initial repo seedings
This commit is contained in:
daniel
34
.factbase/config.yaml
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34
.factbase/config.yaml
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watcher:
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debounce_ms: 500 # Debounce window for file changes
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ignore_patterns:
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- ".*/**" # Hidden directories (.git, .factbase, etc.)
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- "*.swp"
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- "*.tmp"
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- "*~"
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- ".DS_Store"
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processor:
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max_file_size: 1048576 # Max file size in bytes (1MB)
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snippet_length: 200 # Search result snippet length
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chunk_size: 100000 # Embedding chunk size in chars (for large docs)
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chunk_overlap: 2000 # Overlap between chunks for context continuity
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embedding_batch_size: 50 # Docs per embedding API call (1-100)
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link_batch_size: 20 # Docs per link detection batch (1-50)
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lint_concurrency: 10 # Parallel lint/cross-validation (1-20)
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embedding:
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provider: bedrock
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profile: poc
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region: us-east-1 # AWS region
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model: amazon.nova-2-multimodal-embeddings-v1:0 # 1024 dims, 8K context
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dimension: 1024
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cache_size: 100 # Query embedding cache (1-10000)
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timeout_secs: 90 # HTTP timeout (1-300)
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llm:
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provider: bedrock
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profile: poc
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region: us-east-1 # AWS region
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model: us.anthropic.claude-haiku-4-5-20251001-v1:0 # Cross-region, fast
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timeout_secs: 90 # HTTP timeout (1-300)
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BIN
.factbase/factbase.db
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BIN
.factbase/factbase.db
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BIN
.factbase/factbase.db-shm
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BIN
.factbase/factbase.db-shm
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Binary file not shown.
BIN
.factbase/factbase.db-wal
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BIN
.factbase/factbase.db-wal
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Binary file not shown.
30
.factbase/perspective.md
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30
.factbase/perspective.md
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@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
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# Ancient History Knowledge Base
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## Domain
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Ancient history from early civilizations through the fall of Rome (~476 CE).
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## Scope
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- Civilizations, empires, and kingdoms
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- Rulers, leaders, and notable figures
|
||||
- Battles and military campaigns
|
||||
- Treaties and diplomatic agreements
|
||||
- Cities and archaeological sites
|
||||
- Religions and belief systems
|
||||
- Technologies and engineering
|
||||
- Trade routes and economic networks
|
||||
- Legal codes and governance
|
||||
- Writing systems and literacy
|
||||
- Cultural and intellectual movements
|
||||
|
||||
## Conventions
|
||||
- Use BCE/CE dating throughout (not BC/AD)
|
||||
- Temporal precision ranges from century-level (~2500 BCE) to exact dates
|
||||
- Sources include primary ancient texts and modern archaeological scholarship
|
||||
- Cross-reference related entities (e.g., rulers ↔ civilizations ↔ battles)
|
||||
- Note when dates are approximate or debated among scholars
|
||||
|
||||
## Quality Standards
|
||||
- Every claim should cite a source (primary text or modern scholarship)
|
||||
- Distinguish between established consensus and scholarly debate
|
||||
- Note archaeological evidence where relevant
|
||||
- Use temporal tags for CE dates; write BCE dates in text
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17
.kiro/settings/mcp.json
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17
.kiro/settings/mcp.json
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{
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"mcpServers": {
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"factbase": {
|
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"command": "../factbase/target/debug/factbase",
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"args": [
|
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"mcp"
|
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],
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"env": {
|
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"AWS_PROFILE": "poc"
|
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},
|
||||
"disabled": false,
|
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"autoApprove": [
|
||||
"*"
|
||||
]
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
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96
.kiro/steering/factbase-bugs.md
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96
.kiro/steering/factbase-bugs.md
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||||
---
|
||||
inclusion: always
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# Factbase MCP Bug Reporting and Feature Requests
|
||||
|
||||
## When to File a Bug
|
||||
|
||||
Whenever you use any `mcp_factbase_*` tool and encounter ANY of the following, you MUST submit a task to the Vikunja board:
|
||||
|
||||
- **Errors**: MCP errors, panics, internal errors, timeouts, or unexpected exceptions
|
||||
- **Unexpected results**: Tool returns success but the output is wrong, incomplete, or nonsensical
|
||||
- **Data corruption**: Documents modified incorrectly, content lost, formatting broken after an operation
|
||||
- **Silent failures**: Tool claims success but nothing actually changed (e.g. apply_review_answers says it applied N answers but files are unchanged)
|
||||
- **Missing functionality**: A tool doesn't behave as its description says it should
|
||||
- **Performance issues**: Operations that take unreasonably long or hang
|
||||
|
||||
Do NOT wait for the user to ask you to file a bug. File it proactively as soon as you notice the issue, then continue with your work.
|
||||
|
||||
## How to File
|
||||
|
||||
```
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curl -X PUT https://vikunja.home.everyonce.com/api/v1/projects/2/tasks \
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-H "Authorization: Bearer tk_ff251f3d3512775c71913bc2f8ec0dabbf5016a8" \
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-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
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-d '{
|
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"title": "[factbase] <short bug summary>",
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"description": "<detailed description including:\n- Which MCP tool was called\n- What parameters were passed\n- What the expected behavior was\n- What actually happened (include error message if any)\n- Any workaround used>",
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"priority": 3
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||||
}'
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Priority Guide
|
||||
- **1-2**: Minor cosmetic issues, suggestions for improvement
|
||||
- **3**: Normal bugs — tool errors, unexpected behavior
|
||||
- **4**: Significant bugs — data loss, corruption, tools that are completely broken
|
||||
- **5**: Urgent — blocking all factbase operations
|
||||
|
||||
### API Details
|
||||
- Base URL: `https://vikunja.home.everyonce.com/api/v1`
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||||
- Auth: `Authorization: Bearer tk_ff251f3d3512775c71913bc2f8ec0dabbf5016a8`
|
||||
- Project ID: 2 (OpenClaw Tasks)
|
||||
- Tasks land in the To-Do bucket (id: 4) by default
|
||||
|
||||
### Check Task Status
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# Get a specific task
|
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curl https://vikunja.home.everyonce.com/api/v1/tasks/<task_id> \
|
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-H "Authorization: Bearer tk_ff251f3d3512775c71913bc2f8ec0dabbf5016a8"
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||||
|
||||
# List all tasks in the project
|
||||
curl "https://vikunja.home.everyonce.com/api/v1/projects/2/tasks" \
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-H "Authorization: Bearer tk_ff251f3d3512775c71913bc2f8ec0dabbf5016a8"
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
A task is complete when `"done": true`.
|
||||
|
||||
### Kanban Buckets
|
||||
- Backlog (7) — queued, not yet started
|
||||
- To-Do (4) — ready for work ← tasks land here by default
|
||||
- Doing (5) — in progress
|
||||
- Done (6) — completed
|
||||
|
||||
### Rules
|
||||
- Always prefix task titles with `[factbase]`
|
||||
- Include enough detail in the description to reproduce the bug
|
||||
- Don't assign — the local dev agent picks up and runs tasks automatically
|
||||
- Mention the agent session context briefly (e.g. "while running LinkedIn discovery workflow" or "during factbase review answer application")
|
||||
- If you worked around the issue, describe the workaround in the description
|
||||
|
||||
## When to File a Feature Request
|
||||
|
||||
Beyond bugs, you should ALSO proactively file feature requests when you notice friction, gaps, or missed opportunities while using factbase. Specifically:
|
||||
|
||||
- **Missing MCP tools**: CLI commands that exist but aren't exposed via MCP (e.g. `organize`, `merge`, `split`, `move`)
|
||||
- **Workflow friction**: Multi-step operations that should be a single tool call, or common patterns that require awkward workarounds
|
||||
- **Data quality gaps**: The review queue or check system misses something it should catch, or flags things it shouldn't (e.g. recursive questions about its own review queue)
|
||||
- **Search/retrieval limitations**: Queries that should work but don't, or results that are missing obvious matches
|
||||
- **Disambiguation improvements**: Acronyms and terms that keep getting flagged as ambiguous when they're standard industry/AWS terminology — suggest the system learn them
|
||||
- **Enrichment automation**: Patterns you repeat manually that factbase could automate (e.g. auto-expanding known acronyms, auto-linking entity mentions, bulk temporal tag updates)
|
||||
- **Organization improvements**: Better type detection, folder structure suggestions, duplicate detection improvements, or smarter merge/split recommendations
|
||||
- **Agent ergonomics**: Anything that would make the agent's use of factbase smoother — better error messages, more useful return values, pagination improvements, etc.
