Fix deep scan: log output even on failure, capture exit code for debugging
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daniel
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Babylonia was a major Mesopotamian civilization centered on the city of Babylon, with three principal periods: the Old Babylonian period (~1894–1595 BCE), the Kassite (Middle Babylonian) period (~1595–1155 BCE), and the Neo-Babylonian Empire (626–539 BCE). The Old Babylonian period reached its height under Hammurabi (~1792–1750 BCE), who unified Mesopotamia and issued the Code of Hammurabi. The Neo-Babylonian Empire, founded by Nabopolassar and reaching its zenith under Nebuchadnezzar II, was the last native Mesopotamian empire before Persian conquest. @t[1894 BCE..539 BCE]
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## Key Facts
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- Region: Central-southern Mesopotamia (modern Iraq)
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- Region: Central-southern Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
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- Old Babylonian period: ~1894–1595 BCE @t[1894 BCE..1595 BCE]
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- Kassite (Middle Babylonian) period: ~1595–1155 BCE @t[1595 BCE..1155 BCE]
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- Neo-Babylonian period: 626–539 BCE @t[626 BCE..539 BCE]
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- Capital: Babylon
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- Language: Akkadian (Babylonian dialect)
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- Chief deity: Marduk
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- Capital: Babylon <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
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- Language: Akkadian (Babylonian dialect) <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
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- Chief deity: Marduk <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
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## Notable Rulers
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- Hammurabi (~1792–1750 BCE): Unified Mesopotamia, issued the Code of Hammurabi @t[1792 BCE..1750 BCE] [^1]
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@@ -20,14 +20,13 @@ Babylonia was a major Mesopotamian civilization centered on the city of Babylon,
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- Nabonidus (556–539 BCE): Last native king, defeated by Cyrus the Great @t[556 BCE..539 BCE]
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## Achievements
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- Code of Hammurabi: One of the earliest comprehensive legal codes (~1754 BCE) @t[~1754 BCE]
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- Advanced astronomy and mathematics (predicted eclipses, developed algebra)
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- Etemenanki: Great ziggurat of Babylon ("House of the Foundation of Heaven and Earth"), dedicated to Marduk; associated with the Tower of Babel legend; described by Herodotus as a massive stepped tower @t[~600 BCE] [^4]
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- Esagila: Main temple complex of Marduk in Babylon, center of Babylonian religious life [^4]
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- Hanging Gardens of Babylon (one of the Seven Wonders, existence debated) [^2]
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- Ishtar Gate and Processional Way
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- Babylonian Captivity (597–539 BCE): Nebuchadnezzar II deported the population of Judah to Babylon following the destruction of the First Temple (586 BCE); ended when Cyrus the Great permitted the exiles to return @t[597 BCE..539 BCE] [^3]
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- Code of Hammurabi: One of the earliest comprehensive legal codes (~1754 BCE) @t[~1754 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
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- Advanced astronomy and mathematics (predicted eclipses, developed algebra) <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
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- Etemenanki: Great ziggurat of Babylon ("House of the Foundation of Heaven and Earth"), dedicated to Marduk; associated with the Tower of Babel legend; described by Herodotus as a massive stepped tower @t[~600 BCE] [^4] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
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- Esagila: Main temple complex of Marduk in Babylon, center of Babylonian religious life [^4] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
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- Hanging Gardens of Babylon (one of the Seven Wonders, existence debated): traditionally attributed to Nebuchadnezzar II (~605–562 BCE), though their existence is debated @t[~605 BCE..~562 BCE] [^2] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
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- Ishtar Gate and Processional Way: true during the Neo-Babylonian period (~626–539 BCE) under Nebuchadnezzar II @t[~626 BCE..~539 BCE] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
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- Babylonian Captivity (597–539 BCE): Nebuchadnezzar II deported the population of Judah to Babylon following the destruction of the First Temple (586 BCE); ended when Cyrus the Great permitted the exiles to return @t[597 BCE..539 BCE] [^3] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
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## Decline
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The Old Babylonian period ended when the Hittites sacked Babylon (~1595 BCE), after which the Kassite dynasty ruled for nearly 400 years. @t[~1595 BCE] [^3] The Neo-Babylonian Empire fell to Cyrus the Great of Persia in 539 BCE. @t[=539 BCE]
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@@ -88,4 +87,162 @@ The Old Babylonian period ended when the Hittites sacked Babylon (~1595 BCE), af
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- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "Hammurabi (~1792–1750 BCE): Unified Mesopotamia, issued the Code of Hammura..." - Roth source from 1997 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
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> Scholarship remains current. Hammurabi chronology is well-established.
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- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 24: "Hanging Gardens of Babylon (one of the Seven Wonders, existence debated) [^2]" - Dalley source from 2013 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
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> Scholarship remains current. Hanging Gardens debate continues in modern research.
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> Scholarship remains current. Hanging Gardens debate continues in modern research.---
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## Review Queue
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<!-- factbase:review -->
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 42: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Region: Central-southern Mesopotamia (modern Ira..." - when was this true?
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> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 44: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Old Babylonian period: ~1894–1595 BCE" - when ..." - when was this true?
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> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 46: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Neo-Babylonian period: 626–539 BCE" - when was..." - when was this true?
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> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 48: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Capital: Babylon" - when was this true?" - when was this true?
