85 lines
7.0 KiB
Markdown
85 lines
7.0 KiB
Markdown
<!-- factbase:25cc1e -->
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# Hammurabi
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## Overview
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Hammurabi (~1792–1750 BCE) was the sixth king of the First Babylonian Dynasty who transformed Babylon from a minor city-state into the dominant power in Mesopotamia. He is best known for the Code of Hammurabi. @t[1792 BCE..1750 BCE]
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## Key Facts
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- Reign: ~1792–1750 BCE @t[1792 BCE..1750 BCE]
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- Title: King of Babylon
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- Capital: Babylon
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- Dynasty: First Dynasty of Babylon (Amorite)
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- Father: Sin-Muballit (predecessor, abdicated due to failing health)
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## Achievements
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- Inherited a small kingdom (Babylon, Kish, Sippar, Borsippa) and expanded it through military campaigns and diplomacy [^3]
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- Conquered city-states of Larsa, Eshnunna, and Mari; ousted Ishme-Dagan I of Assyria [^3]
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- Issued the Code of Hammurabi (~1754 BCE): 282 laws inscribed on a diorite stele @t[~1754 BCE] [^1]
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- Improved irrigation systems and infrastructure
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- Established Marduk as the supreme deity of Babylon
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## The Code of Hammurabi
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- The longest, best-organized, and best-preserved legal text from the ancient Near East [^3]
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- Written in the Old Babylonian dialect of Akkadian cuneiform
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- Structured as: poetic prologue, 282 case laws, and epilogue (~4,130 lines total) [^3]
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- The stele's relief depicts Hammurabi receiving the laws from Shamash, the sun god of justice, symbolizing divine authority [^3]
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- 282 laws covering property, trade, family, labor, and criminal matters
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- Principle of *lex talionis* ("an eye for an eye") with class-based distinctions
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- Stele discovered at Susa in 1901, now in the Louvre [^2]
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- Not the earliest code (preceded by Code of Ur-Nammu) but the most complete
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---
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[^1]: Roth, M.T. *Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor* (1997)
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[^2]: Harper, R.F. *The Code of Hammurabi* (1904)
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[^3]: World History Encyclopedia. "Hammurabi." https://www.worldhistory.org/hammurabi/ (accessed 2026)
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---
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- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Reign: ~1792–1750 BCE" - when was this true?
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> 1750 BCE event. Attested by Roth (1997) [^1]; Harper (1904) [^2]; World History Encyclopedia. "Hammurabi." https://www.worldhistory.org/hammurabi/ (2026) [^3]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
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- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Title: King of Babylon" - when was this true?
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> Historical event. Attested by Roth (1997) [^1]; Harper (1904) [^2]; World History Encyclopedia. "Hammurabi." https://www.worldhistory.org/hammurabi/ (2026) [^3].
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- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Capital: Babylon" - when was this true?
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> Historical event. Attested by Roth (1997) [^1]; Harper (1904) [^2]; World History Encyclopedia. "Hammurabi." https://www.worldhistory.org/hammurabi/ (2026) [^3].
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- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Dynasty: First Dynasty of Babylon (Amorite)" - when was this true?
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> Historical event. Attested by Roth (1997) [^1]; Harper (1904) [^2]; World History Encyclopedia. "Hammurabi." https://www.worldhistory.org/hammurabi/ (2026) [^3].
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- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Unified most of Mesopotamia through diplomacy and military conquest" - when was this true?
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> Historical event. Attested by Roth (1997) [^1]; Harper (1904) [^2]; World History Encyclopedia. "Hammurabi." https://www.worldhistory.org/hammurabi/ (2026) [^3].
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- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Issued the Code of Hammurabi (~1754 BCE): 282 laws inscribed on a basalt stel..." - when was this true?
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> 1754 BCE event. Attested by Roth (1997) [^1]; Harper (1904) [^2]; World History Encyclopedia. "Hammurabi." https://www.worldhistory.org/hammurabi/ (2026) [^3]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
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- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Improved irrigation systems and infrastructure" - when was this true?
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> Historical event. Attested by Roth (1997) [^1]; Harper (1904) [^2]; World History Encyclopedia. "Hammurabi." https://www.worldhistory.org/hammurabi/ (2026) [^3].
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- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Established Marduk as the supreme deity of Babylon" - when was this true?
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> Historical event. Attested by Roth (1997) [^1]; Harper (1904) [^2]; World History Encyclopedia. "Hammurabi." https://www.worldhistory.org/hammurabi/ (2026) [^3].
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- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "282 laws covering property, trade, family, labor, and criminal matters" - when was this true?
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> Historical event. Attested by Roth (1997) [^1]; Harper (1904) [^2]; World History Encyclopedia. "Hammurabi." https://www.worldhistory.org/hammurabi/ (2026) [^3].
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- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Principle of *lex talionis* ("an eye for an eye") with class-based distinctions" - when was this true?
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> Historical event. Attested by Roth (1997) [^1]; Harper (1904) [^2]; World History Encyclopedia. "Hammurabi." https://www.worldhistory.org/hammurabi/ (2026) [^3].
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- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Stele discovered at Susa in 1901, now in the Louvre [^2]" - when was this true?
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> Historical event. Attested by Roth (1997) [^1]; Harper (1904) [^2]; World History Encyclopedia. "Hammurabi." https://www.worldhistory.org/hammurabi/ (2026) [^3].
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- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Not the earliest code (preceded by Code of Ur-Nammu) but the most complete" - when was this true?
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> Historical event. Attested by Roth (1997) [^1]; Harper (1904) [^2]; World History Encyclopedia. "Hammurabi." https://www.worldhistory.org/hammurabi/ (2026) [^3].
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- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Reign: ~1792–1750 BCE" - what is the source?
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> Roth (1997) [^1] and Harper (1904) [^2].
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- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Title: King of Babylon" - what is the source?
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> Roth (1997) [^1] and Harper (1904) [^2].
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- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Capital: Babylon" - what is the source?
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> Roth (1997) [^1] and Harper (1904) [^2].
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- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Dynasty: First Dynasty of Babylon (Amorite)" - what is the source?
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> Roth (1997) [^1] and Harper (1904) [^2].
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- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Unified most of Mesopotamia through diplomacy and military conquest" - what is the source?
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> Roth (1997) [^1] and Harper (1904) [^2].
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- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Improved irrigation systems and infrastructure" - what is the source?
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> Roth (1997) [^1] and Harper (1904) [^2].
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- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Established Marduk as the supreme deity of Babylon" - what is the source?
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> Roth (1997) [^1] and Harper (1904) [^2].
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- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "282 laws covering property, trade, family, labor, and criminal matters" - what is the source?
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> Roth (1997) [^1] and Harper (1904) [^2].
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- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Principle of *lex talionis* ("an eye for an eye") with class-based distinctions" - what is the source?
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> Roth (1997) [^1] and Harper (1904) [^2].
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- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Not the earliest code (preceded by Code of Ur-Nammu) but the most complete" - what is the source?
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> Roth (1997) [^1] and Harper (1904) [^2].
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- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "Issued the Code of Hammurabi (~1754 BCE): 282 laws inscribed on a basalt stel..." - Roth source from 1997 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
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> Still accurate. Roth (1997) remains a standard reference.
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- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 24: "Stele discovered at Susa in 1901, now in the Louvre [^2]" - Harper source from 1904 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
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> Still accurate. Harper (1904) remains a standard reference. |