|
||||
|
||||
File these the same way as bugs, but use priority 1-2 and prefix with `[factbase][feature]`:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$headers = @{ "Authorization" = "Bearer tk_ff251f3d3512775c71913bc2f8ec0dabbf5016a8"; "Content-Type" = "application/json" }
|
||||
$body = '{"title":"[factbase][feature] <short feature summary>","description":"<what the feature would do, why it matters, example use case>","priority": 2}'
|
||||
Invoke-RestMethod -Method Put -Uri "https://vikunja.home.everyonce.com/api/v1/projects/2/tasks" -Headers $headers -Body $body
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Feature Request Priority
|
||||
- **1**: Nice-to-have, low impact — cosmetic or minor convenience
|
||||
- **2**: Meaningful improvement — reduces friction, saves time, improves data quality
|
||||
- **3**: Important gap — blocking a common workflow or causing repeated manual workarounds
|
||||
16
.kiro/steering/git-commit-after-changes.md
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16
.kiro/steering/git-commit-after-changes.md
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|
||||
<!-- factbase:ae04c3 -->
|
||||
---
|
||||
inclusion: always
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# Git Commit and Push After Changes
|
||||
|
||||
After completing any task or batch of file changes, always run:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
git add -A
|
||||
git commit -m "<brief description of changes>"
|
||||
git push
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Do not wait for the user to ask. Commit and push immediately after making changes.
|
||||
105
battles/battle-of-actium.md
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105
battles/battle-of-actium.md
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||||
<!-- factbase:450ee0 -->
|
||||
# Battle of Actium
|
||||
|
||||
# Battle of Actium
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
The Battle of Actium (31 BCE) was the decisive naval engagement in which Octavian (later Augustus) defeated the combined forces of Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII, ending the Roman Republic's civil wars and paving the way for the Roman Empire.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Date: 2 September 31 BCE
|
||||
- Location: Ionian Sea, near Actium (western Greece)
|
||||
- Belligerents: Octavian vs. Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII
|
||||
- Commanders: Agrippa (for Octavian), Antony and Cleopatra
|
||||
- Result: Decisive victory for Octavian [^1]
|
||||
|
||||
## The Battle
|
||||
- Octavian's fleet: ~400 ships; Antony's fleet: ~230 warships + 60 Egyptian ships
|
||||
- Antony's forces were weakened by desertion and disease during a prolonged blockade
|
||||
- Cleopatra's squadron broke through and fled; Antony followed
|
||||
- Remaining fleet surrendered; Antony's legions defected to Octavian
|
||||
|
||||
## Aftermath
|
||||
- Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide in Alexandria (30 BCE)
|
||||
- Egypt became a Roman province
|
||||
- Octavian became sole ruler; Senate granted him the title Augustus (27 BCE) [^2]
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Plutarch, *Life of Antony*
|
||||
[^2]: Lange, C.H. *The Battle of Actium 31 BC* (Cambridge, 2022)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Date: 2 September 31 BCE" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Location: Ionian Sea, near Actium (western Greece)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Belligerents: Octavian vs. Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Commanders: Agrippa (for Octavian), Antony and Cleopatra" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Result: Decisive victory for Octavian [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Octavian's fleet: ~400 ships; Antony's fleet: ~230 warships + 60 Egyptian ships" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Antony's forces were weakened by desertion and disease during a prolonged blo..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Cleopatra's squadron broke through and fled; Antony followed" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Remaining fleet surrendered; Antony's legions defected to Octavian" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide in Alexandria (30 BCE)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Egypt became a Roman province" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Octavian became sole ruler; Senate granted him the title Augustus (27 BCE) [^2]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Date: 2 September 31 BCE" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Location: Ionian Sea, near Actium (western Greece)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Belligerents: Octavian vs. Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Commanders: Agrippa (for Octavian), Antony and Cleopatra" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Octavian's fleet: ~400 ships; Antony's fleet: ~230 warships + 60 Egyptian ships" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Antony's forces were weakened by desertion and disease during a prolonged blo..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Cleopatra's squadron broke through and fled; Antony followed" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Remaining fleet surrendered; Antony's legions defected to Octavian" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide in Alexandria (30 BCE)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Egypt became a Roman province" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 12: "Belligerents: Octavian vs. Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII" - what does "VII" mean in this context?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 25: "Octavian became sole ruler; Senate granted him the title Augustus (27 BCE) [^2]" - Lange source from 2022 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
105
battles/battle-of-adrianople.md
Normal file
105
battles/battle-of-adrianople.md
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|
||||
<!-- factbase:fc7830 -->
|
||||
# Battle of Adrianople
|
||||
|
||||
# Battle of Adrianople
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
The Battle of Adrianople (378 CE) was a catastrophic Roman defeat in which the Visigoths destroyed a Roman army and killed Emperor Valens. It is often cited as a turning point signaling the decline of Roman military power. @t[=378]
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Date: 9 August 378 CE @t[=378]
|
||||
- Location: Adrianople (modern Edirne, Turkey)
|
||||
- Belligerents: Eastern Roman Empire vs. Visigoths
|
||||
- Commanders: Emperor Valens (Rome, killed), Fritigern (Visigoths)
|
||||
- Result: Decisive Visigothic victory [^1]
|
||||
|
||||
## The Battle
|
||||
- Valens attacked without waiting for Western reinforcements under Gratian
|
||||
- Roman cavalry was routed by a surprise Gothic cavalry charge
|
||||
- Roman infantry was surrounded and annihilated
|
||||
- ~20,000 Roman soldiers killed, including Valens himself
|
||||
|
||||
## Significance
|
||||
- Demonstrated the vulnerability of Roman legions to heavy cavalry
|
||||
- Led to the Treaty of 382 CE: Visigoths settled within the empire as *foederati* @t[=382]
|
||||
- Often considered a harbinger of the fall of the Western Roman Empire [^2]
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Ammianus Marcellinus, *Res Gestae* 31.12–13
|
||||
[^2]: Burns, T.S. *Barbarians Within the Gates of Rome* (1994)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Location: Adrianople (modern Edirne, Turkey)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Belligerents: Eastern Roman Empire vs. Visigoths" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Commanders: Emperor Valens (Rome, killed), Fritigern (Visigoths)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Result: Decisive Visigothic victory [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Valens attacked without waiting for Western reinforcements under Gratian" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Roman cavalry was routed by a surprise Gothic cavalry charge" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Roman infantry was surrounded and annihilated" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "~20,000 Roman soldiers killed, including Valens himself" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Demonstrated the vulnerability of Roman legions to heavy cavalry" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Often considered a harbinger of the fall of the Western Roman Empire [^2]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 7: Malformed temporal tag @t[=378] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: Malformed temporal tag @t[=378] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: Malformed temporal tag @t[=382] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Date: 9 August 378 CE @t[=378]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Location: Adrianople (modern Edirne, Turkey)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Belligerents: Eastern Roman Empire vs. Visigoths" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Commanders: Emperor Valens (Rome, killed), Fritigern (Visigoths)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Valens attacked without waiting for Western reinforcements under Gratian" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Roman cavalry was routed by a surprise Gothic cavalry charge" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Roman infantry was surrounded and annihilated" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "~20,000 Roman soldiers killed, including Valens himself" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Demonstrated the vulnerability of Roman legions to heavy cavalry" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Led to the Treaty of 382 CE: Visigoths settled within the empire as *foederat..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 25: "Often considered a harbinger of the fall of the Western Roman Empire [^2]" - Burns source from 1994 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
109
battles/battle-of-cannae.md
Normal file
109
battles/battle-of-cannae.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:05754a -->
|
||||
# Battle of Cannae
|
||||
|
||||
# Battle of Cannae
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
The Battle of Cannae (216 BCE) was Hannibal Barca's masterpiece — a devastating double envelopment of a much larger Roman army during the Second Punic War. It remains one of the most studied tactical victories in military history.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Date: 2 August 216 BCE
|
||||
- Location: Cannae, Apulia (southeastern Italy)
|
||||
