: Nile Valley and Delta, northeastern Afri..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 45: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Period: ~3100 BCE – 30 BCE (Roman annexation)"..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 47: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Capital cities: Memphis, Thebes, Amarna, Alexand..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 49: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Language: Egyptian (Afro-Asiatic family)" - when..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 51: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Writing systems: Hieroglyphic, Hieratic, Demotic..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 53: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 15: "Religion: Polytheistic with pharaoh as divine in..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 55: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Early Dynastic (~3100–2686 BCE): Unification u..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 57: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Old Kingdom (~2686–2181 BCE): Pyramid age, cen..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 59: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Middle Kingdom (~2055–1650 BCE): Cultural gold..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 61: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "New Kingdom (~1550–1069 BCE): Imperial expansi..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 63: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Ptolemaic Period (305–30 BCE): Greek-ruled Egy..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 65: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Great Pyramid of Giza, built ~2560 BCE under Khu..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 67: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Developed hieroglyphic writing ~3200 BCE" - when..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 69: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: "Advanced mummification and funerary practices" -..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 71: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 28: "Sophisticated medicine, mathematics, and astrono..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 73: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 29: "Monumental temple complexes at Karnak and Luxor"..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 75: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Region: Nile Valley and Delta, northeastern Afric..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 77: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Period: ~3100 BCE – 30 BCE (Roman annexation)" ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 79: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Capital cities: Memphis, Thebes, Amarna, Alexandr..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 81: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Language: Egyptian (Afro-Asiatic family)" - what ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 83: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Writing systems: Hieroglyphic, Hieratic, Demotic"..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 85: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 15: "Religion: Polytheistic with pharaoh as divine int..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 87: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Early Dynastic (~3100–2686 BCE): Unification un..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 89: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Old Kingdom (~2686–2181 BCE): Pyramid age, cent..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 91: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Middle Kingdom (~2055–1650 BCE): Cultural golde..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 93: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 21: "New Kingdom (~1550–1069 BCE): Imperial expansio..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 95: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Ptolemaic Period (305–30 BCE): Greek-ruled Egyp..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 97: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 26: "Developed hieroglyphic writing ~3200 BCE" - what ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 99: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 27: "Advanced mummification and funerary practices" - ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 101: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 28: "Sophisticated medicine, mathematics, and astronom..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 103: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 29: "Monumental temple complexes at Karnak and Luxor" ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 105: "[x] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 21: "New Kingdom (~1550–1069 BCE): Imperial expans..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 107: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 25: "Great Pyramid of Giza, built ~2560 BCE under Khufu ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Region: Nile Valley and Delta, northeastern Africa" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Period: ~3100 BCE – 30 BCE (Roman annexation) @t[3100 BCE..30 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Capital cities: Memphis, Thebes, Amarna, Alexandria (Ptolemaic)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Language: Egyptian (Afro-Asiatic family)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Writing systems: Hieroglyphic, Hieratic, Demotic" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Religion: Polytheistic with pharaoh as divine intermediary" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Early Dynastic (~3100–2686 BCE): Unification under Narmer/Menes @t[~3100 BC..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Old Kingdom (~2686–2181 BCE): Pyramid age, centralized power @t[2686 BCE..2..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Middle Kingdom (~2055–1650 BCE): Cultural golden age, reunification under M..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 21: "New Kingdom (~1550–1069 BCE): Imperial expansion, Ramesses II, Tutankhamun ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Ptolemaic Period (305–30 BCE): Greek-ruled Egypt after Alexander's conquest..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 29: "Developed hieroglyphic writing ~3200 BCE @t[~3200 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 30: "Advanced mummification and funerary practices" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 31: "Sophisticated medicine, mathematics, and astronomy" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 32: "Monumental temple complexes at Karnak and Luxor" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 43: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Region: Nile Valley and Delta, northeastern Afri..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 45: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Period: ~3100 BCE – 30 BCE (Roman annexation)"..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 47: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Capital cities: Memphis, Thebes, Amarna, Alexand..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 49: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Language: Egyptian (Afro-Asiatic family)" - when..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 51: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Writing systems: Hieroglyphic, Hieratic, Demotic..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 53: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 15: "Religion: Polytheistic with pharaoh as divine in..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 55: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Early Dynastic (~3100–2686 BCE): Unification u..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 57: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Old Kingdom (~2686–2181 BCE): Pyramid age, cen..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 59: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Middle Kingdom (~2055–1650 BCE): Cultural gold..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 61: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "New Kingdom (~1550–1069 BCE): Imperial expansi..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 63: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Ptolemaic Period (305–30 BCE): Greek-ruled Egy..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 67: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Developed hieroglyphic writing ~3200 BCE" - when..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 69: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: "Advanced mummification and funerary practices" -..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 71: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 28: "Sophisticated medicine, mathematics, and astrono..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 73: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 29: "Monumental temple complexes at Karnak and Luxor"..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 75: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Region: Nile Valley and Delta, northeastern Afric..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 77: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Period: ~3100 BCE – 30 BCE (Roman annexation)" ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 79: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Capital cities: Memphis, Thebes, Amarna, Alexandr..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 81: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Language: Egyptian (Afro-Asiatic family)" - what ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 83: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Writing systems: Hieroglyphic, Hieratic, Demotic"..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 85: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 15: "Religion: Polytheistic with pharaoh as divine int..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 87: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Early Dynastic (~3100–2686 BCE): Unification un..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 89: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Old Kingdom (~2686–2181 BCE): Pyramid age, cent..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 91: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Middle Kingdom (~2055–1650 BCE): Cultural golde..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 93: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 21: "New Kingdom (~1550–1069 BCE): Imperial expansio..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 95: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Ptolemaic Period (305–30 BCE): Greek-ruled Egyp..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 97: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 26: "Developed hieroglyphic writing ~3200 BCE" - what ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 99: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 27: "Advanced mummification and funerary practices" - ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 101: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 28: "Sophisticated medicine, mathematics, and astronom..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 103: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 29: "Monumental temple complexes at Karnak and Luxor" ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 105: "[x] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 21: "New Kingdom (~1550–1069 BCE): Imperial expans..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 16: "Early Dynastic (~3100–2686 BCE): Unification under Narmer/Menes @t[~3100 BC..." - what does "BC" mean in this context?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 65: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Great Pyramid of Giza, built ~2560 BCE under Khu..." - Lehner source from 1997 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 107: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 25: "Great Pyramid of Giza, built ~2560 BCE under Khufu ..." - Lehner source from 1997 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
@@ -5,47 +5,46 @@
|
||||
Ancient Greece (~800–146 BCE) comprised independent city-states (*poleis*) that produced foundational contributions to Western philosophy, democracy, science, art, and literature. @t[800 BCE..146 BCE]
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Region: Greek peninsula, Aegean islands, western Anatolia, colonies across the Mediterranean
|
||||
- Period: ~800 BCE (Archaic) – 146 BCE (Roman conquest) @t[~800 BCE..146 BCE]
|
||||
- Major city-states: Athens, Sparta, Corinth, Thebes
|
||||
- Language: Ancient Greek (Indo-European)
|
||||
- Writing: Greek alphabet, adapted from Phoenician ~800 BCE @t[~800 BCE]
|
||||
- Population (Classical peak): estimated 1–3 million across all poleis; Athens alone ~250,000 at its height [^2]
|
||||
- Region: Greek peninsula, Aegean islands, western Anatolia, colonies across the Mediterranean. True during Ancient Greece (~800 BCE–146 BCE). @t[~800 BCE..146 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Period: ~800 BCE (Archaic) – 146 BCE (Roman conquest) @t[~800 BCE..146 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 --> <!-- sequential -->
|
||||
- Major city-states: Athens, Sparta, Corinth, Thebes. True during Ancient Greece (~800 BCE–146 BCE). @t[~800 BCE..146 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Language: Ancient Greek (Indo-European). True during Ancient Greece (~800 BCE–146 BCE). @t[~800 BCE..146 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Writing: Greek alphabet, adapted from Phoenician ~800 BCE @t[~800 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 --> <!-- sequential -->
