7.2 KiB
Babylonia
Overview
Babylonia was a major Mesopotamian civilization centered on the city of Babylon, with three principal periods: the Old Babylonian period (~1894–1595 BCE), the Kassite (Middle Babylonian) period (~1595–1155 BCE), and the Neo-Babylonian Empire (626–539 BCE). The Old Babylonian period reached its height under Hammurabi (~1792–1750 BCE), who unified Mesopotamia and issued the Code of Hammurabi. The Neo-Babylonian Empire, founded by Nabopolassar and reaching its zenith under Nebuchadnezzar II, was the last native Mesopotamian empire before Persian conquest. @t[1894 BCE..539 BCE]
Key Facts
- Region: Central-southern Mesopotamia (modern Iraq)
- Old Babylonian period: ~1894–1595 BCE @t[1894 BCE..1595 BCE]
- Kassite (Middle Babylonian) period: ~1595–1155 BCE @t[1595 BCE..1155 BCE]
- Neo-Babylonian period: 626–539 BCE @t[626 BCE..539 BCE]
- Capital: Babylon
- Language: Akkadian (Babylonian dialect)
- Chief deity: Marduk
Notable Rulers
- Hammurabi (~1792–1750 BCE): Unified Mesopotamia, issued the Code of Hammurabi @t[1792 BCE..1750 BCE] 1
- Nabopolassar (626–605 BCE): Founded the Neo-Babylonian (Chaldean) Empire after the fall of Assyria @t[626 BCE..605 BCE] 2
- Nebuchadnezzar II (605–562 BCE): Built the Ishtar Gate and Etemenanki ziggurat, destroyed the Temple of Jerusalem (586 BCE) @t[605 BCE..562 BCE] 2
- Nabonidus (556–539 BCE): Last native king, defeated by Cyrus the Great @t[556 BCE..539 BCE]
Achievements
- Code of Hammurabi: One of the earliest comprehensive legal codes (~1754 BCE) @t[~1754 BCE]
- Advanced astronomy and mathematics (predicted eclipses, developed algebra)
- Etemenanki: Great ziggurat of Babylon ("House of the Foundation of Heaven and Earth"), dedicated to Marduk; associated with the Tower of Babel legend; described by Herodotus as a massive stepped tower @t[~600 BCE] 3
- Esagila: Main temple complex of Marduk in Babylon, center of Babylonian religious life 3
- Hanging Gardens of Babylon (one of the Seven Wonders, existence debated) 4
- Ishtar Gate and Processional Way
- Babylonian Captivity (597–539 BCE): Nebuchadnezzar II deported the population of Judah to Babylon following the destruction of the First Temple (586 BCE); ended when Cyrus the Great permitted the exiles to return @t[597 BCE..539 BCE] 2
Decline
The Old Babylonian period ended when the Hittites sacked Babylon (~1595 BCE), after which the Kassite dynasty ruled for nearly 400 years. @t[~1595 BCE] 2 The Neo-Babylonian Empire fell to Cyrus the Great of Persia in 539 BCE. @t[=539 BCE]
@q[temporal]Line 10: "Region: Central-southern Mesopotamia (modern Iraq)" - when was this true?
Historical event. Attested by Roth (1997) 1 ; Dalley (2013) 4 .
@q[temporal]Line 11: "Old Babylonian period: ~1894–1595 BCE" - when was this true?
1595 BCE event. Attested by Roth (1997) 1 ; Dalley (2013) 4 . BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
@q[temporal]Line 12: "Neo-Babylonian period: 626–539 BCE" - when was this true?
539 BCE event. Attested by Roth (1997) 1 ; Dalley (2013) 4 . BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
@q[temporal]Line 13: "Capital: Babylon" - when was this true?
Historical event. Attested by Roth (1997) 1 ; Dalley (2013) 4 .
@q[temporal]Line 14: "Language: Akkadian (Babylonian dialect)" - when was this true?
Historical event. Attested by Roth (1997) 1 ; Dalley (2013) 4 .
@q[temporal]Line 17: "Hammurabi (~1792–1750 BCE): Unified Mesopotamia, issued the Code of Hammura..." - when was this true?
1750 BCE event. Attested by Roth (1997) 1 ; Dalley (2013) 4 . BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
@q[temporal]Line 18: "Nebuchadnezzar II (605–562 BCE): Built the Ishtar Gate, destroyed the Templ..." - when was this true?
562 BCE event. Attested by Roth (1997) 1 ; Dalley (2013) 4 . BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
@q[temporal]Line 19: "Nabonidus (556–539 BCE): Last native king, defeated by Cyrus the Great" - when was this true?
539 BCE event. Attested by Roth (1997) 1 ; Dalley (2013) 4 . BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
@q[temporal]Line 22: "Code of Hammurabi: One of the earliest comprehensive legal codes (~1754 BCE)" - when was this true?
1754 BCE event. Attested by Roth (1997) 1 ; Dalley (2013) 4 . BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
@q[temporal]Line 23: "Advanced astronomy and mathematics (predicted eclipses, developed algebra)" - when was this true?
Historical event. Attested by Roth (1997) 1 ; Dalley (2013) 4 .
@q[temporal]Line 24: "Hanging Gardens of Babylon (one of the Seven Wonders, existence debated) 4 " - when was this true?
Historical event. Attested by Roth (1997) 1 ; Dalley (2013) 4 .
@q[temporal]Line 25: "Ishtar Gate and Processional Way" - when was this true?
Historical event. Attested by Roth (1997) 1 ; Dalley (2013) 4 .
@q[missing]Line 10: "Region: Central-southern Mesopotamia (modern Iraq)" - what is the source?
Roth (1997) 1
@q[missing]Line 11: "Old Babylonian period: ~1894–1595 BCE" - what is the source?
Roth (1997) 1
@q[missing]Line 12: "Neo-Babylonian period: 626–539 BCE" - what is the source?
Roth (1997) 1
@q[missing]Line 13: "Capital: Babylon" - what is the source?
Roth (1997) 1
@q[missing]Line 14: "Language: Akkadian (Babylonian dialect)" - what is the source?
Roth (1997) 1
@q[missing]Line 18: "Nebuchadnezzar II (605–562 BCE): Built the Ishtar Gate, destroyed the Templ..." - what is the source?
Roth (1997) 1
@q[missing]Line 19: "Nabonidus (556–539 BCE): Last native king, defeated by Cyrus the Great" - what is the source?
Roth (1997) 1
@q[missing]Line 22: "Code of Hammurabi: One of the earliest comprehensive legal codes (~1754 BCE)" - what is the source?
Roth (1997) 1
@q[missing]Line 23: "Advanced astronomy and mathematics (predicted eclipses, developed algebra)" - what is the source?
Roth (1997) 1
@q[missing]Line 25: "Ishtar Gate and Processional Way" - what is the source?
Roth (1997) 1
@q[ambiguous]Line 18: "Nebuchadnezzar II (605–562 BCE): Built the Ishtar Gate, destroyed the Templ..." - what does "II" mean in this context?
Roman numeral indicating second king of that name (Nebuchadnezzar the Second).
@q[stale]Line 17: "Hammurabi (~1792–1750 BCE): Unified Mesopotamia, issued the Code of Hammura..." - Roth source from 1997 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
Scholarship remains current. Hammurabi chronology is well-established.
@q[stale]Line 24: "Hanging Gardens of Babylon (one of the Seven Wonders, existence debated) 4 " - Dalley source from 2013 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
Scholarship remains current. Hanging Gardens debate continues in modern research.