- Belligerents: Carthage vs. Roman Republic
|
||||
- Commanders: Hannibal Barca (Carthage), Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Gaius Terentius Varro (Rome)
|
||||
- Result: Decisive Carthaginian victory [^1]
|
||||
|
||||
## The Battle
|
||||
- Romans: ~86,000; Carthaginians: ~50,000
|
||||
- Hannibal placed his weakest troops in a convex center, with veteran infantry and cavalry on the flanks
|
||||
- Roman advance pushed the center back into a concave shape, drawing them in
|
||||
- Carthaginian flanks and cavalry closed the trap in a complete double envelopment
|
||||
- Roman losses: ~50,000–70,000 killed — the worst single-day defeat in Roman history [^2]
|
||||
|
||||
## Legacy
|
||||
- Hannibal's double envelopment became the gold standard of tactical warfare
|
||||
- Despite the victory, Hannibal could not take Rome itself
|
||||
- Rome eventually adopted Fabian attrition strategy and won the war
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Polybius, *Histories* 3.107–117
|
||||
[^2]: Goldsworthy, A. *Cannae: Hannibal's Greatest Victory* (2001)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Date: 2 August 216 BCE" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Location: Cannae, Apulia (southeastern Italy)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Belligerents: Carthage vs. Roman Republic" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Commanders: Hannibal Barca (Carthage), Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Gaius Tere..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Result: Decisive Carthaginian victory [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Romans: ~86,000; Carthaginians: ~50,000" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Hannibal placed his weakest troops in a convex center, with veteran infantry ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Roman advance pushed the center back into a concave shape, drawing them in" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Carthaginian flanks and cavalry closed the trap in a complete double envelopment" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "Roman losses: ~50,000–70,000 killed — the worst single-day defeat in Roma..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Hannibal's double envelopment became the gold standard of tactical warfare" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Despite the victory, Hannibal could not take Rome itself" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Rome eventually adopted Fabian attrition strategy and won the war" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Date: 2 August 216 BCE" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Location: Cannae, Apulia (southeastern Italy)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Belligerents: Carthage vs. Roman Republic" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Commanders: Hannibal Barca (Carthage), Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Gaius Tere..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Romans: ~86,000; Carthaginians: ~50,000" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Hannibal placed his weakest troops in a convex center, with veteran infantry ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Roman advance pushed the center back into a concave shape, drawing them in" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Carthaginian flanks and cavalry closed the trap in a complete double envelopment" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Hannibal's double envelopment became the gold standard of tactical warfare" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Despite the victory, Hannibal could not take Rome itself" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 26: "Rome eventually adopted Fabian attrition strategy and won the war" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 21: "Roman losses: ~50,000–70,000 killed — the worst single-day defeat in Roma..." - Goldsworthy source from 2001 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
115
battles/battle-of-gaugamela.md
Normal file
115
battles/battle-of-gaugamela.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:2eca19 -->
|
||||
# Battle of Gaugamela
|
||||
|
||||
# Battle of Gaugamela
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
The Battle of Gaugamela (331 BCE) was the decisive battle in which Alexander the Great defeated the Persian King Darius III, effectively ending the Achaemenid Persian Empire.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Date: 1 October 331 BCE
|
||||
- Location: Gaugamela (near modern Erbil, Iraq)
|
||||
- Belligerents: Macedon vs. Persian Empire
|
||||
- Commanders: Alexander the Great vs. Darius III
|
||||
- Result: Decisive Macedonian victory [^1]
|
||||
|
||||
## The Battle
|
||||
- Alexander: ~47,000 troops; Darius: ~50,000–100,000 (ancient sources claim up to 1 million)
|
||||
- Darius prepared the battlefield with scythed chariots and leveled ground for cavalry
|
||||
- Alexander used an oblique advance, drawing the Persian line apart
|
||||
- Led a cavalry charge through a gap directly at Darius, who fled
|
||||
- Persian army collapsed after Darius' flight
|
||||
|
||||
## Aftermath
|
||||
- Alexander captured Babylon, Susa, and Persepolis
|
||||
- Darius III was later murdered by his own satrap Bessus (330 BCE)
|
||||
- Marked the end of the Achaemenid dynasty after ~220 years [^2]
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Arrian, *Anabasis of Alexander* 3.8–15
|
||||
[^2]: Heckel, W. *The Conquests of Alexander the Great* (Cambridge, 2008)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Date: 1 October 331 BCE" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Location: Gaugamela (near modern Erbil, Iraq)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Belligerents: Macedon vs. Persian Empire" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Commanders: Alexander the Great vs. Darius III" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Result: Decisive Macedonian victory [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Alexander: ~47,000 troops; Darius: ~50,000–100,000 (ancient sources claim u..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Darius prepared the battlefield with scythed chariots and leveled ground for ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Alexander used an oblique advance, drawing the Persian line apart" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Led a cavalry charge through a gap directly at Darius, who fled" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "Persian army collapsed after Darius' flight" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Alexander captured Babylon, Susa, and Persepolis" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Darius III was later murdered by his own satrap Bessus (330 BCE)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Marked the end of the Achaemenid dynasty after ~220 years [^2]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Date: 1 October 331 BCE" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Location: Gaugamela (near modern Erbil, Iraq)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Belligerents: Macedon vs. Persian Empire" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Commanders: Alexander the Great vs. Darius III" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Alexander: ~47,000 troops; Darius: ~50,000–100,000 (ancient sources claim u..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Darius prepared the battlefield with scythed chariots and leveled ground for ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Alexander used an oblique advance, drawing the Persian line apart" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Led a cavalry charge through a gap directly at Darius, who fled" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 21: "Persian army collapsed after Darius' flight" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Alexander captured Babylon, Susa, and Persepolis" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Darius III was later murdered by his own satrap Bessus (330 BCE)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 13: "Commanders: Alexander the Great vs. Darius III" - what does "III" mean in this context?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 25: "Darius III was later murdered by his own satrap Bessus (330 BCE)" - what does "III" mean in this context?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 26: "Marked the end of the Achaemenid dynasty after ~220 years [^2]" - Heckel source from 2008 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
108
battles/battle-of-kadesh.md
Normal file
108
battles/battle-of-kadesh.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:f6391a -->
|
||||
# Battle of Kadesh
|
||||
|
||||
# Battle of Kadesh
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
The Battle of Kadesh (~1274 BCE) was fought between the Egyptian Empire under Ramesses II and the Hittite Empire under Muwatalli II near the city of Kadesh on the Orontes River (modern Syria). It is the earliest battle for which detailed tactical accounts survive from both sides.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Date: ~1274 BCE
|
||||
- Location: Kadesh, on the Orontes River (modern Tell Nebi Mend, Syria)
|
||||
- Belligerents: Egypt vs. Hittite Empire
|
||||
- Commanders: Ramesses II (Egypt), Muwatalli II (Hittites)
|
||||
- Result: Tactically indecisive; both sides claimed victory [^1]
|
||||
|
||||
## The Battle
|
||||
- Largest chariot battle in history (~5,000–6,000 chariots total)
|
||||
- Ramesses was ambushed after receiving false intelligence from Hittite spies
|
||||
- Egyptian camp nearly overrun before reinforcements arrived
|
||||
- Ramesses personally led a counterattack
|
||||
|
||||
## Aftermath
|
||||
- Led to the Treaty of Kadesh (~1259 BCE), the earliest known international peace treaty
|
||||
- Egypt retained influence in Canaan; Hittites kept Syria
|
||||
- Ramesses commissioned extensive propaganda reliefs at Abu Simbel, Karnak, and the Ramesseum [^2]
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Spalinger, A. *War in Ancient Egypt* (Blackwell, 2005)
|
||||