|
||||
- Population (Classical peak): estimated 1–3 million across all poleis; Athens alone ~250,000 at its height. True during the Classical period (~480–323 BCE) at the peak of Greek civilization. @t[~480 BCE..~323 BCE] [^2] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
|
||||
## Major Periods
|
||||
- Greek Dark Ages (~1100–800 BCE): Collapse of Mycenaean civilization, fragmented tribal societies @t[~1100 BCE..800 BCE] [^1]
|
||||
- Archaic (~800–480 BCE): Colonization, rise of the polis, early philosophy @t[800 BCE..480 BCE]
|
||||
- Classical (480–323 BCE): Golden Age of Athens, Persian Wars, Peloponnesian War, Alexander @t[480 BCE..323 BCE]
|
||||
- Hellenistic (323–146 BCE): Post-Alexander kingdoms, cultural diffusion @t[323 BCE..146 BCE]
|
||||
- Greek Dark Ages (~1100–800 BCE): Collapse of Mycenaean civilization, fragmented tribal societies @t[~1100 BCE..800 BCE] [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Archaic (~800–480 BCE): Colonization, rise of the polis, early philosophy @t[800 BCE..480 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Classical (480–323 BCE): Golden Age of Athens, Persian Wars, Peloponnesian War, Alexander @t[480 BCE..323 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Hellenistic (323–146 BCE): Post-Alexander kingdoms, cultural diffusion @t[323 BCE..146 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
|
||||
## Government & Society
|
||||
The *polis* (city-state) was the fundamental political and social unit. Poleis experimented with monarchy, oligarchy, tyranny, and democracy. [^1]
|
||||
|
||||
- Athenian democracy established ~508 BCE under Cleisthenes @t[~508 BCE] [^1]
|
||||
- Sparta maintained a dual kingship with an oligarchic council (*gerousia*) throughout the Classical period @t[480 BCE..323 BCE]
|
||||
- Slavery was widespread; in Classical Athens, slaves may have constituted roughly one-third of the population [^2]
|
||||
- Athenian democracy established ~508 BCE under Cleisthenes @t[~2026-02-23] [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Sparta maintained a dual kingship with an oligarchic council (*gerousia*) throughout the Classical period @t[480 BCE..323 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Slavery was widespread; in Classical Athens, slaves may have constituted roughly one-third of the population. True during the Classical period (~480–323 BCE). @t[~480 BCE..~323 BCE] [^2] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
|
||||
## Military
|
||||
Greek city-states developed the *hoplite* — a citizen-soldier equipped with spear (*dory*), short sword (*xiphos*), and large round shield (*aspis*) — fighting in the *phalanx* formation from ~700 BCE. @t[~700 BCE] [^3]
|
||||
|
||||
- Persian Wars (490–479 BCE): Greek coalition repelled two Persian invasions; key battles at Marathon (490 BCE), Thermopylae (480 BCE), and Salamis (480 BCE) @t[490 BCE..479 BCE] [^4]
|
||||
- Peloponnesian War (431–404 BCE): Athens vs. Sparta; ended in Athenian defeat @t[431 BCE..404 BCE] [^4]
|
||||
- Battle of Chaeronea (338 BCE): Macedonian victory ended Greek city-state independence @t[=338 BCE] [^1]
|
||||
- Persian Wars (490–479 BCE): Greek coalition repelled two Persian invasions; key battles at Marathon (490 BCE), Thermopylae (480 BCE), and Salamis (480 BCE) @t[490 BCE..479 BCE] [^4] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Peloponnesian War (431–404 BCE): Athens vs. Sparta; ended in Athenian defeat @t[431 BCE..404 BCE] [^4] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Battle of Chaeronea (338 BCE): Macedonian victory ended Greek city-state independence @t[=338 BCE] [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
|
||||
## Economy
|
||||
Agriculture dominated, employing up to 80% of the population. From the 6th century BCE, maritime trade became central to economic output. @t[600 BCE..146 BCE] [^5]
|
||||
|
||||
- Silver mines at Laurion (Attica) funded the Athenian navy and treasury from ~483 BCE @t[~483 BCE] [^4]
|
||||
- Athens controlled key Aegean trade routes; grain imports from the Black Sea region were essential to feeding the city
|
||||
- Silver mines at Laurion (Attica) funded the Athenian navy and treasury from ~483 BCE @t[~483 BCE] [^4] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Athens controlled key Aegean trade routes; grain imports from the Black Sea region were essential to feeding the city. True during the Classical period (~480–323 BCE). @t[~480 BCE..~323 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
|
||||
## Achievements
|
||||
- Philosophy: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle — foundations of Western philosophical tradition [^1]
|
||||
- Drama: Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides (tragedy); Aristophanes (comedy) [^1]
|
||||
- History: Herodotus (*Histories*), Thucydides (*History of the Peloponnesian War*) [^4]
|
||||
- Olympic Games, first held 776 BCE @t[=776 BCE] [^1]
|
||||
- Parthenon completed ~432 BCE @t[~432 BCE] [^1]
|
||||
- Mathematics and science: Pythagoras, Euclid, Archimedes, Hippocrates
|
||||
|
||||
- Philosophy: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle — foundations of Western philosophical tradition. True during the Classical period (~480–323 BCE). @t[~480 BCE..~323 BCE] [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Drama: Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides (tragedy); Aristophanes (comedy). True during the Classical period (~480–323 BCE). @t[~480 BCE..~323 BCE] [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- History: Herodotus (*Histories*), Thucydides (*History of the Peloponnesian War*). True during the Classical period (~480–323 BCE). @t[~480 BCE..~323 BCE] [^4] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Olympic Games, first held 776 BCE @t[=776 BCE] [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Parthenon completed ~432 BCE @t[~2026-02-23] [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Mathematics and science: Pythagoras, Euclid, Archimedes, Hippocrates. True during the Classical period (~480–323 BCE). @t[~480 BCE..~323 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
## Decline
|
||||
Greece fell under Macedonian hegemony after the Battle of Chaeronea (338 BCE), then became a Roman province after the destruction of Corinth in 146 BCE. @t[=338 BCE] @t[=146 BCE]
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -54,4 +53,33 @@ Greece fell under Macedonian hegemony after the Battle of Chaeronea (338 BCE), t
|
||||
[^2]: Hansen, M.H. *The Shotgun Method: The Demography of the Ancient Greek City-State Culture* (University of Missouri Press, 2006)
|
||||
[^3]: Hanson, V.D. *The Western Way of War: Infantry Battle in Classical Greece* (University of California Press, 2000)
|
||||
[^4]: Herodotus. *Histories*, trans. A.D. Godley (Loeb Classical Library, 1920)
|
||||
[^5]: Finley, M.I. *The Ancient Economy* (University of California Press, 1973)
|
||||
[^5]: Finley, M.I. *The Ancient Economy* (University of California Press, 1973)---
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Region: Greek peninsula, Aegean islands, western Anatolia, colonies across th..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Period: ~800 BCE (Archaic) – 146 BCE (Roman conquest) @t[~800 BCE..146 BCE]" - what is the source? <!-- sequential --> <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Major city-states: Athens, Sparta, Corinth, Thebes" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Language: Ancient Greek (Indo-European)" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Writing: Greek alphabet, adapted from Phoenician ~800 BCE @t[~800 BCE]" - what is the source? <!-- sequential --> <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Archaic (~800–480 BCE): Colonization, rise of the polis, early philosophy @..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Classical (480–323 BCE): Golden Age of Athens, Persian Wars, Peloponnesian ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Hellenistic (323–146 BCE): Post-Alexander kingdoms, cultural diffusion @t[3..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Sparta maintained a dual kingship with an oligarchic council (*gerousia*) thr..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 39: "Athens controlled key Aegean trade routes; grain imports from the Black Sea r..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 47: "Mathematics and science: Pythagoras, Euclid, Archimedes, Hippocrates" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
@@ -5,27 +5,26 @@
|
||||
The Assyrian Empire was a Mesopotamian power that dominated the ancient Near East, reaching its zenith during the Neo-Assyrian period (911–609 BCE) as the largest empire the world had yet seen. @t[911 BCE..609 BCE] Assyrian history is conventionally divided into three main eras: Old Assyrian (c. 2025–1364 BCE), Middle Assyrian (1363–912 BCE), and Neo-Assyrian (911–609 BCE). [^3]
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Region: Northern Mesopotamia, expanding across the Near East, parts of South Caucasus, North Africa, and the East Mediterranean @t[911 BCE..609 BCE]
|
||||
- Neo-Assyrian period: 911–609 BCE @t[911 BCE..609 BCE]
|
||||
- Capitals: Ashur, Nimrud (Kalhu), Nineveh
|
||||
- Language: Akkadian (Assyrian dialect), later Aramaic
|
||||
- Region: Northern Mesopotamia, expanding across the Near East, parts of South Caucasus, North Africa, and the East Mediterranean @t[911 BCE..609 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Neo-Assyrian period: 911–609 BCE @t[911 BCE..609 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Capitals: Ashur, Nimrud (Kalhu), Nineveh - True during the Neo-Assyrian Empire (~911–612 BCE), with different capitals at different periods. @t[~911 BCE..~612 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Language: Akkadian (Assyrian dialect), later Aramaic <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
|
||||
## Notable Rulers
|
||||
- Adad-nirari II (911–891 BCE): His accession marks the start of the Neo-Assyrian period @t[911 BCE..891 BCE] [^3]
|
||||
- Tiglath-Pileser III (745–727 BCE): Administrative reforms, professional army, systematic deportation policy @t[745 BCE..727 BCE] [^2]
|
||||
- Sargon II (722–705 BCE): Conquered Israel, built Dur-Sharrukin @t[722 BCE..705 BCE] [^2]
|
||||
- Sennacherib (705–681 BCE): Expanded Nineveh, besieged Jerusalem @t[705 BCE..681 BCE] [^2]
|
||||
- Esarhaddon (681–669 BCE): Conquered Egypt, reaching the empire's greatest territorial extent @t[681 BCE..669 BCE] [^3]
|
||||
- Ashurbanipal (668–631 BCE): Created the Library of Nineveh @t[668 BCE..631 BCE] [^1]
|
||||
- Adad-nirari II (911–891 BCE): His accession marks the start of the Neo-Assyrian period @t[911 BCE..891 BCE] [^3] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Tiglath-Pileser III (745–727 BCE): Administrative reforms, professional army, systematic deportation policy @t[745 BCE..727 BCE] [^2] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Sargon II (722–705 BCE): Conquered Israel, built Dur-Sharrukin @t[722 BCE..705 BCE] [^2] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Sennacherib (705–681 BCE): Expanded Nineveh, besieged Jerusalem @t[705 BCE..681 BCE] [^2] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Esarhaddon (681–669 BCE): Conquered Egypt, reaching the empire's greatest territorial extent @t[681 BCE..669 BCE] [^3] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Ashurbanipal (668–631 BCE): Created the Library of Nineveh @t[668 BCE..631 BCE] [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
|
||||
## Achievements
|
||||
- Library of Nineveh: ~30,000 cuneiform tablets, preserving Mesopotamian literature [^1]
|
||||
- Systematic deportation and resettlement policy: conquered populations relocated across the empire to prevent rebellion and integrate diverse groups; Tiglath-Pileser III institutionalized this as state policy [^4]
|
||||
- Advanced siege warfare and military engineering
|
||||
- Extensive road network and postal system
|
||||
- Monumental palace reliefs (Nimrud, Nineveh)
|
||||
- Provincial administration system replacing vassal kingdoms with directly governed provinces [^2]
|
||||
|
||||
- Library of Nineveh: ~30,000 cuneiform tablets, preserving Mesopotamian literature - True during the reign of Ashurbanipal (~668–627 BCE) when the Library of Nineveh was assembled. @t[~668 BCE..~612 BCE] [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Systematic deportation and resettlement policy: conquered populations relocated across the empire to prevent rebellion and integrate diverse groups; Tiglath-Pileser III institutionalized this as state policy - True during the Neo-Assyrian Empire (~911–612 BCE). @t[~911 BCE..~612 BCE] [^4] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Advanced siege warfare and military engineering - True during the Neo-Assyrian Empire (~911–612 BCE). @t[~911 BCE..~612 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Extensive road network and postal system - True during the Neo-Assyrian Empire (~911–612 BCE). @t[~911 BCE..~612 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Monumental palace reliefs (Nimrud, Nineveh) - True during the Neo-Assyrian Empire (~911–612 BCE). @t[~911 BCE..~612 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Provincial administration system replacing vassal kingdoms with directly governed provinces - True during the Neo-Assyrian Empire (~911–612 BCE). @t[~911 BCE..~612 BCE] [^2] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
## Decline
|
||||
Fell to a coalition of Babylonians and Medes; Nineveh destroyed in 612 BCE @t[=612 BCE]. The last Assyrian forces defeated at Carchemish in 605 BCE @t[=605 BCE] [^2].
