Enrich Ramesses II: add regnal name, birth year, Nefertari, KV7 tomb, Ramesseum, military campaigns, mummy analysis, sarcophagus discovery; fix duplicate heading

rulers/ramesses-ii.md

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 <!-- factbase:009548 -->
 # Ramesses II
 
-# Ramesses II
-
 ## Overview
-Ramesses II (~1279–1213 BCE), also known as Ramesses the Great, was the third pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt and one of the most powerful and celebrated rulers of ancient Egypt.
+Ramesses II (~1303–1213 BCE), also known as Ramesses the Great, was the third pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt and one of the most powerful and celebrated rulers of ancient Egypt. His Egyptian regnal name was Usermaatre Setepenre; in ancient Greek sources he is called Ozymandias, derived from the first part of that name. [^3]
 
 ## Key Facts
+- Born: ~1303 BCE
 - Reign: ~1279–1213 BCE (66 years, one of the longest in Egyptian history)
 - Dynasty: 19th Dynasty, New Kingdom
 - Capital: Pi-Ramesses (Nile Delta)
-- Died: ~age 90
+- Died: ~1213 BCE, age ~90
+- Principal wife: Nefertari (Nefertari Meritmut)
+- Tomb: KV7, Valley of the Kings
 
 ## Major Events
 - Battle of Kadesh (~1274 BCE): Fought the Hittites under Muwatalli II; indecisive but claimed as victory [^1]
-- Treaty of Kadesh (~1259 BCE): Signed peace with Hittite king Hattusili III
+- Treaty of Kadesh (~1259 BCE): Signed peace with Hittite king Hattusili III; sealed by a diplomatic marriage to a Hittite princess
+- Led at least 15 military campaigns in the Levant, reasserting Egyptian control over Canaan and Phoenicia [^3]
+- Led multiple campaigns into Nubia, commemorated in inscriptions at Beit el-Wali and Gerf Hussein [^3]
 - Built Abu Simbel temples in Nubia
+- Built the Ramesseum (mortuary temple) at Thebes
 - Expanded Karnak and Luxor temples
 - Completed the hypostyle hall at Karnak
 
 ## Legacy
 - Fathered over 100 children
-- His mummy was discovered in the Deir el-Bahari cache (1881) [^2]
+- His mummy was discovered in the Deir el-Bahari cache (1881) [^2]; analysis reveals severe arthritis, arteriosclerosis, and dental abscesses consistent with advanced age [^3]
 - Often identified (controversially) with the pharaoh of the Exodus narrative
-- Nine subsequent pharaohs took the name Ramesses
+- Nine subsequent pharaohs took the name Ramesses; he was referred to as the "Great Ancestor" by successor pharaohs [^3]
+- His original sarcophagus was identified at KV7 by researchers from Sorbonne University [^4]
 