[^2]: Kitchen, K.A. *Pharaoh Triumphant* (1982)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Date: ~1274 BCE" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Location: Kadesh, on the Orontes River (modern Tell Nebi Mend, Syria)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Belligerents: Egypt vs. Hittite Empire" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Commanders: Ramesses II (Egypt), Muwatalli II (Hittites)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Result: Tactically indecisive; both sides claimed victory [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Largest chariot battle in history (~5,000–6,000 chariots total)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Ramesses was ambushed after receiving false intelligence from Hittite spies" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Egyptian camp nearly overrun before reinforcements arrived" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Ramesses personally led a counterattack" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Led to the Treaty of Kadesh (~1259 BCE), the earliest known international pea..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Egypt retained influence in Canaan; Hittites kept Syria" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Ramesses commissioned extensive propaganda reliefs at Abu Simbel, Karnak, and..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Date: ~1274 BCE" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Location: Kadesh, on the Orontes River (modern Tell Nebi Mend, Syria)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Belligerents: Egypt vs. Hittite Empire" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Commanders: Ramesses II (Egypt), Muwatalli II (Hittites)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Largest chariot battle in history (~5,000–6,000 chariots total)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Ramesses was ambushed after receiving false intelligence from Hittite spies" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Egyptian camp nearly overrun before reinforcements arrived" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Ramesses personally led a counterattack" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Led to the Treaty of Kadesh (~1259 BCE), the earliest known international pea..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Egypt retained influence in Canaan; Hittites kept Syria" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 13: "Commanders: Ramesses II (Egypt), Muwatalli II (Hittites)" - what does "II" mean in this context?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 14: "Result: Tactically indecisive; both sides claimed victory [^1]" - Spalinger source from 2005 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 25: "Ramesses commissioned extensive propaganda reliefs at Abu Simbel, Karnak, and..." - Kitchen source from 1982 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
102
battles/battle-of-marathon.md
Normal file
102
battles/battle-of-marathon.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:8dbea7 -->
|
||||
# Battle of Marathon
|
||||
|
||||
# Battle of Marathon
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
The Battle of Marathon (490 BCE) was a decisive Greek victory over the Persian Empire during the first Persian invasion of Greece. It demonstrated that the Persians could be defeated and became a symbol of Greek resistance.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Date: September 490 BCE
|
||||
- Location: Plain of Marathon, ~40 km northeast of Athens
|
||||
- Belligerents: Athens and Plataea vs. Persian Empire
|
||||
- Commanders: Miltiades (Athens), Datis and Artaphernes (Persia)
|
||||
- Result: Decisive Greek victory [^1]
|
||||
|
||||
## The Battle
|
||||
- ~10,000 Athenians and ~1,000 Plataeans vs. ~25,000 Persians (estimates vary)
|
||||
- Miltiades strengthened the flanks at the expense of the center
|
||||
- Greek wings enveloped the Persian center in a double envelopment
|
||||
- Persian losses: ~6,400; Greek losses: ~192
|
||||
|
||||
## Legacy
|
||||
- Pheidippides' legendary run from Marathon to Athens (~40 km) inspired the modern marathon race [^2]
|
||||
- Athenian burial mound (*soros*) still visible at Marathon
|
||||
- Boosted Athenian confidence and democratic identity
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Herodotus, *Histories* 6.102–117
|
||||
[^2]: Krentz, P. *The Battle of Marathon* (Yale, 2010)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Date: September 490 BCE" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Location: Plain of Marathon, ~40 km northeast of Athens" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Belligerents: Athens and Plataea vs. Persian Empire" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Commanders: Miltiades (Athens), Datis and Artaphernes (Persia)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Result: Decisive Greek victory [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "~10,000 Athenians and ~1,000 Plataeans vs. ~25,000 Persians (estimates vary)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Miltiades strengthened the flanks at the expense of the center" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Greek wings enveloped the Persian center in a double envelopment" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Persian losses: ~6,400; Greek losses: ~192" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Pheidippides' legendary run from Marathon to Athens (~40 km) inspired the mod..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Athenian burial mound (*soros*) still visible at Marathon" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Boosted Athenian confidence and democratic identity" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Date: September 490 BCE" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Location: Plain of Marathon, ~40 km northeast of Athens" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Belligerents: Athens and Plataea vs. Persian Empire" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Commanders: Miltiades (Athens), Datis and Artaphernes (Persia)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "~10,000 Athenians and ~1,000 Plataeans vs. ~25,000 Persians (estimates vary)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Miltiades strengthened the flanks at the expense of the center" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Greek wings enveloped the Persian center in a double envelopment" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Persian losses: ~6,400; Greek losses: ~192" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Athenian burial mound (*soros*) still visible at Marathon" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Boosted Athenian confidence and democratic identity" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 23: "Pheidippides' legendary run from Marathon to Athens (~40 km) inspired the mod..." - Krentz source from 2010 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
102
battles/battle-of-thermopylae.md
Normal file
102
battles/battle-of-thermopylae.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:49cfd2 -->
|
||||
# Battle of Thermopylae
|
||||
|
||||
# Battle of Thermopylae
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
The Battle of Thermopylae (480 BCE) was a famous last stand by a Greek force led by King Leonidas I of Sparta against the massive Persian army of Xerxes I during the second Persian invasion of Greece.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Date: August 480 BCE (three days)
|
||||
- Location: Thermopylae pass ("Hot Gates"), central Greece
|
||||
- Belligerents: Greek alliance vs. Persian Empire
|
||||
- Commanders: Leonidas I (Sparta), Xerxes I (Persia)
|
||||
- Result: Persian victory, but costly delay [^1]
|
||||
|
||||
## The Battle
|
||||
- ~7,000 Greeks initially held the narrow pass against ~100,000–300,000 Persians (numbers debated)
|
||||
- Greeks exploited the narrow terrain to negate Persian numerical advantage
|
||||
- Betrayed by Ephialtes, who revealed a mountain path to outflank the Greeks
|
||||
- Leonidas dismissed most allies; ~300 Spartans, ~700 Thespians, and ~400 Thebans fought to the death
|
||||
|
||||
## Legacy
|
||||
- Epitaph by Simonides: "Go tell the Spartans, stranger passing by, that here obedient to their laws we lie" [^2]
|
||||
- Bought time for the Greek fleet at Artemisium and the subsequent victory at Salamis
|
||||
- Became the archetypal story of sacrifice against overwhelming odds
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Herodotus, *Histories* 7.201–233
|
||||
[^2]: Cartledge, P. *Thermopylae: The Battle That Changed the World* (2006)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Date: August 480 BCE (three days)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Location: Thermopylae pass ("Hot Gates"), central Greece" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Belligerents: Greek alliance vs. Persian Empire" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Commanders: Leonidas I (Sparta), Xerxes I (Persia)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Result: Persian victory, but costly delay [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "~7,000 Greeks initially held the narrow pass against ~100,000–300,000 Persi..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Greeks exploited the narrow terrain to negate Persian numerical advantage" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Betrayed by Ephialtes, who revealed a mountain path to outflank the Greeks" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Leonidas dismissed most allies; ~300 Spartans, ~700 Thespians, and ~400 Theba..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Epitaph by Simonides: "Go tell the Spartans, stranger passing by, that here o..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Bought time for the Greek fleet at Artemisium and the subsequent victory at S..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Became the archetypal story of sacrifice against overwhelming odds" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Date: August 480 BCE (three days)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Location: Thermopylae pass ("Hot Gates"), central Greece" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Belligerents: Greek alliance vs. Persian Empire" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Commanders: Leonidas I (Sparta), Xerxes I (Persia)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "~7,000 Greeks initially held the narrow pass against ~100,000–300,000 Persi..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Greeks exploited the narrow terrain to negate Persian numerical advantage" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Betrayed by Ephialtes, who revealed a mountain path to outflank the Greeks" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Leonidas dismissed most allies; ~300 Spartans, ~700 Thespians, and ~400 Theba..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Bought time for the Greek fleet at Artemisium and the subsequent victory at S..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Became the archetypal story of sacrifice against overwhelming odds" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 23: "Epitaph by Simonides: "Go tell the Spartans, stranger passing by, that here o..." - Cartledge source from 2006 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