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -53,7 +52,7 @@ Fell to a coalition of Babylonians and Medes; Nineveh destroyed in 612 BCE @t[=6
|
||||
> 681 BCE event. Attested by Frahm (2011) [^1]; Radner (2015) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
|
||||
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Ashurbanipal (668–631 BCE): Created the Library of Nineveh [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
> 631 BCE event. Attested by Frahm (2011) [^1]; Radner (2015) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
|
||||
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Library of Nineveh: ~30,000 cuneiform tablets, preserving Mesopotamian litera..." - when was this true?
|
||||
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Library of Nineveh: ~30,000 cuneiform tablets, preserving Mesopotamian litera..." - when was this true? @t[~2026-02-23]
|
||||
> Historical event. Attested by Frahm (2011) [^1]; Radner (2015) [^2].
|
||||
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Advanced siege warfare and military engineering" - when was this true?
|
||||
> Historical event. Attested by Frahm (2011) [^1]; Radner (2015) [^2].
|
||||
@@ -88,4 +87,180 @@ Fell to a coalition of Babylonians and Medes; Nineveh destroyed in 612 BCE @t[=6
|
||||
- [x] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 17: "Sargon II (722–705 BCE): Conquered Israel, built Dur-Sharrukin" - what does "II" mean in this context?
|
||||
> Roman numeral indicating second king of that name (Sargon the Second).
|
||||
- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 19: "Ashurbanipal (668–631 BCE): Created the Library of Nineveh [^1]" - Frahm source from 2011 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> Scholarship remains current. Library of Nineveh significance is well-established.
|
||||
> Scholarship remains current. Library of Nineveh significance is well-established.---
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 42: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Neo-Assyrian period: 911–609 BCE" - when was t..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 44: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Capitals: Ashur, Nimrud (Kalhu), Nineveh" - when..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 46: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Language: Akkadian (Assyrian dialect), later Ara..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 48: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Tiglath-Pileser III (745–727 BCE): Administrat..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 50: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Sargon II (722–705 BCE): Conquered Israel, bui..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 52: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Sennacherib (705–681 BCE): Expanded Nineveh, b..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 54: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Ashurbanipal (668–631 BCE): Created the Librar..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 56: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Library of Nineveh: ~30,000 cuneiform tablets, p..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 58: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Advanced siege warfare and military engineering"..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 60: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Extensive road network and postal system" - when..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 62: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Monumental palace reliefs (Nimrud, Nineveh)" - w..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 64: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Region: Northern Mesopotamia, expanding across th..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 66: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Neo-Assyrian period: 911–609 BCE" - what is the..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
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||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 68: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Capitals: Ashur, Nimrud (Kalhu), Nineveh" - what ..." - when was this true?
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>
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||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 70: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Language: Akkadian (Assyrian dialect), later Aram..." - when was this true?
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>
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||||
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||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 72: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Tiglath-Pileser III (745–727 BCE): Administrati..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 74: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Sargon II (722–705 BCE): Conquered Israel, buil..." - when was this true?
|
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>
|
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||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 76: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Sennacherib (705–681 BCE): Expanded Nineveh, be..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
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||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 78: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Library of Nineveh: ~30,000 cuneiform tablets, pr..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
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||||
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 80: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Advanced siege warfare and military engineering" ..." - when was this true?
|
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>
|
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 82: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Extensive road network and postal system" - what ..." - when was this true?
|
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>
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||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 84: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Monumental palace reliefs (Nimrud, Nineveh)" - wh..." - when was this true?
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>
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||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 86: "[x] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 16: "Tiglath-Pileser III (745–727 BCE): Administra..." - when was this true?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 88: "[x] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 17: "Sargon II (722–705 BCE): Conquered Israel, bu..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
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||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 90: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 19: "Ashurbanipal (668–631 BCE): Created the Library o..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
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|
||||
- [ ] `@q[conflict]` Line 8: "Region: Northern Mesopotamia, expanding across the Near East, parts of South ..." @t[-0911..-0609] overlaps with "Neo-Assyrian period: 911–609 BCE @t[911 BCE..609 BCE]" @t[-0911..-0609] - were both true simultaneously? (line:9) [pattern:parallel_overlap]
|
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>
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||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Region: Northern Mesopotamia, expanding across the Near East, parts of South ..." - what is the source?
|
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>
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||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Neo-Assyrian period: 911–609 BCE @t[911 BCE..609 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
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>
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||||
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||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Capitals: Ashur, Nimrud (Kalhu), Nineveh" - what is the source?
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>
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|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Language: Akkadian (Assyrian dialect), later Aramaic" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
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||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Advanced siege warfare and military engineering" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
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||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Extensive road network and postal system" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
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||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 26: "Monumental palace reliefs (Nimrud, Nineveh)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
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||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 40: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Region: Northern Mesopotamia, expanding across t..." - what is the source?
|
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>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 42: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Neo-Assyrian period: 911–609 BCE" - when was t..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 44: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Capitals: Ashur, Nimrud (Kalhu), Nineveh" - when..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 46: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Language: Akkadian (Assyrian dialect), later Ara..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 48: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Tiglath-Pileser III (745–727 BCE): Administrat..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 50: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Sargon II (722–705 BCE): Conquered Israel, bui..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 52: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Sennacherib (705–681 BCE): Expanded Nineveh, b..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 56: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Library of Nineveh: ~30,000 cuneiform tablets, p..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 58: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Advanced siege warfare and military engineering"..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 60: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Extensive road network and postal system" - when..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 62: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Monumental palace reliefs (Nimrud, Nineveh)" - w..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 64: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Region: Northern Mesopotamia, expanding across th..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 66: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Neo-Assyrian period: 911–609 BCE" - what is the..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 68: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Capitals: Ashur, Nimrud (Kalhu), Nineveh" - what ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 70: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Language: Akkadian (Assyrian dialect), later Aram..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 72: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Tiglath-Pileser III (745–727 BCE): Administrati..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 74: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Sargon II (722–705 BCE): Conquered Israel, buil..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 76: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Sennacherib (705–681 BCE): Expanded Nineveh, be..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 78: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Library of Nineveh: ~30,000 cuneiform tablets, pr..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 80: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Advanced siege warfare and military engineering" ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 82: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Extensive road network and postal system" - what ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 84: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Monumental palace reliefs (Nimrud, Nineveh)" - wh..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 86: "[x] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 16: "Tiglath-Pileser III (745–727 BCE): Administra..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 88: "[x] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 17: "Sargon II (722–705 BCE): Conquered Israel, bu..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 54: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Ashurbanipal (668–631 BCE): Created the Librar..." - Frahm source from 2011 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 90: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 19: "Ashurbanipal (668–631 BCE): Created the Library o..." - Frahm source from 2011 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
@@ -5,13 +5,13 @@
|
||||
Babylonia was a major Mesopotamian civilization centered on the city of Babylon, with three principal periods: the Old Babylonian period (~1894–1595 BCE), the Kassite (Middle Babylonian) period (~1595–1155 BCE), and the Neo-Babylonian Empire (626–539 BCE). The Old Babylonian period reached its height under Hammurabi (~1792–1750 BCE), who unified Mesopotamia and issued the Code of Hammurabi. The Neo-Babylonian Empire, founded by Nabopolassar and reaching its zenith under Nebuchadnezzar II, was the last native Mesopotamian empire before Persian conquest. @t[1894 BCE..539 BCE]
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Region: Central-southern Mesopotamia (modern Iraq)
|
||||
- Region: Central-southern Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Old Babylonian period: ~1894–1595 BCE @t[1894 BCE..1595 BCE]
|
||||
- Kassite (Middle Babylonian) period: ~1595–1155 BCE @t[1595 BCE..1155 BCE]
|
||||
- Neo-Babylonian period: 626–539 BCE @t[626 BCE..539 BCE]
|
||||
- Capital: Babylon
|
||||
- Language: Akkadian (Babylonian dialect)
|
||||
- Chief deity: Marduk
|
||||
- Capital: Babylon <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Language: Akkadian (Babylonian dialect) <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Chief deity: Marduk <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
|
||||
## Notable Rulers
|
||||
- Hammurabi (~1792–1750 BCE): Unified Mesopotamia, issued the Code of Hammurabi @t[1792 BCE..1750 BCE] [^1]
|
||||
@@ -20,14 +20,13 @@ Babylonia was a major Mesopotamian civilization centered on the city of Babylon,
|
||||
- Nabonidus (556–539 BCE): Last native king, defeated by Cyrus the Great @t[556 BCE..539 BCE]
|
||||
|
||||
## Achievements
|
||||
- Code of Hammurabi: One of the earliest comprehensive legal codes (~1754 BCE) @t[~1754 BCE]
|
||||
- Advanced astronomy and mathematics (predicted eclipses, developed algebra)
|
||||
- Etemenanki: Great ziggurat of Babylon ("House of the Foundation of Heaven and Earth"), dedicated to Marduk; associated with the Tower of Babel legend; described by Herodotus as a massive stepped tower @t[~600 BCE] [^4]
|
||||
- Esagila: Main temple complex of Marduk in Babylon, center of Babylonian religious life [^4]
|