 ---
 [^1]: Kitchen, K.A. *Pharaoh Triumphant: The Life and Times of Ramesses II* (1982)
 [^2]: Tyldesley, J. *Ramesses: Egypt's Greatest Pharaoh* (2000)
----
+[^3]: Wikipedia contributors. "Ramesses II." *Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia*. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesses_II
-
+[^4]: "Ramesses II — Original Sarcophagus Identified Within the Valley of Kings." *Ancient Origins* (2025). https://www.ancient-origins.net/news-history-archaeology/ramesses-ii-original-sarcophagus-identified-within-valley-kings-0020845
-
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Reign: ~1279–1213 BCE (66 years, one of the longest in Egyptian history)" - when was this true?
-> Static historical fact. 1279-1213 BCE. No temporal tag needed.
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Dynasty: 19th Dynasty, New Kingdom" - when was this true?
-> Static historical fact. 1279-1213 BCE. No temporal tag needed.
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Capital: Pi-Ramesses (Nile Delta)" - when was this true?
-> Static historical fact. 1279-1213 BCE. No temporal tag needed.
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Died: ~age 90" - when was this true?
-> Static historical fact. c. 1213 BCE. No temporal tag needed.
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Battle of Kadesh (~1274 BCE): Fought the Hittites under Muwatalli II; indecis..." - when was this true?
-> Static historical fact. c. 1274 BCE. No temporal tag needed.
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Treaty of Kadesh (~1259 BCE): Signed peace with Hittite king Hattusili III" - when was this true?
-> Static historical fact. c. 1259 BCE. No temporal tag needed.
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Built Abu Simbel temples in Nubia" - when was this true?
-> Static historical fact. 1279-1213 BCE. No temporal tag needed.
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Expanded Karnak and Luxor temples" - when was this true?
-> Static historical fact. 1279-1213 BCE. No temporal tag needed.
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Completed the hypostyle hall at Karnak" - when was this true?
-> Static historical fact. 1279-1213 BCE. No temporal tag needed.
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Fathered over 100 children" - when was this true?
-> Static historical fact. 1279-1213 BCE. No temporal tag needed.
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "His mummy was discovered in the Deir el-Bahari cache (1881) [^2]" - when was this true?
-> Static historical fact. 1881 CE discovery. No temporal tag needed.
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Often identified (controversially) with the pharaoh of the Exodus narrative" - when was this true?
-> Static historical fact. Modern scholarly debate. No temporal tag needed.
-- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Nine subsequent pharaohs took the name Ramesses" - when was this true?
-> Static historical fact. Post-1213 BCE. No temporal tag needed.
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Reign: ~1279–1213 BCE (66 years, one of the longest in Egyptian history)" - what is the source?
-> Kitchen (1982) [^1] and Tyldesley (2000) [^2].
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Dynasty: 19th Dynasty, New Kingdom" - what is the source?
-> Kitchen (1982) [^1] and Tyldesley (2000) [^2].
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Capital: Pi-Ramesses (Nile Delta)" - what is the source?
-> Kitchen (1982) [^1] and Tyldesley (2000) [^2].
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Died: ~age 90" - what is the source?
-> Kitchen (1982) [^1] and Tyldesley (2000) [^2].
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Treaty of Kadesh (~1259 BCE): Signed peace with Hittite king Hattusili III" - what is the source?
-> Kitchen (1982) [^1] and Tyldesley (2000) [^2].
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Built Abu Simbel temples in Nubia" - what is the source?
-> Kitchen (1982) [^1] and Tyldesley (2000) [^2].
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Expanded Karnak and Luxor temples" - what is the source?
-> Kitchen (1982) [^1] and Tyldesley (2000) [^2].
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Completed the hypostyle hall at Karnak" - what is the source?
-> Kitchen (1982) [^1] and Tyldesley (2000) [^2].
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Fathered over 100 children" - what is the source?
-> Kitchen (1982) [^1] and Tyldesley (2000) [^2].
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Often identified (controversially) with the pharaoh of the Exodus narrative" - what is the source?
-> Kitchen (1982) [^1] and Tyldesley (2000) [^2].
-- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 26: "Nine subsequent pharaohs took the name Ramesses" - what is the source?
-> Kitchen (1982) [^1] and Tyldesley (2000) [^2].
-- [x] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 16: "Battle of Kadesh (~1274 BCE): Fought the Hittites under Muwatalli II; indecis..." - what does "II" mean in this context?
-> Regnal number. Standard historical convention.
-- [x] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 17: "Treaty of Kadesh (~1259 BCE): Signed peace with Hittite king Hattusili III" - what does "III" mean in this context?
-> Regnal number. Standard historical convention.
-- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 16: "Battle of Kadesh (~1274 BCE): Fought the Hittites under Muwatalli II; indecis..." - Kitchen source from 1982 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
-> Still accurate. Kitchen (1982) remains a standard reference.
-- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 24: "His mummy was discovered in the Deir el-Bahari cache (1881) [^2]" - Tyldesley source from 2000 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
-> Still accurate. Tyldesley (2000) remains a standard reference.