115
cities/alexandria.md
Normal file
115
cities/alexandria.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:a069ce -->
|
||||
# Alexandria
|
||||
|
||||
# Alexandria
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
Alexandria was founded by Alexander the Great in 331 BCE on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt. It became the intellectual capital of the Hellenistic world, home to the Great Library and the Pharos Lighthouse.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Location: Mediterranean coast of Egypt, western Nile Delta
|
||||
- Founded: 331 BCE by Alexander the Great
|
||||
- Capital of: Ptolemaic Egypt (305–30 BCE)
|
||||
- Peak population: ~500,000–1,000,000 (largest city in the ancient world for centuries)
|
||||
|
||||
## Major Features
|
||||
- Great Library of Alexandria: Largest library of the ancient world, ~400,000–700,000 scrolls [^1]
|
||||
- Mouseion (Museum): Research institution attached to the Library
|
||||
- Pharos Lighthouse: One of the Seven Wonders, ~100–130 m tall, built ~280 BCE [^2]
|
||||
- Serapeum: Temple of Serapis, housed part of the Library's collection
|
||||
|
||||
## Intellectual Legacy
|
||||
- Euclid: *Elements* of geometry
|
||||
- Eratosthenes: Calculated Earth's circumference
|
||||
- Aristarchus: Proposed heliocentric model
|
||||
- Ptolemy (Claudius): *Almagest* (astronomy), *Geography*
|
||||
- Septuagint: Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Casson, L. *Libraries in the Ancient World* (Yale, 2001)
|
||||
[^2]: McKenzie, J. *The Architecture of Alexandria and Egypt* (Yale, 2007)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Location: Mediterranean coast of Egypt, western Nile Delta" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Founded: 331 BCE by Alexander the Great" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Capital of: Ptolemaic Egypt (305–30 BCE)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Peak population: ~500,000–1,000,000 (largest city in the ancient world for ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Great Library of Alexandria: Largest library of the ancient world, ~400,000..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Mouseion (Museum): Research institution attached to the Library" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Pharos Lighthouse: One of the Seven Wonders, ~100–130 m tall, built ~280 BC..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Serapeum: Temple of Serapis, housed part of the Library's collection" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Euclid: *Elements* of geometry" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Eratosthenes: Calculated Earth's circumference" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Aristarchus: Proposed heliocentric model" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Ptolemy (Claudius): *Almagest* (astronomy), *Geography*" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Septuagint: Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Location: Mediterranean coast of Egypt, western Nile Delta" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Founded: 331 BCE by Alexander the Great" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Capital of: Ptolemaic Egypt (305–30 BCE)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Peak population: ~500,000–1,000,000 (largest city in the ancient world for ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Mouseion (Museum): Research institution attached to the Library" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Serapeum: Temple of Serapis, housed part of the Library's collection" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Euclid: *Elements* of geometry" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Eratosthenes: Calculated Earth's circumference" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Aristarchus: Proposed heliocentric model" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Ptolemy (Claudius): *Almagest* (astronomy), *Geography*" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 26: "Septuagint: Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 18: "Pharos Lighthouse: One of the Seven Wonders, ~100–130 m tall, built ~280 BC..." - what does "BC" mean in this context?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 16: "Great Library of Alexandria: Largest library of the ancient world, ~400,000..." - Casson source from 2001 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 18: "Pharos Lighthouse: One of the Seven Wonders, ~100–130 m tall, built ~280 BC..." - McKenzie source from 2007 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
112
cities/athens.md
Normal file
112
cities/athens.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:a025e0 -->
|
||||
# Athens
|
||||
|
||||
# Athens
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
Athens was the leading city-state of ancient Greece, birthplace of democracy, and the cultural center of the classical world. The Acropolis and Agora remain among the most important archaeological sites in the world.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Location: Attica, Greece
|
||||
- Period of prominence: ~508–322 BCE (democratic period)
|
||||
- Population: ~250,000–300,000 (including slaves and metics) at peak ~430 BCE
|
||||
- Key sites: Acropolis, Agora, Pnyx, Kerameikos
|
||||
|
||||
## Major Monuments
|
||||
- Parthenon: Temple of Athena, built 447–432 BCE under Pericles [^1]
|
||||
- Erechtheion: Temple with the Caryatid porch
|
||||
- Temple of Hephaestus: Best-preserved Greek temple
|
||||
- Theatre of Dionysus: Birthplace of Greek drama
|
||||
- Stoa of Attalos: Reconstructed in the Agora
|
||||
|
||||
## Historical Significance
|
||||
- Birthplace of Athenian democracy (~508 BCE, Cleisthenes' reforms)
|
||||
- Center of philosophy: Socrates, Plato's Academy, Aristotle's Lyceum
|
||||
- Led the Delian League against Persia
|
||||
- Defeated by Sparta in the Peloponnesian War (404 BCE) [^2]
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Hurwit, J. *The Athenian Acropolis* (Cambridge, 1999)
|
||||
[^2]: Camp, J. *The Archaeology of Athens* (Yale, 2001)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Location: Attica, Greece" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Period of prominence: ~508–322 BCE (democratic period)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Population: ~250,000–300,000 (including slaves and metics) at peak ~430 BCE" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Key sites: Acropolis, Agora, Pnyx, Kerameikos" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Parthenon: Temple of Athena, built 447–432 BCE under Pericles [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Erechtheion: Temple with the Caryatid porch" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Temple of Hephaestus: Best-preserved Greek temple" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Theatre of Dionysus: Birthplace of Greek drama" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Stoa of Attalos: Reconstructed in the Agora" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Birthplace of Athenian democracy (~508 BCE, Cleisthenes' reforms)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Center of philosophy: Socrates, Plato's Academy, Aristotle's Lyceum" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Led the Delian League against Persia" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Defeated by Sparta in the Peloponnesian War (404 BCE) [^2]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Location: Attica, Greece" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Period of prominence: ~508–322 BCE (democratic period)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Population: ~250,000–300,000 (including slaves and metics) at peak ~430 BCE" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Key sites: Acropolis, Agora, Pnyx, Kerameikos" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Erechtheion: Temple with the Caryatid porch" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Temple of Hephaestus: Best-preserved Greek temple" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Theatre of Dionysus: Birthplace of Greek drama" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Stoa of Attalos: Reconstructed in the Agora" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Birthplace of Athenian democracy (~508 BCE, Cleisthenes' reforms)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Center of philosophy: Socrates, Plato's Academy, Aristotle's Lyceum" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Led the Delian League against Persia" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 16: "Parthenon: Temple of Athena, built 447–432 BCE under Pericles [^1]" - Hurwit source from 1999 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 26: "Defeated by Sparta in the Peloponnesian War (404 BCE) [^2]" - Camp source from 2001 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
98
cities/babylon.md
Normal file
98
cities/babylon.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:61a12b -->
|
||||
# Babylon
|
||||
|
||||
# Babylon
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
Babylon was one of the most important cities of the ancient world, located on the Euphrates River in modern-day Iraq. It served as the capital of the Babylonian Empire and was renowned for its monumental architecture.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Location: Central Mesopotamia, ~85 km south of modern Baghdad, Iraq
|
||||
- Period of prominence: ~1894 BCE – 539 BCE
|
||||
- Modern site: Hillah, Babil Governorate, Iraq
|
||||
- UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2019
|
||||
|
||||
## Major Features
|
||||
- Ishtar Gate: Glazed brick gate decorated with dragons and bulls, built under Nebuchadnezzar II (~575 BCE) [^1]
|
||||
- Processional Way: Ceremonial avenue leading to the Esagila temple
|
||||
- Etemenanki: Ziggurat dedicated to Marduk, possibly the inspiration for the Tower of Babel
|
||||
- Hanging Gardens: One of the Seven Wonders (existence and location debated) [^2]
|
||||
|
||||
## Archaeological History
|
||||
- Excavated by Robert Koldewey (1899–1917) for the German Oriental Society
|
||||
- Ishtar Gate reconstructed in the Pergamon Museum, Berlin
|
||||
- Site suffered damage during the Iraq War (2003–2004) from military base construction
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Koldewey, R. *The Excavations at Babylon* (1914)
|
||||