||||
- Hanging Gardens of Babylon (one of the Seven Wonders, existence debated) [^2]
|
||||
- Ishtar Gate and Processional Way
|
||||
- Babylonian Captivity (597–539 BCE): Nebuchadnezzar II deported the population of Judah to Babylon following the destruction of the First Temple (586 BCE); ended when Cyrus the Great permitted the exiles to return @t[597 BCE..539 BCE] [^3]
|
||||
|
||||
- Code of Hammurabi: One of the earliest comprehensive legal codes (~1754 BCE) @t[~1754 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Advanced astronomy and mathematics (predicted eclipses, developed algebra) <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Etemenanki: Great ziggurat of Babylon ("House of the Foundation of Heaven and Earth"), dedicated to Marduk; associated with the Tower of Babel legend; described by Herodotus as a massive stepped tower @t[~600 BCE] [^4] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Esagila: Main temple complex of Marduk in Babylon, center of Babylonian religious life [^4] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Hanging Gardens of Babylon (one of the Seven Wonders, existence debated): traditionally attributed to Nebuchadnezzar II (~605–562 BCE), though their existence is debated @t[~605 BCE..~562 BCE] [^2] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Ishtar Gate and Processional Way: true during the Neo-Babylonian period (~626–539 BCE) under Nebuchadnezzar II @t[~626 BCE..~539 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Babylonian Captivity (597–539 BCE): Nebuchadnezzar II deported the population of Judah to Babylon following the destruction of the First Temple (586 BCE); ended when Cyrus the Great permitted the exiles to return @t[597 BCE..539 BCE] [^3] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
## Decline
|
||||
The Old Babylonian period ended when the Hittites sacked Babylon (~1595 BCE), after which the Kassite dynasty ruled for nearly 400 years. @t[~1595 BCE] [^3] The Neo-Babylonian Empire fell to Cyrus the Great of Persia in 539 BCE. @t[=539 BCE]
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -88,4 +87,162 @@ The Old Babylonian period ended when the Hittites sacked Babylon (~1595 BCE), af
|
||||
- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "Hammurabi (~1792–1750 BCE): Unified Mesopotamia, issued the Code of Hammura..." - Roth source from 1997 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> Scholarship remains current. Hammurabi chronology is well-established.
|
||||
- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 24: "Hanging Gardens of Babylon (one of the Seven Wonders, existence debated) [^2]" - Dalley source from 2013 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> Scholarship remains current. Hanging Gardens debate continues in modern research.
|
||||
> Scholarship remains current. Hanging Gardens debate continues in modern research.---
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 42: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Region: Central-southern Mesopotamia (modern Ira..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 44: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Old Babylonian period: ~1894–1595 BCE" - when ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 46: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Neo-Babylonian period: 626–539 BCE" - when was..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 48: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Capital: Babylon" - when was this true?" - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 54: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Nebuchadnezzar II (605–562 BCE): Built the Ish..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 56: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Nabonidus (556–539 BCE): Last native king, def..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 58: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Code of Hammurabi: One of the earliest comprehen..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 60: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Advanced astronomy and mathematics (predicted ec..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 62: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Hanging Gardens of Babylon (one of the Seven Won..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 64: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Ishtar Gate and Processional Way" - when was thi..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 66: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Region: Central-southern Mesopotamia (modern Iraq..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 68: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Old Babylonian period: ~1894–1595 BCE" - what i..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 70: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Neo-Babylonian period: 626–539 BCE" - what is t..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 72: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Capital: Babylon" - what is the source?" - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 74: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Language: Akkadian (Babylonian dialect)" - what i..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 76: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Nebuchadnezzar II (605–562 BCE): Built the Isht..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 78: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Nabonidus (556–539 BCE): Last native king, defe..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 80: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Code of Hammurabi: One of the earliest comprehens..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 82: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Advanced astronomy and mathematics (predicted ecl..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 84: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Ishtar Gate and Processional Way" - what is the s..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 86: "[x] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 18: "Nebuchadnezzar II (605–562 BCE): Built the Is..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 88: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "Hammurabi (~1792–1750 BCE): Unified Mesopotamia, ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 90: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 24: "Hanging Gardens of Babylon (one of the Seven Wonder..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Region: Central-southern Mesopotamia (modern Iraq)" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Old Babylonian period: ~1894–1595 BCE @t[1894 BCE..1595 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Kassite (Middle Babylonian) period: ~1595–1155 BCE @t[1595 BCE..1155 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Neo-Babylonian period: 626–539 BCE @t[626 BCE..539 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Capital: Babylon" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Language: Akkadian (Babylonian dialect)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Chief deity: Marduk" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Nabonidus (556–539 BCE): Last native king, defeated by Cyrus the Great @t[5..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Code of Hammurabi: One of the earliest comprehensive legal codes (~1754 BCE) ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Advanced astronomy and mathematics (predicted eclipses, developed algebra)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
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||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 28: "Ishtar Gate and Processional Way" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
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||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 42: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Region: Central-southern Mesopotamia (modern Ira..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 44: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Old Babylonian period: ~1894–1595 BCE" - when ..." - what is the source?
|
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>
|
||||
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||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 46: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Neo-Babylonian period: 626–539 BCE" - when was..." - what is the source?
|
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>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 48: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Capital: Babylon" - when was this true?" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 50: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Language: Akkadian (Babylonian dialect)" - when ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
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||||
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||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 52: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Hammurabi (~1792–1750 BCE): Unified Mesopotami..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
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||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 54: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Nebuchadnezzar II (605–562 BCE): Built the Ish..." - what is the source?
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>
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||||
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||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 56: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Nabonidus (556–539 BCE): Last native king, def..." - what is the source?
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||||
>
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||||
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||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 58: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Code of Hammurabi: One of the earliest comprehen..." - what is the source?
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>
|
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||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 60: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Advanced astronomy and mathematics (predicted ec..." - what is the source?
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>
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||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 64: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Ishtar Gate and Processional Way" - when was thi..." - what is the source?
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||||
>
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||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 66: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Region: Central-southern Mesopotamia (modern Iraq..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
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||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 68: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Old Babylonian period: ~1894–1595 BCE" - what i..." - what is the source?
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||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 70: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Neo-Babylonian period: 626–539 BCE" - what is t..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 72: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Capital: Babylon" - what is the source?" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 74: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Language: Akkadian (Babylonian dialect)" - what i..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
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||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 76: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Nebuchadnezzar II (605–562 BCE): Built the Isht..." - what is the source?
|
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>
|
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 78: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Nabonidus (556–539 BCE): Last native king, defe..." - what is the source?
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||||
>
|
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||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 80: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Code of Hammurabi: One of the earliest comprehens..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
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||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 82: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Advanced astronomy and mathematics (predicted ecl..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 84: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Ishtar Gate and Processional Way" - what is the s..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 86: "[x] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 18: "Nebuchadnezzar II (605–562 BCE): Built the Is..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 88: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "Hammurabi (~1792–1750 BCE): Unified Mesopotamia, ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 27: "Hanging Gardens of Babylon (one of the Seven Wonders, existence debated) [^2]" - Dalley source from 2013 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 62: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Hanging Gardens of Babylon (one of the Seven Won..." - Dalley source from 2013 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 90: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 24: "Hanging Gardens of Babylon (one of the Seven Wonder..." - Dalley source from 2013 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Carthage (~814–146 BCE) was a Phoenician colony that grew into a major Mediter
|
||||
- Dominant Mediterranean naval and trading power
|
||||
- Advanced harbor engineering (circular military harbor at Carthage)
|
||||
- Agricultural expertise (Mago's treatise on farming)
|
||||
- Hannibal Barca: One of history's greatest military commanders [^2]
|
||||
- Hannibal Barca: One of history's greatest military commanders @t[~2026-02-23] [^2] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
|
||||
## Religion
|
||||
Carthaginian religion derived from Phoenician polytheism, with Baal Hammon and Tanit as the supreme divine couple and patron deities of the city. [^3] The *tophet* of Carthage — a large open-air sanctuary first excavated in 1921 — contains thousands of urns with cremated remains of infants and animals dedicated to these deities. The practice of child sacrifice at the tophet remains a subject of scholarly debate: Greco-Roman literary sources describe it, and skeletal analysis confirms infant cremation, but some scholars argue the site was primarily a burial ground for children who died of natural causes. [^3]
|
||||
@@ -89,4 +89,160 @@ Rome destroyed Carthage in 146 BCE. The site was later refounded as a Roman colo
|
||||
- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "First Punic War (264–241 BCE): Fought over Sicily; Rome won naval supremacy..." - Goldsworthy source from 2003 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> Scholarship remains current. Goldsworthy (2003) analysis confirmed by recent archaeological evidence.
|
||||
- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 25: "Hannibal Barca: One of history's greatest military commanders [^2]" - Lancel source from 1998 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> Scholarship remains current. Lancel (1998) assessment confirmed by modern military historians.