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> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 54: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Nebuchadnezzar II (605–562 BCE): Built the Ish..." - when was this true?
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> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 56: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Nabonidus (556–539 BCE): Last native king, def..." - when was this true?
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> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 58: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Code of Hammurabi: One of the earliest comprehen..." - when was this true?
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> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 60: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Advanced astronomy and mathematics (predicted ec..." - when was this true?
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> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 62: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Hanging Gardens of Babylon (one of the Seven Won..." - when was this true?
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> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 64: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Ishtar Gate and Processional Way" - when was thi..." - when was this true?
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> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 66: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Region: Central-southern Mesopotamia (modern Iraq..." - when was this true?
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> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 68: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Old Babylonian period: ~1894–1595 BCE" - what i..." - when was this true?
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> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 70: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Neo-Babylonian period: 626–539 BCE" - what is t..." - when was this true?
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> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 72: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Capital: Babylon" - what is the source?" - when was this true?
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> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 74: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Language: Akkadian (Babylonian dialect)" - what i..." - when was this true?
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> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 76: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Nebuchadnezzar II (605–562 BCE): Built the Isht..." - when was this true?
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> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 78: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Nabonidus (556–539 BCE): Last native king, defe..." - when was this true?
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> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 80: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Code of Hammurabi: One of the earliest comprehens..." - when was this true?
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> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 82: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Advanced astronomy and mathematics (predicted ecl..." - when was this true?
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> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 84: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Ishtar Gate and Processional Way" - what is the s..." - when was this true?
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> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 86: "[x] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 18: "Nebuchadnezzar II (605–562 BCE): Built the Is..." - when was this true?
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> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 88: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "Hammurabi (~1792–1750 BCE): Unified Mesopotamia, ..." - when was this true?
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> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 90: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 24: "Hanging Gardens of Babylon (one of the Seven Wonder..." - when was this true?
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> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Region: Central-southern Mesopotamia (modern Iraq)" - what is the source?
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> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Old Babylonian period: ~1894–1595 BCE @t[1894 BCE..1595 BCE]" - what is the source?
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> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Kassite (Middle Babylonian) period: ~1595–1155 BCE @t[1595 BCE..1155 BCE]" - what is the source?
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> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Neo-Babylonian period: 626–539 BCE @t[626 BCE..539 BCE]" - what is the source?
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> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Capital: Babylon" - what is the source?
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> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Language: Akkadian (Babylonian dialect)" - what is the source?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Chief deity: Marduk" - what is the source?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Nabonidus (556–539 BCE): Last native king, defeated by Cyrus the Great @t[5..." - what is the source?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Code of Hammurabi: One of the earliest comprehensive legal codes (~1754 BCE) ..." - what is the source?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Advanced astronomy and mathematics (predicted eclipses, developed algebra)" - what is the source?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 28: "Ishtar Gate and Processional Way" - what is the source?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 42: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Region: Central-southern Mesopotamia (modern Ira..." - what is the source?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 44: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Old Babylonian period: ~1894–1595 BCE" - when ..." - what is the source?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 46: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Neo-Babylonian period: 626–539 BCE" - when was..." - what is the source?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 48: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Capital: Babylon" - when was this true?" - what is the source?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 50: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Language: Akkadian (Babylonian dialect)" - when ..." - what is the source?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 52: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Hammurabi (~1792–1750 BCE): Unified Mesopotami..." - what is the source?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 54: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Nebuchadnezzar II (605–562 BCE): Built the Ish..." - what is the source?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 56: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Nabonidus (556–539 BCE): Last native king, def..." - what is the source?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 58: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Code of Hammurabi: One of the earliest comprehen..." - what is the source?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 60: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Advanced astronomy and mathematics (predicted ec..." - what is the source?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 64: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Ishtar Gate and Processional Way" - when was thi..." - what is the source?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 66: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Region: Central-southern Mesopotamia (modern Iraq..." - what is the source?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 68: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Old Babylonian period: ~1894–1595 BCE" - what i..." - what is the source?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 70: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Neo-Babylonian period: 626–539 BCE" - what is t..." - what is the source?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 72: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Capital: Babylon" - what is the source?" - what is the source?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 74: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Language: Akkadian (Babylonian dialect)" - what i..." - what is the source?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 76: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Nebuchadnezzar II (605–562 BCE): Built the Isht..." - what is the source?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 78: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Nabonidus (556–539 BCE): Last native king, defe..." - what is the source?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 80: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Code of Hammurabi: One of the earliest comprehens..." - what is the source?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 82: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Advanced astronomy and mathematics (predicted ecl..." - what is the source?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 84: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Ishtar Gate and Processional Way" - what is the s..." - what is the source?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 86: "[x] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 18: "Nebuchadnezzar II (605–562 BCE): Built the Is..." - what is the source?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 88: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "Hammurabi (~1792–1750 BCE): Unified Mesopotamia, ..." - what is the source?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 27: "Hanging Gardens of Babylon (one of the Seven Wonders, existence debated) [^2]" - Dalley source from 2013 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 62: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Hanging Gardens of Babylon (one of the Seven Won..." - Dalley source from 2013 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 90: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 24: "Hanging Gardens of Babylon (one of the Seven Wonder..." - Dalley source from 2013 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
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>
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