[^2]: Dalley, S. *The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon* (2013)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Location: Central Mesopotamia, ~85 km south of modern Baghdad, Iraq" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Period of prominence: ~1894 BCE – 539 BCE" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Modern site: Hillah, Babil Governorate, Iraq" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2019" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Ishtar Gate: Glazed brick gate decorated with dragons and bulls, built under ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Processional Way: Ceremonial avenue leading to the Esagila temple" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Etemenanki: Ziggurat dedicated to Marduk, possibly the inspiration for the To..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Hanging Gardens: One of the Seven Wonders (existence and location debated) [^2]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Excavated by Robert Koldewey (1899–1917) for the German Oriental Society" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Ishtar Gate reconstructed in the Pergamon Museum, Berlin" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Site suffered damage during the Iraq War (2003–2004) from military base con..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Location: Central Mesopotamia, ~85 km south of modern Baghdad, Iraq" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Period of prominence: ~1894 BCE – 539 BCE" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Modern site: Hillah, Babil Governorate, Iraq" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2019" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Processional Way: Ceremonial avenue leading to the Esagila temple" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Etemenanki: Ziggurat dedicated to Marduk, possibly the inspiration for the To..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Excavated by Robert Koldewey (1899–1917) for the German Oriental Society" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Ishtar Gate reconstructed in the Pergamon Museum, Berlin" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Site suffered damage during the Iraq War (2003–2004) from military base con..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 16: "Ishtar Gate: Glazed brick gate decorated with dragons and bulls, built under ..." - Koldewey source from 1914 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 19: "Hanging Gardens: One of the Seven Wonders (existence and location debated) [^2]" - Dalley source from 2013 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
115
cities/pompeii.md
Normal file
115
cities/pompeii.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:a9b8b0 -->
|
||||
# Pompeii
|
||||
|
||||
# Pompeii
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
Pompeii was a Roman city near modern Naples, Italy, buried by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius on 24 August 79 CE. The volcanic ash preserved the city in extraordinary detail, providing an unparalleled snapshot of Roman daily life. @t[=79]
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Location: Near modern Naples, Campania, Italy
|
||||
- Destroyed: 24 August 79 CE (eruption of Vesuvius) @t[=79]
|
||||
- Population at destruction: ~11,000–20,000
|
||||
- Rediscovered: 1748 (systematic excavation began)
|
||||
- UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1997
|
||||
|
||||
## Major Features
|
||||
- Forum: Central public square with temples, basilica, and markets
|
||||
- Amphitheatre: Oldest surviving Roman amphitheatre (~70 BCE)
|
||||
- Villa of the Mysteries: Frescoes depicting Dionysiac initiation rites [^1]
|
||||
- Thermopolia: Fast-food counters (over 80 found)
|
||||
- Plaster casts of victims: Created by Giuseppe Fiorelli's technique (1863)
|
||||
|
||||
## Archaeological Significance
|
||||
- Preserves Roman urban planning, architecture, art, and daily life
|
||||
- Graffiti provides insight into language, politics, and social life
|
||||
- Ongoing excavations continue to reveal new areas [^2]
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Beard, M. *Pompeii: The Life of a Roman Town* (2008)
|
||||
[^2]: Wallace-Hadrill, A. *Houses and Society in Pompeii and Herculaneum* (1994)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Location: Near modern Naples, Campania, Italy" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Population at destruction: ~11,000–20,000" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Rediscovered: 1748 (systematic excavation began)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1997" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Forum: Central public square with temples, basilica, and markets" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Amphitheatre: Oldest surviving Roman amphitheatre (~70 BCE)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Villa of the Mysteries: Frescoes depicting Dionysiac initiation rites [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Thermopolia: Fast-food counters (over 80 found)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "Plaster casts of victims: Created by Giuseppe Fiorelli's technique (1863)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Preserves Roman urban planning, architecture, art, and daily life" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Graffiti provides insight into language, politics, and social life" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Ongoing excavations continue to reveal new areas [^2]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 7: Malformed temporal tag @t[=79] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: Malformed temporal tag @t[=79] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Location: Near modern Naples, Campania, Italy" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Destroyed: 24 August 79 CE (eruption of Vesuvius) @t[=79]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Population at destruction: ~11,000–20,000" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Rediscovered: 1748 (systematic excavation began)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1997" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Forum: Central public square with temples, basilica, and markets" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Amphitheatre: Oldest surviving Roman amphitheatre (~70 BCE)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Thermopolia: Fast-food counters (over 80 found)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 21: "Plaster casts of victims: Created by Giuseppe Fiorelli's technique (1863)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Preserves Roman urban planning, architecture, art, and daily life" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Graffiti provides insight into language, politics, and social life" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 19: "Villa of the Mysteries: Frescoes depicting Dionysiac initiation rites [^1]" - Beard source from 2008 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 26: "Ongoing excavations continue to reveal new areas [^2]" - Wallace-Hadrill source from 1994 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
119
cities/rome.md
Normal file
119
cities/rome.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:bcd937 -->
|
||||
# Rome (City)
|
||||
|
||||
# Rome (City)
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
Rome, the "Eternal City," was the capital of the Roman Republic and Empire, growing from a small settlement on the Tiber River to the largest city in the ancient world with a population exceeding one million.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Location: Central Italy, on the Tiber River
|
||||
- Traditional founding: 753 BCE (Romulus and Remus legend)
|
||||
- Peak population: ~1 million by the 2nd century CE
|
||||
- Key hills: Palatine, Capitoline, Aventine, and four others ("Seven Hills")
|
||||
|
||||
## Major Monuments
|
||||
- Roman Forum: Political and commercial center of the Republic and Empire
|
||||
- Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheatre): Completed ~80 CE, capacity ~50,000 [^1]
|
||||
- Pantheon: Rebuilt by Hadrian ~125 CE, largest unreinforced concrete dome
|
||||
- Circus Maximus: Chariot racing venue, capacity ~250,000
|
||||
- Baths of Caracalla and Diocletian
|
||||
- Aqueducts: 11 aqueducts supplied ~1 million cubic meters of water daily
|
||||
|
||||
## Historical Significance
|
||||
- Capital of a republic (509–27 BCE) and empire (27 BCE–476 CE)
|
||||
- Center of Roman law, engineering, and administration
|
||||
- Sacked by Visigoths (410 CE) and Vandals (455 CE) @t[=410]
|
||||
- Fall of the Western Empire: 476 CE @t[=476] [^2]
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Hopkins, K. & Beard, M. *The Colosseum* (Harvard, 2005)
|
||||
[^2]: Claridge, A. *Rome: An Oxford Archaeological Guide* (2010)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Location: Central Italy, on the Tiber River" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Traditional founding: 753 BCE (Romulus and Remus legend)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Peak population: ~1 million by the 2nd century CE" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Key hills: Palatine, Capitoline, Aventine, and four others ("Seven Hills")" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Roman Forum: Political and commercial center of the Republic and Empire" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheatre): Completed ~80 CE, capacity ~50,000 [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Pantheon: Rebuilt by Hadrian ~125 CE, largest unreinforced concrete dome" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Circus Maximus: Chariot racing venue, capacity ~250,000" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Baths of Caracalla and Diocletian" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "Aqueducts: 11 aqueducts supplied ~1 million cubic meters of water daily" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Capital of a republic (509–27 BCE) and empire (27 BCE–476 CE)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Center of Roman law, engineering, and administration" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: Malformed temporal tag @t[=410] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: Malformed temporal tag @t[=476] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Location: Central Italy, on the Tiber River" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Traditional founding: 753 BCE (Romulus and Remus legend)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Peak population: ~1 million by the 2nd century CE" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Key hills: Palatine, Capitoline, Aventine, and four others ("Seven Hills")" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Roman Forum: Political and commercial center of the Republic and Empire" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Pantheon: Rebuilt by Hadrian ~125 CE, largest unreinforced concrete dome" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Circus Maximus: Chariot racing venue, capacity ~250,000" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Baths of Caracalla and Diocletian" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 21: "Aqueducts: 11 aqueducts supplied ~1 million cubic meters of water daily" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Capital of a republic (509–27 BCE) and empire (27 BCE–476 CE)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Center of Roman law, engineering, and administration" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 26: "Sacked by Visigoths (410 CE) and Vandals (455 CE) @t[=410]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheatre): Completed ~80 CE, capacity ~50,000 [^1]" - Hopkins source from 2005 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 27: "Fall of the Western Empire: 476 CE @t[=476] [^2]" - Claridge source from 2010 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