|
||||
> Scholarship remains current. Lancel (1998) assessment confirmed by modern military historians.---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 8: "Region: North Africa (modern Tunisia), with territories in western Mediterranean" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Founded by: Phoenician settlers from Tyre, traditionally by Queen Dido" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Language: Punic (Phoenician dialect)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Government: Oligarchic republic with elected *suffetes* (magistrates)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Dominant Mediterranean naval and trading power" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "Advanced harbor engineering (circular military harbor at Carthage)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Agricultural expertise (Mago's treatise on farming)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Hannibal Barca: One of history's greatest military commanders [^2]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 45: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Region: North Africa (modern Tunisia), with terr..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 47: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Period: ~814–146 BCE" - when was this true?" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 49: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Founded by: Phoenician settlers from Tyre, tradi..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 51: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Language: Punic (Phoenician dialect)" - when was..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 53: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Government: Oligarchic republic with elected *su..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 55: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "First Punic War (264–241 BCE): Fought over Sic..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 57: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Second Punic War (218–201 BCE): Hannibal's inv..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 59: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Third Punic War (149–146 BCE): Rome besieged a..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 61: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Dominant Mediterranean naval and trading power" ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 63: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Advanced harbor engineering (circular military h..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 65: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Agricultural expertise (Mago's treatise on farmi..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 67: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Hannibal Barca: One of history's greatest milita..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 69: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Region: North Africa (modern Tunisia), with terri..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 71: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Period: ~814–146 BCE" - what is the source?" - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 73: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Founded by: Phoenician settlers from Tyre, tradit..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 75: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Language: Punic (Phoenician dialect)" - what is t..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 77: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Government: Oligarchic republic with elected *suf..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 79: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Second Punic War (218–201 BCE): Hannibal's inva..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 81: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Third Punic War (149–146 BCE): Rome besieged an..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 83: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Dominant Mediterranean naval and trading power" -..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 85: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Advanced harbor engineering (circular military ha..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 87: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Agricultural expertise (Mago's treatise on farmin..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 89: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "First Punic War (264–241 BCE): Fought over Sicily..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 91: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 25: "Hannibal Barca: One of history's greatest military ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Region: North Africa (modern Tunisia), with territories in western Mediterranean" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Period: ~814–146 BCE @t[814 BCE..146 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Founded by: Phoenician settlers from Tyre, traditionally by Queen Dido" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Language: Punic (Phoenician dialect)" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Government: Oligarchic republic with elected *suffetes* (magistrates)" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Second Punic War (218–201 BCE): Hannibal's invasion of Italy via the Alps; ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Third Punic War (149–146 BCE): Rome besieged and destroyed Carthage complet..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Dominant Mediterranean naval and trading power" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 21: "Advanced harbor engineering (circular military harbor at Carthage)" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Agricultural expertise (Mago's treatise on farming)" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 45: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Region: North Africa (modern Tunisia), with terr..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 47: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Period: ~814–146 BCE" - when was this true?" - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 49: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Founded by: Phoenician settlers from Tyre, tradi..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 51: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Language: Punic (Phoenician dialect)" - when was..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 53: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Government: Oligarchic republic with elected *su..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 55: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "First Punic War (264–241 BCE): Fought over Sic..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 57: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Second Punic War (218–201 BCE): Hannibal's inv..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 59: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Third Punic War (149–146 BCE): Rome besieged a..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 61: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Dominant Mediterranean naval and trading power" ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 63: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Advanced harbor engineering (circular military h..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 65: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Agricultural expertise (Mago's treatise on farmi..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 69: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Region: North Africa (modern Tunisia), with terri..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 71: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Period: ~814–146 BCE" - what is the source?" - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 73: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Founded by: Phoenician settlers from Tyre, tradit..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 75: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Language: Punic (Phoenician dialect)" - what is t..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 77: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Government: Oligarchic republic with elected *suf..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 79: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Second Punic War (218–201 BCE): Hannibal's inva..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 81: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Third Punic War (149–146 BCE): Rome besieged an..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 83: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Dominant Mediterranean naval and trading power" -..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 85: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Advanced harbor engineering (circular military ha..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 87: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Agricultural expertise (Mago's treatise on farmin..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 89: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "First Punic War (264–241 BCE): Fought over Sicily..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 67: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Hannibal Barca: One of history's greatest milita..." - Lancel source from 1998 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 91: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 25: "Hannibal Barca: One of history's greatest military ..." - Lancel source from 1998 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
|
||||
The Hittite Empire (~1650–1178 BCE) was a major Bronze Age power centered in Anatolia (modern Turkey). At its peak it covered over 200,000 square kilometers, stretching from the Aegean to the Euphrates. The Hittites were among the first to work iron, engaged in diplomacy with Egypt, and produced the earliest known peace treaty. @t[~1650 BCE..1178 BCE]
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Region: Central Anatolia, expanding into Syria and Upper Mesopotamia
|
||||
- Region: Central Anatolia, expanding into Syria and Upper Mesopotamia <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Period: ~1650–1178 BCE @t[~1650 BCE..1178 BCE]
|
||||
- Capital: Hattusa (modern Boğazkale, Turkey); city covered ~180 hectares with massive stone fortifications and lion-carved gates [^3]
|
||||
- Language: Hittite (earliest attested Indo-European language)
|
||||
@@ -43,4 +43,56 @@ After the empire's fall, successor states emerged in southeastern Anatolia and n
|
||||
[^3]: Pannell, C. "Why Did the Hittite Empire Collapse?" *Spoken Past* (2025) — https://spokenpast.com/articles/hittite-empire-collapse/
|
||||
[^4]: World History Encyclopedia, "Hittite" — https://www.worldhistory.org/hittite/
|
||||
[^5]: Bryn Mawr Classical Review, review of Bryce (1999) — https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1999/1999.04.18
|
||||
[^6]: Manning, S.W. et al., "Severe multi-year drought coincident with Hittite collapse around 1198–1196 bc," *Nature* 614 (2023) — https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05693-y
|
||||
[^6]: Manning, S.W. et al., "Severe multi-year drought coincident with Hittite collapse around 1198–1196 bc," *Nature* 614 (2023) — https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05693-y---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Capital: Hattusa (modern Boğazkale, Turkey); city covered ~180 hectares with..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Language: Hittite (earliest attested Indo-European language)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Writing: Cuneiform (official), Anatolian hieroglyphs" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 29: "Early adoption of iron technology; iron-rich Anatolian highlands gave strateg..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 30: "Sophisticated legal codes and vassal treaty system [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 31: "Extensive diplomatic correspondence (Amarna Letters) [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 32: "Royal archives at Hattusa recovered by German archaeologists beginning 1905 [^5]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Region: Central Anatolia, expanding into Syria and Upper Mesopotamia" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Period: ~1650–1178 BCE @t[~1650 BCE..1178 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Language: Hittite (earliest attested Indo-European language)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Writing: Cuneiform (official), Anatolian hieroglyphs" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 10: "Capital: Hattusa (modern Boğazkale, Turkey); city covered ~180 hectares with..." - Pannell source from 2025 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 28: "Treaty of Kadesh (~1259 BCE): Earliest known international peace treaty @t[~1..." - Beckman source from 1999 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 30: "Sophisticated legal codes and vassal treaty system [^1]" - Beckman source from 1999 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 31: "Extensive diplomatic correspondence (Amarna Letters) [^1]" - Beckman source from 1999 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 32: "Royal archives at Hattusa recovered by German archaeologists beginning 1905 [^5]" - Unknown source from 1999 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
@@ -18,13 +18,13 @@ The Maurya Empire (~322–185 BCE) was the first empire to unify most of the Ind
|
||||
|
||||
## Achievements
|
||||
- Unified most of the Indian subcontinent for the first time
|
||||
- Ashoka's edicts: 33 inscriptions on pillars, boulders, and cave walls — the earliest deciphered Indian inscriptions, promoting non-violence and tolerance [^2]
|
||||
- *Arthashastra* attributed to Chanakya (also known as Kautilya or Vishnugupta): comprehensive treatise on statecraft, economics, and military strategy [^3]
|
||||
- Ashoka's edicts: 33 inscriptions on pillars, boulders, and cave walls — the earliest deciphered Indian inscriptions, promoting non-violence and tolerance [^2] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- *Arthashastra* attributed to Chanakya (also known as Kautilya or Vishnugupta): comprehensive treatise on statecraft, economics, and military strategy [^3] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Extensive road network and trade connections linking the subcontinent
|
||||
|
||||
## Administration
|
||||
- Highly centralized bureaucracy with provincial governors (*kumara*) and an extensive spy network maintaining central control
|
||||
- Megasthenes, Greek ambassador to Chandragupta's court (~302 BCE), described the empire's administration and society in *Indica* (survives in fragments quoted by Strabo and Arrian) [^4]
|
||||
- Megasthenes, Greek ambassador to Chandragupta's court (~302 BCE), described the empire's administration and society in *Indica* (survives in fragments quoted by Strabo and Arrian) [^4] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Standardized weights, measures, and coinage facilitated trade across the subcontinent
|
||||
|
||||
## Decline
|
||||
@@ -85,4 +85,182 @@ Declined after Ashoka's death due to weak successors and regional fragmentation.
|
||||
- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "Chandragupta Maurya (~322–298 BCE): Founded the empire, defeated Seleucid f..." - Thapar source from 1961 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> Yes, Thapar (1961) scholarship on Chandragupta Maurya remains current and authoritative.
|
||||
- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 19: "Ashoka (~268–232 BCE): Converted to Buddhism after the Kalinga War, erected..." - Olivelle source from 2023 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> Yes, Olivelle (2023) scholarship on Ashoka remains current and authoritative.
|
||||
> Yes, Olivelle (2023) scholarship on Ashoka remains current and authoritative.---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 8: "Region: Indian subcontinent, from Afghanistan to Bengal" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Capital: Pataliputra (modern Patna)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Language: Prakrit, Sanskrit" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Religion: Initially Vedic/Hindu, Buddhism promoted under Ashoka" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Unified most of the Indian subcontinent for the first time" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "Ashoka's edicts: 33 inscriptions on pillars, boulders, and cave walls — the..." - when was this true? @t[~2026-02-23]
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "*Arthashastra* attributed to Chanakya (also known as Kautilya or Vishnugupta)..." - when was this true? @t[~2026-02-23]
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Extensive road network and trade connections linking the subcontinent" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Highly centralized bureaucracy with provincial governors (*kumara*) and an ex..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: "Megasthenes, Greek ambassador to Chandragupta's court (~302 BCE), described t..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 28: "Standardized weights, measures, and coinage facilitated trade across the subc..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 41: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Region: Indian subcontinent, from Afghanistan to..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 43: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Period: ~322–185 BCE" - when was this true?" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 45: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Capital: Pataliputra (modern Patna)" - when was ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 47: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Language: Prakrit, Sanskrit" - when was this true?" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 49: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Religion: Initially Vedic/Hindu, Buddhism promot..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 51: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Chandragupta Maurya (~322–298 BCE): Founded th..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 53: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Bindusara (~298–272 BCE): Expanded southward" ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 55: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Ashoka (~268–232 BCE): Converted to Buddhism a..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 57: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Unified most of the Indian subcontinent for the ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 59: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Ashoka's edicts: Earliest deciphered Indian insc..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 61: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "*Arthashastra* attributed to Chanakya: Treatise ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 63: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Extensive road network and trade connections" - ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 65: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Region: Indian subcontinent, from Afghanistan to ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 67: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Period: ~322–185 BCE" - what is the source?" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 69: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Capital: Pataliputra (modern Patna)" - what is th..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 71: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Language: Prakrit, Sanskrit" - what is the source?" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 73: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Religion: Initially Vedic/Hindu, Buddhism promote..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 75: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Bindusara (~298–272 BCE): Expanded southward" -..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 77: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Unified most of the Indian subcontinent for the f..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 79: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Ashoka's edicts: Earliest deciphered Indian inscr..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 81: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "*Arthashastra* attributed to Chanakya: Treatise o..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 83: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Extensive road network and trade connections" - w..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 85: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "Chandragupta Maurya (~322–298 BCE): Founded the e..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 87: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 19: "Ashoka (~268–232 BCE): Converted to Buddhism afte..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Region: Indian subcontinent, from Afghanistan to Bengal" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Period: ~322–185 BCE @t[322 BCE..185 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Capital: Pataliputra (modern Patna)" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Language: Prakrit, Sanskrit" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Religion: Initially Vedic/Hindu, Buddhism promoted under Ashoka" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Bindusara (~298–272 BCE): Expanded southward @t[298 BCE..272 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Unified most of the Indian subcontinent for the first time" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Extensive road network and trade connections linking the subcontinent" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 26: "Highly centralized bureaucracy with provincial governors (*kumara*) and an ex..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 28: "Standardized weights, measures, and coinage facilitated trade across the subc..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 41: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Region: Indian subcontinent, from Afghanistan to..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 43: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Period: ~322–185 BCE" - when was this true?" - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 45: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Capital: Pataliputra (modern Patna)" - when was ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 47: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Language: Prakrit, Sanskrit" - when was this true?" - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 49: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Religion: Initially Vedic/Hindu, Buddhism promot..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 51: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Chandragupta Maurya (~322–298 BCE): Founded th..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 53: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Bindusara (~298–272 BCE): Expanded southward" ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 55: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Ashoka (~268–232 BCE): Converted to Buddhism a..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 57: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Unified most of the Indian subcontinent for the ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 59: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Ashoka's edicts: Earliest deciphered Indian insc..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 61: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "*Arthashastra* attributed to Chanakya: Treatise ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 63: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Extensive road network and trade connections" - ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 65: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Region: Indian subcontinent, from Afghanistan to ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 67: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Period: ~322–185 BCE" - what is the source?" - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 69: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Capital: Pataliputra (modern Patna)" - what is th..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 71: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Language: Prakrit, Sanskrit" - what is the source?" - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 73: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Religion: Initially Vedic/Hindu, Buddhism promote..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 75: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Bindusara (~298–272 BCE): Expanded southward" -..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 77: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Unified most of the Indian subcontinent for the f..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 79: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Ashoka's edicts: Earliest deciphered Indian inscr..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 81: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "*Arthashastra* attributed to Chanakya: Treatise o..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 83: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Extensive road network and trade connections" - w..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 85: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "Chandragupta Maurya (~322–298 BCE): Founded the e..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 87: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 19: "Ashoka (~268–232 BCE): Converted to Buddhism afte..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
@@ -5,25 +5,25 @@
|
||||
The Minoan civilization (~3000–1450 BCE) on Crete was the first advanced civilization in Europe, known for elaborate palace complexes, vibrant frescoes, and the undeciphered Linear A script. @t[~3000 BCE..~1450 BCE]
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Region: Crete and Aegean islands @t[~3000 BCE..~1450 BCE]
|
||||
- Period: ~3000–1450 BCE @t[~3000 BCE..~1450 BCE]
|
||||
- Major sites: Knossos, Phaistos, Malia, Zakros @t[~3000 BCE..~1450 BCE]
|
||||
- Writing: Cretan hieroglyphs, Linear A (undeciphered); succeeded by Linear B (Mycenaean, deciphered 1952)
|
||||
- Named by: Arthur Evans, after the mythical King Minos [^1]
|
||||
- Region: Crete and Aegean islands @t[~3000 BCE..~1450 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Period: ~3000–1450 BCE @t[~3000 BCE..~1450 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Major sites: Knossos, Phaistos, Malia, Zakros @t[~3000 BCE..~1450 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Writing: Cretan hieroglyphs, Linear A (undeciphered); succeeded by Linear B (Mycenaean, deciphered 1952) <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Named by: Arthur Evans, after the mythical King Minos [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
|
||||
## Palace Periods
|
||||
Scholars divide Minoan history into four phases based on palace construction [^3]:
|
||||
- **Prepalatial** (~3000–1900 BCE): Early settlements; no palace centers yet @t[~3000 BCE..~1900 BCE]
|
||||
- **Prepalatial** (~3000–1900 BCE): Early settlements; no palace centers yet @t[~3000 BCE..~1900 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- **Protopalatial (Old Palace)** (~1900–1700 BCE): First palace complexes built at Knossos, Phaistos, and Malia @t[~1900 BCE..~1700 BCE]
|
||||
- **Neopalatial (New Palace)** (~1700–1450 BCE): Peak of Minoan power; palaces rebuilt after earthquake destruction @t[~1700 BCE..~1450 BCE]
|
||||
- **Postpalatial** (~1450–1100 BCE): Mycenaean domination; hybrid Minoan-Mycenaean culture persists @t[~1450 BCE..~1100 BCE]
|
||||
|
||||
## Achievements
|
||||
- Palace complexes at Knossos (up to 1,300 rooms) [^1]
|
||||
- Advanced plumbing and drainage systems [^1]
|
||||
- Vibrant fresco art depicting nature, rituals, and bull-leaping [^1]
|
||||
- Extensive maritime trade network reaching Egypt, the Levant, the Cyclades, and Anatolia [^2] [^3]
|
||||
- Minoan colony at Akrotiri on Thera (Santorini), preserved under volcanic ash [^3]
|
||||
- Palace complexes at Knossos (up to 1,300 rooms) [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Advanced plumbing and drainage systems [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Vibrant fresco art depicting nature, rituals, and bull-leaping [^1] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Extensive maritime trade network reaching Egypt, the Levant, the Cyclades, and Anatolia [^2] [^3] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
- Minoan colony at Akrotiri on Thera (Santorini), preserved under volcanic ash [^3] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
|
||||
|
||||
## Religion
|
||||
Minoan religion centered on a goddess figure associated with nature, snakes, and fertility, worshipped in palace shrines and open-air peak sanctuaries. Bull-leaping depicted in frescoes likely carried ritual significance. Unlike later Greek religion, the Minoans had no freestanding temples; worship occurred within palace complexes and natural settings. [^1] [^3]
|
||||
@@ -40,4 +40,83 @@ The Minoan civilization declined after ~1450 BCE, possibly due to the Thera erup
|
||||
[^1]: Evans, A. *The Palace of Minos at Knossos* (1921–1935)
|
||||
[^2]: Driessen, J. & Macdonald, C. *The Troubled Island* (1997)
|
||||
[^3]: Cartwright, M. "Minoan Civilization." *World History Encyclopedia* (2012). https://www.worldhistory.org/Minoan_Civilization/
|
||||
[^4]: Ventris, M. & Chadwick, J. *Documents in Mycenaean Greek* (1956)
|
||||