104
cities/troy.md
Normal file
104
cities/troy.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:75b7d0 -->
|
||||
# Troy
|
||||
|
||||
# Troy
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
Troy (ancient Ilion/Ilium) was a Bronze Age city in northwestern Anatolia, famous as the setting of Homer's *Iliad*. The archaeological site at Hisarlik reveals multiple occupation layers spanning ~3000 BCE to the Roman period.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Location: Hisarlik, Çanakkale Province, Turkey
|
||||
- Period: ~3000 BCE – Roman era
|
||||
- Excavated by: Heinrich Schliemann (1870s), Wilhelm Dörpfeld, Carl Blegen, Manfred Korfmann
|
||||
- UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1998
|
||||
|
||||
## Archaeological Layers
|
||||
- Troy I–V (~3000–1750 BCE): Early Bronze Age settlements
|
||||
- Troy VI (~1750–1300 BCE): Major fortified city, likely the Homeric Troy [^1]
|
||||
- Troy VIIa (~1300–1180 BCE): Destroyed by fire; candidate for the Trojan War destruction
|
||||
- Troy VIII–IX: Greek and Roman Ilion
|
||||
|
||||
## The Trojan War
|
||||
- Traditionally dated ~1184 BCE (Eratosthenes' calculation)
|
||||
- Homer's *Iliad* describes a Greek siege of Troy over the abduction of Helen
|
||||
- Historical basis debated; may reflect Bronze Age conflicts between Mycenaeans and Anatolian powers [^2]
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Korfmann, M. "Was There a Trojan War?" *Archaeology* 57.3 (2004)
|
||||
[^2]: Latacz, J. *Troy and Homer* (Oxford, 2004)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Location: Hisarlik, Çanakkale Province, Turkey" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Period: ~3000 BCE – Roman era" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Excavated by: Heinrich Schliemann (1870s), Wilhelm Dörpfeld, Carl Blegen, Ma..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1998" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Troy I–V (~3000–1750 BCE): Early Bronze Age settlements" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Troy VI (~1750–1300 BCE): Major fortified city, likely the Homeric Troy [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Troy VIIa (~1300–1180 BCE): Destroyed by fire; candidate for the Trojan War..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Troy VIII–IX: Greek and Roman Ilion" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Traditionally dated ~1184 BCE (Eratosthenes' calculation)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Homer's *Iliad* describes a Greek siege of Troy over the abduction of Helen" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Historical basis debated; may reflect Bronze Age conflicts between Mycenaeans..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Location: Hisarlik, Çanakkale Province, Turkey" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Period: ~3000 BCE – Roman era" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Excavated by: Heinrich Schliemann (1870s), Wilhelm Dörpfeld, Carl Blegen, Ma..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1998" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Troy I–V (~3000–1750 BCE): Early Bronze Age settlements" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Troy VIIa (~1300–1180 BCE): Destroyed by fire; candidate for the Trojan War..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Troy VIII–IX: Greek and Roman Ilion" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Traditionally dated ~1184 BCE (Eratosthenes' calculation)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Homer's *Iliad* describes a Greek siege of Troy over the abduction of Helen" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 17: "Troy VI (~1750–1300 BCE): Major fortified city, likely the Homeric Troy [^1]" - what does "VI" mean in this context?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 19: "Troy VIII–IX: Greek and Roman Ilion" - what does "VIII" mean in this context?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "Troy VI (~1750–1300 BCE): Major fortified city, likely the Homeric Troy [^1]" - Korfmann source from 2004 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 24: "Historical basis debated; may reflect Bronze Age conflicts between Mycenaeans..." - Latacz source from 2004 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
94
cities/ur.md
Normal file
94
cities/ur.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:d882f6 -->
|
||||
# Ur
|
||||
|
||||
# Ur
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
Ur was one of the most important Sumerian city-states, located in southern Mesopotamia. It is notable for the Royal Tombs, the Great Ziggurat, and its association with the biblical Abraham.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Location: Tell el-Muqayyar, Dhi Qar Province, Iraq
|
||||
- Period: ~3800 BCE – ~500 BCE
|
||||
- Excavated by: Leonard Woolley (1922–1934)
|
||||
|
||||
## Major Discoveries
|
||||
- Royal Tombs of Ur (~2600–2400 BCE): Elaborate burials with gold, lapis lazuli, and human sacrifices [^1]
|
||||
- Standard of Ur: Mosaic box depicting war and peace scenes
|
||||
- Great Ziggurat of Ur: Built by Ur-Nammu (~2100 BCE), partially restored
|
||||
- Ram in a Thicket: Gold and lapis lazuli figurine (now in British Museum and Penn Museum)
|
||||
|
||||
## Historical Significance
|
||||
- Third Dynasty of Ur (~2112–2004 BCE): Last Sumerian dynasty, produced the Code of Ur-Nammu
|
||||
- Major trading port connected to the Persian Gulf
|
||||
- Traditionally identified as "Ur of the Chaldees" (Genesis 11:31) [^2]
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Woolley, L. *Ur Excavations II: The Royal Cemetery* (1934)
|
||||
[^2]: Woolley, L. *Excavations at Ur* (1954)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Location: Tell el-Muqayyar, Dhi Qar Province, Iraq" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Period: ~3800 BCE – ~500 BCE" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Excavated by: Leonard Woolley (1922–1934)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 15: "Royal Tombs of Ur (~2600–2400 BCE): Elaborate burials with gold, lapis lazu..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Standard of Ur: Mosaic box depicting war and peace scenes" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Great Ziggurat of Ur: Built by Ur-Nammu (~2100 BCE), partially restored" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Ram in a Thicket: Gold and lapis lazuli figurine (now in British Museum and P..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "Third Dynasty of Ur (~2112–2004 BCE): Last Sumerian dynasty, produced the C..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Major trading port connected to the Persian Gulf" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Traditionally identified as "Ur of the Chaldees" (Genesis 11:31) [^2]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Location: Tell el-Muqayyar, Dhi Qar Province, Iraq" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Period: ~3800 BCE – ~500 BCE" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Excavated by: Leonard Woolley (1922–1934)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Standard of Ur: Mosaic box depicting war and peace scenes" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Great Ziggurat of Ur: Built by Ur-Nammu (~2100 BCE), partially restored" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Ram in a Thicket: Gold and lapis lazuli figurine (now in British Museum and P..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 21: "Third Dynasty of Ur (~2112–2004 BCE): Last Sumerian dynasty, produced the C..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Major trading port connected to the Persian Gulf" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 22: "Major trading port connected to the Persian Gulf" - what is the nature of this connection?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 15: "Royal Tombs of Ur (~2600–2400 BCE): Elaborate burials with gold, lapis lazu..." - Woolley source from 1934 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 23: "Traditionally identified as "Ur of the Chaldees" (Genesis 11:31) [^2]" - Woolley source from 1954 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
101
civilizations/akkadian-empire.md
Normal file
101
civilizations/akkadian-empire.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:ee0ff0 -->
|
||||
# Akkadian Empire
|
||||
|
||||
# Akkadian Empire
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
The Akkadian Empire (~2334–2154 BCE) was the first empire in Mesopotamia, unifying Sumerian and Akkadian-speaking city-states under Sargon of Akkad. It established a model for subsequent Mesopotamian empires.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Region: Mesopotamia, extending from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean
|
||||
- Period: ~2334–2154 BCE
|
||||
- Capital: Akkad (location still undiscovered)
|
||||
- Language: Akkadian (Semitic), alongside Sumerian
|
||||
- Founded by: Sargon of Akkad
|
||||
|
||||
## Notable Rulers
|
||||
- Sargon of Akkad (~2334–2279 BCE): Founder, conquered Sumerian city-states [^1]
|
||||
- Naram-Sin (~2254–2218 BCE): Grandson of Sargon, expanded empire, declared himself divine
|
||||
|
||||
## Achievements
|
||||
- First multi-ethnic empire in recorded history
|
||||
- Standardized weights and measures across Mesopotamia
|
||||
- Akkadian became the lingua franca of the ancient Near East
|
||||
- Produced significant art including the Victory Stele of Naram-Sin
|
||||
|
||||
## Decline
|
||||
Collapsed ~2154 BCE due to internal revolts, Gutian invasions, and possibly severe drought linked to the 4.2-kiloyear climate event [^2].