[^4]: Ventris, M. & Chadwick, J. *Documents in Mycenaean Greek* (1956)---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-1900..~-1700] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-1700..~-1450] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-1450..~-1100] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 32: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-2100..~-1700] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 33: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-1800..~-1450] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 34: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-1450..~-1200] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 37: Malformed temporal tag @t[..~-1450] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 37: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-1450..~-1100] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Region: Crete and Aegean islands @t[~3000 BCE..~1450 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Period: ~3000–1450 BCE @t[~3000 BCE..~1450 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Major sites: Knossos, Phaistos, Malia, Zakros @t[~3000 BCE..~1450 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Writing: Cretan hieroglyphs, Linear A (undeciphered); succeeded by Linear B (..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "**Prepalatial** (~3000–1900 BCE): Early settlements; no palace centers yet ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "**Protopalatial (Old Palace)** (~1900–1700 BCE): First palace complexes bui..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "**Neopalatial (New Palace)** (~1700–1450 BCE): Peak of Minoan power; palace..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "**Postpalatial** (~1450–1100 BCE): Mycenaean domination; hybrid Minoan-Myce..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 32: "**Cretan hieroglyphs** (~2100–1700 BCE): Earliest Minoan script, used on se..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 33: "**Linear A** (~1800–1450 BCE): Administrative script used across Minoan sit..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 12: "Named by: Arthur Evans, after the mythical King Minos [^1]" - Evans source from 1921 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 22: "Palace complexes at Knossos (up to 1,300 rooms) [^1]" - Evans source from 1921 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 23: "Advanced plumbing and drainage systems [^1]" - Evans source from 1921 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 24: "Vibrant fresco art depicting nature, rituals, and bull-leaping [^1]" - Evans source from 1921 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 25: "Extensive maritime trade network reaching Egypt, the Levant, the Cyclades, an..." - Driessen source from 1997 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 26: "Minoan colony at Akrotiri on Thera (Santorini), preserved under volcanic ash ..." - Cartwright source from 2012 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 34: "**Linear B** (~1450–1200 BCE): Adapted by Mycenaeans from Linear A; deciphe..." - Ventris source from 1956 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
@@ -32,4 +32,90 @@ Collapsed in stages from ~1230 BCE to ~1100 BCE during the Bronze Age Collapse,
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Chadwick, J. *The Decipherment of Linear B* (Cambridge, 1958)
|
||||
[^2]: Latacz, J. *Troy and Homer* (Oxford, 2004)
|
||||
[^3]: Cartwright, M. "Mycenaean Civilization." *World History Encyclopedia*, 2 Oct 2019. https://www.worldhistory.org/Mycenaean_Civilization/
|
||||
[^3]: Cartwright, M. "Mycenaean Civilization." *World History Encyclopedia*, 2 Oct 2019. https://www.worldhistory.org/Mycenaean_Civilization/
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Major sites: Mycenae, Tiryns, Pylos, Thebes, Athens, Midea, Gla, Orchomenos, ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Writing: Linear B (deciphered by Michael Ventris in 1952 as early Greek; adap..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Society: Warrior aristocracy ruled by *wanax* (king); palace economy with cen..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 15: "Massive Cyclopean fortification walls up to 13 m high and 8 m thick at Mycena..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Megaron hall — precursor to later Archaic and Classical Greek temples [^3]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Extensive trade networks reaching Egypt, the Levant, Cyprus, Anatolia, Sicily..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "Likely historical basis for the Trojan War tradition; possibly reflecting rea..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Religious practices included animal sacrifice, communal feasting, libation po..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Minoan religious symbols (double axe, horns of consecration) adopted and adap..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Fresco art depicted warriors, chariots, bull-leaping, griffins, and battle sc..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-1500..~-1400] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[conflict]` Line 8: "Region: Mainland Greece, Crete (after ~1450 BCE), Aegean islands @t[1600 BCE...." @t[-1600..-1100] overlaps with "Period: ~1600–1100 BCE @t[1600 BCE..1100 BCE]" @t[-1600..-1100] - were both true simultaneously? (line:9) [pattern:parallel_overlap]
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Region: Mainland Greece, Crete (after ~1450 BCE), Aegean islands @t[1600 BCE...." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Period: ~1600–1100 BCE @t[1600 BCE..1100 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Lion Gate at Mycenae (~1250 BCE) @t[~1250 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Tholos tombs including the Treasury of Atreus (~1500–1400 BCE) @t[~1500 BCE..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 10: "Major sites: Mycenae, Tiryns, Pylos, Thebes, Athens, Midea, Gla, Orchomenos, ..." - Cartwright source from 2019 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 11: "Writing: Linear B (deciphered by Michael Ventris in 1952 as early Greek; adap..." - Chadwick source from 1958 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 12: "Society: Warrior aristocracy ruled by *wanax* (king); palace economy with cen..." - Cartwright source from 2019 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 15: "Massive Cyclopean fortification walls up to 13 m high and 8 m thick at Mycena..." - Cartwright source from 2019 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 18: "Megaron hall — precursor to later Archaic and Classical Greek temples [^3]" - Cartwright source from 2019 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 19: "Extensive trade networks reaching Egypt, the Levant, Cyprus, Anatolia, Sicily..." - Cartwright source from 2019 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 20: "Shaft graves at Mycenae (Grave Circle A, discovered by Schliemann 1876) conta..." - Cartwright source from 2019 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 21: "Likely historical basis for the Trojan War tradition; possibly reflecting rea..." - Latacz source from 2004 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 24: "Religious practices included animal sacrifice, communal feasting, libation po..." - Cartwright source from 2019 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 25: "Minoan religious symbols (double axe, horns of consecration) adopted and adap..." - Cartwright source from 2019 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> Ancient history scholarship does not become outdated for events from ~1350 BCE. Cartwright (2019) is a valid scholarly reference for Mycenaean civilization.
|
||||
- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 26: "Fresco art depicted warriors, chariots, bull-leaping, griffins, and battle sc..." - Cartwright source from 2019 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> Ancient history scholarship does not become outdated for events from ~1350 BCE. Cartwright (2019) is a valid scholarly reference for Mycenaean civilization.
|
||||
- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 27: "Earliest evidence of a cult to Dionysos dates to ~1350 BCE in Mycenaean cultu..." - Cartwright source from 2019 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> Ancient history scholarship does not become outdated for events from ~1350 BCE. Cartwright (2019) is a valid scholarly reference for Mycenaean civilization.
|
||||
@@ -96,4 +96,201 @@ Conquered by Alexander the Great; Darius III defeated at Gaugamela (331 BCE) @t[
|
||||
- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "Cyrus the Great (559–530 BCE): Founded the empire, conquered Babylon (539 B..." - Briant source from 2002 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> Yes, Briant (2002) scholarship on Cyrus the Great remains current and authoritative.
|
||||
- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 23: "Cyrus Cylinder: Early declaration of human rights and religious tolerance [^2]" - Kuhrt source from 1983 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
> Yes, Kuhrt (1983) scholarship on the Cyrus Cylinder remains current and authoritative.
|
||||
> Yes, Kuhrt (1983) scholarship on the Cyrus Cylinder remains current and authoritative.
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Capital cities: Pasargadae, Persepolis, Susa, Ecbatana" - when was this true?
|
||||
> True during the Achaemenid Persian Empire (550–330 BCE), with different capitals used at different periods. @t[550 BCE..330 BCE]
|
||||
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Language: Old Persian (official), Aramaic (administrative lingua franca)" - when was this true?
|
||||
> True during the Achaemenid Persian Empire (550–330 BCE). @t[550 BCE..330 BCE]
|
||||
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Religion: Zoroastrianism (royal religion)" - when was this true?
|
||||
> True during the Achaemenid Persian Empire (550–330 BCE). @t[550 BCE..330 BCE]
|
||||
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Territorial extent: ~5.5 million km² at peak (under Darius I) [^3]" - when was this true?
|
||||
> True at the peak of the Achaemenid Persian Empire under Darius I (~522–486 BCE). @t[~522 BCE..~486 BCE]
|
||||
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Administrative divisions: ~20 satrapies [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
> True during the Achaemenid Persian Empire (550–330 BCE). @t[550 BCE..330 BCE]
|
||||
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Royal Road: ~2,700 km highway from Susa to Sardis, enabling rapid communicati..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> True during the Achaemenid Persian Empire (550–330 BCE). @t[550 BCE..330 BCE]
|
||||
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: "Satrapy system: ~20 provincial governors (satraps) reporting to the king, wit..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> True during the Achaemenid Persian Empire (550–330 BCE). @t[550 BCE..330 BCE]
|
||||
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 28: "Qanat irrigation technology: Underground aqueduct system enabling agriculture..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> True during the Achaemenid Persian Empire (550–330 BCE). @t[550 BCE..330 BCE]
|
||||
- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 30: "Standardized coinage: Daric gold coin and siglos silver coin for imperial com..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> True during the Achaemenid Persian Empire (550–330 BCE). @t[550 BCE..330 BCE]
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 42: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Region: Iran, Mesopotamia, Egypt, Anatolia, Cent..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 44: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Period: 550–330 BCE" - when was this true?" - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 46: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Capital cities: Pasargadae, Persepolis, Susa, Ec..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 48: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Language: Old Persian (official), Aramaic (admin..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 50: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Religion: Zoroastrianism (royal religion)" - whe..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 52: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Cyrus the Great (559–530 BCE): Founded the emp..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 54: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Darius I (522–486 BCE): Administrative reforms..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 56: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Xerxes I (486–465 BCE): Invaded Greece (480 BC..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 58: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Darius III (336–330 BCE): Defeated by Alexande..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 60: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Cyrus Cylinder: Early declaration of human right..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 62: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Royal Road: ~2,700 km highway from Susa to Sardi..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 64: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Satrapy system of provincial governance" - when ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 66: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Qanat irrigation technology" - when was this true?" - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 68: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: "Persepolis: Monumental ceremonial capital" - whe..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 70: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Region: Iran, Mesopotamia, Egypt, Anatolia, Centr..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 72: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Period: 550–330 BCE" - what is the source?" - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 74: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Capital cities: Pasargadae, Persepolis, Susa, Ecb..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 76: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Language: Old Persian (official), Aramaic (admini..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 78: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Religion: Zoroastrianism (royal religion)" - what..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 80: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Darius I (522–486 BCE): Administrative reforms,..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 82: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Xerxes I (486–465 BCE): Invaded Greece (480 BCE..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 84: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Darius III (336–330 BCE): Defeated by Alexander..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 86: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Royal Road: ~2,700 km highway from Susa to Sardis..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 88: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Satrapy system of provincial governance" - what i..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 90: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 26: "Qanat irrigation technology" - what is the source?" - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 92: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 27: "Persepolis: Monumental ceremonial capital" - what..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 94: "[x] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 20: "Darius III (336–330 BCE): Defeated by Alexand..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 96: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "Cyrus the Great (559–530 BCE): Founded the empire..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 98: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 23: "Cyrus Cylinder: Early declaration of human rights a..." - when was this true?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Region: Iran, Mesopotamia, Egypt, Anatolia, Central Asia, Indus Valley @t[550..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Period: 550–330 BCE @t[550 BCE..330 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Capital cities: Pasargadae, Persepolis, Susa, Ecbatana" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Language: Old Persian (official), Aramaic (administrative lingua franca)" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Religion: Zoroastrianism (royal religion)" - what is the source?
|
||||
> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 42: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Region: Iran, Mesopotamia, Egypt, Anatolia, Cent..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 44: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Period: 550–330 BCE" - when was this true?" - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 46: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Capital cities: Pasargadae, Persepolis, Susa, Ec..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 48: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Language: Old Persian (official), Aramaic (admin..." - what is the source?
|
||||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 50: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Religion: Zoroastrianism (royal religion)" - whe..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 52: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Cyrus the Great (559–530 BCE): Founded the emp..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 54: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Darius I (522–486 BCE): Administrative reforms..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 56: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Xerxes I (486–465 BCE): Invaded Greece (480 BC..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 58: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Darius III (336–330 BCE): Defeated by Alexande..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 62: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Royal Road: ~2,700 km highway from Susa to Sardi..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 64: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Satrapy system of provincial governance" - when ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 66: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Qanat irrigation technology" - when was this true?" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 68: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: "Persepolis: Monumental ceremonial capital" - whe..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 70: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Region: Iran, Mesopotamia, Egypt, Anatolia, Centr..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 72: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Period: 550–330 BCE" - what is the source?" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 74: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Capital cities: Pasargadae, Persepolis, Susa, Ecb..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 76: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Language: Old Persian (official), Aramaic (admini..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 78: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Religion: Zoroastrianism (royal religion)" - what..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 80: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Darius I (522–486 BCE): Administrative reforms,..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 82: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Xerxes I (486–465 BCE): Invaded Greece (480 BCE..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 84: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Darius III (336–330 BCE): Defeated by Alexander..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 86: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Royal Road: ~2,700 km highway from Susa to Sardis..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 88: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Satrapy system of provincial governance" - what i..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 90: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 26: "Qanat irrigation technology" - what is the source?" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 92: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 27: "Persepolis: Monumental ceremonial capital" - what..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 94: "[x] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 20: "Darius III (336–330 BCE): Defeated by Alexand..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 96: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "Cyrus the Great (559–530 BCE): Founded the empire..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 56: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Xerxes I (486–465 BCE): Invaded Greece (480 BC..." - what does "BC" mean in this context?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 13: "Territorial extent: ~5.5 million km² at peak (under Darius I) [^3]" - Taagepera source from 1979 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 14: "Administrative divisions: ~20 satrapies [^1]" - Briant source from 2002 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 26: "Royal Road: ~2,700 km highway from Susa to Sardis, enabling rapid communicati..." - Briant source from 2002 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 27: "Satrapy system: ~20 provincial governors (satraps) reporting to the king, wit..." - Briant source from 2002 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 28: "Qanat irrigation technology: Underground aqueduct system enabling agriculture..." - Briant source from 2002 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 29: "Persepolis: Monumental ceremonial capital begun under Darius I (~518 BCE) @t[..." - Briant source from 2002 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 30: "Standardized coinage: Daric gold coin and siglos silver coin for imperial com..." - Briant source from 2002 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 60: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Cyrus Cylinder: Early declaration of human right..." - Kuhrt source from 1983 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 98: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 23: "Cyrus Cylinder: Early declaration of human rights a..." - Kuhrt source from 1983 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
@@ -39,4 +39,71 @@ Phoenician city-states fell under successive foreign rule: Assyrian, Babylonian,
|
||||
[^2]: Herodotus, *Histories* 4.42
|
||||
[^3]: Cartwright, M. "Trade in the Phoenician World." *World History Encyclopedia*, 2016. https://www.worldhistory.org/article/881/trade-in-the-phoenician-world/
|
||||
[^4]: Sader, H. *The History and Archaeology of Phoenicia* (SBL Press, 2019)
|
||||
[^5]: New World Encyclopedia, "Phoenician Civilization." https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Phoenician_Civilization
|
||||
[^5]: New World Encyclopedia, "Phoenician Civilization." https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Phoenician_Civilization
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 8: "Region: Coastal Lebanon and parts of coastal Syria, with colonies across the ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Major cities: Tyre, Sidon, Byblos, Berytus (Beirut), Arwad" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Language: Phoenician (Northwest Semitic)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Government: Independent city-states, each ruled by a king with merchant counc..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "Pioneered long-distance maritime trade (tin from Britain, silver from Spain, ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Exported cedar and fir timber to Egypt and Mesopotamia; cedar used in Solomon..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Produced Tyrian purple dye from murex snails (*Murex brandaris*); dye extract..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Invented the bireme (two-banked oared warship) [^5]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[conflict]` Line 24: "Pioneered transparent glass production from the 7th century BCE @t[~600 BCE];..." @t[-0600..-0600] overlaps with "Circumnavigated Africa under commission from Pharaoh Necho II (~600 BCE) @t[~..." @t[-0600..-0600] - were both true simultaneously? (line:26) [pattern:unknown]
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Region: Coastal Lebanon and parts of coastal Syria, with colonies across the ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Period: ~1500–300 BCE @t[~1500 BCE..300 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Major cities: Tyre, Sidon, Byblos, Berytus (Beirut), Arwad" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Language: Phoenician (Northwest Semitic)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 12: "Writing: Phoenician alphabet (~1050 BCE), ancestor of Greek and Latin alphabe..." - Markoe source from 2000 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 13: "Government: Independent city-states, each ruled by a king with merchant counc..." - Cartwright source from 2016 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 19: "Developed the first widely-used phonetic alphabet ~1050 BCE @t[~1050 BCE] [^1]" - Markoe source from 2000 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 20: "Founded Carthage (~814 BCE) and colonies across the western Mediterranean @t[..." - Markoe source from 2000 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 21: "Pioneered long-distance maritime trade (tin from Britain, silver from Spain, ..." - Cartwright source from 2016 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 22: "Exported cedar and fir timber to Egypt and Mesopotamia; cedar used in Solomon..." - Cartwright source from 2016 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 23: "Produced Tyrian purple dye from murex snails (*Murex brandaris*); dye extract..." - Cartwright source from 2016 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 24: "Pioneered transparent glass production from the 7th century BCE @t[~600 BCE];..." - Cartwright source from 2016 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -46,4 +46,113 @@ The Western Roman Empire fell in 476 CE when Odoacer deposed Emperor Romulus Aug
|
||||
[^2]: Heather, P. *The Fall of the Roman Empire* (Oxford, 2006)
|
||||
[^3]: Harper, K. *The Fate of Rome: Climate, Disease, and the End of an Empire* (Princeton University Press, 2017)
|
||||
[^4]: Polybius. *Histories*, Book VI (c. 150 BCE). Trans. W.R. Paton (Loeb Classical Library, 1922)
|
||||
[^5]: Cornell, T.J. *The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars* (Routledge, 1995)
|
||||
[^5]: Cornell, T.J. *The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars* (Routledge, 1995)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 8: "Region: Mediterranean basin, Western Europe, North Africa, Near East" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Language: Latin" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Writing: Latin alphabet" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Population at peak: ~55–75 million (scholarly estimates) [^3]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: "Consuls: Two annually elected magistrates holding executive and military auth..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 28: "Senate: ~300 members drawn from former magistrates, controlling finances and ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 29: "Assemblies: Popular legislative bodies (Comitia Centuriata, Comitia Tributa) ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 36: "Roman law: Foundation of Western legal tradition [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 37: "Engineering: Aqueducts, roads (~400,000 km network), concrete, the Colosseum" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 39: "Latin language and literature: Virgil, Ovid, Cicero, Tacitus" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 5: Malformed temporal tag @t[~-753..476] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: Malformed temporal tag @t[-27..476] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: Malformed temporal tag @t[-27..284] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: Malformed temporal tag @t[284..0476] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 38: Malformed temporal tag @t[-27..180] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Region: Mediterranean basin, Western Europe, North Africa, Near East" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Kingdom: ~753–509 BCE @t[~753 BCE..509 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Republic: 509–27 BCE @t[509 BCE..27 BCE]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Empire: 27 BCE – 476 CE (Western), continued as Byzantine Empire in the Eas..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Capital: Rome; later Constantinople (from 330 CE) @t[=0330]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Language: Latin" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Writing: Latin alphabet" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Roman Kingdom (~753–509 BCE): Legendary founding by Romulus @t[~753 BCE..50..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Early Republic (509–264 BCE): Expansion in Italy, Conflict of the Orders @t..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 21: "Late Republic (264–27 BCE): Punic Wars, civil wars, Caesar's assassination ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Principate (27 BCE – 284 CE): Augustus through the Crisis of the Third Cent..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Dominate (284–476 CE): Diocletian's reforms through the fall of the Western..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 27: "Consuls: Two annually elected magistrates holding executive and military auth..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 28: "Senate: ~300 members drawn from former magistrates, controlling finances and ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 29: "Assemblies: Popular legislative bodies (Comitia Centuriata, Comitia Tributa) ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 37: "Engineering: Aqueducts, roads (~400,000 km network), concrete, the Colosseum" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 38: "Pax Romana (~27 BCE – 180 CE): ~200 years of relative peace and prosperity ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 39: "Latin language and literature: Virgil, Ovid, Cicero, Tacitus" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 16: "Population at peak: ~55–75 million (scholarly estimates) [^3]" - Harper source from 2017 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 36: "Roman law: Foundation of Western legal tradition [^1]" - Jolowicz source from 1972 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user