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Westenholz, J.G. *Legends of the Kings of Akkade* (1997)
|
||||
[^2]: Weiss, H. et al. "The Genesis and Collapse of Third Millennium North Mesopotamian Civilization" *Science* 261 (1993)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Region: Mesopotamia, extending from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Period: ~2334–2154 BCE" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Capital: Akkad (location still undiscovered)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Language: Akkadian (Semitic), alongside Sumerian" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Founded by: Sargon of Akkad" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Sargon of Akkad (~2334–2279 BCE): Founder, conquered Sumerian city-states [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Naram-Sin (~2254–2218 BCE): Grandson of Sargon, expanded empire, declared h..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "First multi-ethnic empire in recorded history" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Standardized weights and measures across Mesopotamia" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Akkadian became the lingua franca of the ancient Near East" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Produced significant art including the Victory Stele of Naram-Sin" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Region: Mesopotamia, extending from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Period: ~2334–2154 BCE" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Capital: Akkad (location still undiscovered)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Language: Akkadian (Semitic), alongside Sumerian" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Founded by: Sargon of Akkad" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Naram-Sin (~2254–2218 BCE): Grandson of Sargon, expanded empire, declared h..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 21: "First multi-ethnic empire in recorded history" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Standardized weights and measures across Mesopotamia" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Akkadian became the lingua franca of the ancient Near East" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Produced significant art including the Victory Stele of Naram-Sin" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "Sargon of Akkad (~2334–2279 BCE): Founder, conquered Sumerian city-states [^1]" - Westenholz source from 1997 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
126
civilizations/ancient-china.md
Normal file
126
civilizations/ancient-china.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:133a48 -->
|
||||
# Ancient China
|
||||
|
||||
# Ancient China
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
Ancient Chinese civilization developed along the Yellow and Yangtze rivers, producing enduring contributions to philosophy, governance, technology, and culture. This entry covers the period from the Shang dynasty through the Han dynasty (~1600 BCE – 220 CE).
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Region: East Asia, centered on the Yellow River and Yangtze River valleys
|
||||
- Period covered: ~1600 BCE – 220 CE
|
||||
- Major dynasties: Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han
|
||||
- Language: Old Chinese, Classical Chinese
|
||||
- Writing: Oracle bone script (~1200 BCE), evolving into seal script and clerical script
|
||||
|
||||
## Major Dynasties
|
||||
- Shang (~1600–1046 BCE): First historically verified dynasty, oracle bones, bronze casting [^1]
|
||||
- Zhou (~1046–256 BCE): Longest dynasty, Mandate of Heaven, Confucius, Laozi
|
||||
- Qin (221–206 BCE): First unified empire under Qin Shi Huang, Great Wall, standardization
|
||||
- Han (206 BCE – 220 CE): Silk Road trade, paper invention, Confucian state ideology
|
||||
|
||||
## Achievements
|
||||
- Oracle bone script: Earliest Chinese writing ~1200 BCE
|
||||
- Iron casting by ~500 BCE (centuries before the West)
|
||||
- Silk production and trade
|
||||
- Paper invented ~100 CE during the Han dynasty [^2]
|
||||
- Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism as philosophical traditions
|
||||
- Great Wall construction begun under Qin Shi Huang ~221 BCE
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Keightley, D. *Sources of Shang History* (University of California Press, 1978)
|
||||
[^2]: Tsien, T. *Written on Bamboo and Silk* (University of Chicago Press, 2004)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Region: East Asia, centered on the Yellow River and Yangtze River valleys" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Period covered: ~1600 BCE – 220 CE" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Major dynasties: Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Language: Old Chinese, Classical Chinese" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Writing: Oracle bone script (~1200 BCE), evolving into seal script and cleric..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Shang (~1600–1046 BCE): First historically verified dynasty, oracle bones, ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Zhou (~1046–256 BCE): Longest dynasty, Mandate of Heaven, Confucius, Laozi" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Qin (221–206 BCE): First unified empire under Qin Shi Huang, Great Wall, st..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Han (206 BCE – 220 CE): Silk Road trade, paper invention, Confucian state i..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Oracle bone script: Earliest Chinese writing ~1200 BCE" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Iron casting by ~500 BCE (centuries before the West)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Silk production and trade" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Paper invented ~100 CE during the Han dynasty [^2]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: "Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism as philosophical traditions" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 28: "Great Wall construction begun under Qin Shi Huang ~221 BCE" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Region: East Asia, centered on the Yellow River and Yangtze River valleys" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Period covered: ~1600 BCE – 220 CE" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Major dynasties: Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Language: Old Chinese, Classical Chinese" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Writing: Oracle bone script (~1200 BCE), evolving into seal script and cleric..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Zhou (~1046–256 BCE): Longest dynasty, Mandate of Heaven, Confucius, Laozi" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Qin (221–206 BCE): First unified empire under Qin Shi Huang, Great Wall, st..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Han (206 BCE – 220 CE): Silk Road trade, paper invention, Confucian state i..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Oracle bone script: Earliest Chinese writing ~1200 BCE" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Iron casting by ~500 BCE (centuries before the West)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Silk production and trade" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 27: "Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism as philosophical traditions" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 28: "Great Wall construction begun under Qin Shi Huang ~221 BCE" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "Shang (~1600–1046 BCE): First historically verified dynasty, oracle bones, ..." - Keightley source from 1978 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 26: "Paper invented ~100 CE during the Han dynasty [^2]" - Tsien source from 2004 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
138
civilizations/ancient-egypt.md
Normal file
138
civilizations/ancient-egypt.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:2ac383 -->
|
||||
# Ancient Egypt
|
||||
|
||||
# Ancient Egypt
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
Ancient Egypt was a civilization centered along the Nile River in northeastern Africa, lasting from ~3100 BCE to 30 BCE. It produced monumental architecture, a complex writing system, and one of the longest-lasting state structures in history.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Region: Nile Valley and Delta, northeastern Africa
|
||||
- Period: ~3100 BCE – 30 BCE (Roman annexation)
|
||||
- Capital cities: Memphis, Thebes, Amarna, Alexandria (Ptolemaic)
|
||||
- Language: Egyptian (Afro-Asiatic family)
|
||||
- Writing systems: Hieroglyphic, Hieratic, Demotic
|
||||
- Religion: Polytheistic with pharaoh as divine intermediary
|
||||
|
||||
## Major Periods
|
||||
- Early Dynastic (~3100–2686 BCE): Unification under Narmer/Menes
|
||||
- Old Kingdom (~2686–2181 BCE): Pyramid age, centralized power
|
||||
- Middle Kingdom (~2055–1650 BCE): Cultural golden age
|
||||
- New Kingdom (~1550–1069 BCE): Imperial expansion, Ramesses II, Tutankhamun
|
||||
- Ptolemaic Period (305–30 BCE): Greek-ruled Egypt after Alexander's conquest
|
||||
|
||||
## Achievements
|
||||
- Great Pyramid of Giza, built ~2560 BCE under Khufu [^1]
|
||||
- Developed hieroglyphic writing ~3200 BCE
|
||||
- Advanced mummification and funerary practices
|
||||
- Sophisticated medicine, mathematics, and astronomy
|
||||
- Monumental temple complexes at Karnak and Luxor
|
||||
|
||||
## Decline
|
||||
Egypt fell under Persian rule (525 BCE), then Macedonian (332 BCE), and finally became a Roman province after the death of Cleopatra VII in 30 BCE.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Lehner, M. *The Complete Pyramids* (Thames & Hudson, 1997)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Region: Nile Valley and Delta, northeastern Africa" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Period: ~3100 BCE – 30 BCE (Roman annexation)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Capital cities: Memphis, Thebes, Amarna, Alexandria (Ptolemaic)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Language: Egyptian (Afro-Asiatic family)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Writing systems: Hieroglyphic, Hieratic, Demotic" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 15: "Religion: Polytheistic with pharaoh as divine intermediary" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Early Dynastic (~3100–2686 BCE): Unification under Narmer/Menes" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Old Kingdom (~2686–2181 BCE): Pyramid age, centralized power" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Middle Kingdom (~2055–1650 BCE): Cultural golden age" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "New Kingdom (~1550–1069 BCE): Imperial expansion, Ramesses II, Tutankhamun" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Ptolemaic Period (305–30 BCE): Greek-ruled Egypt after Alexander's conquest" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Great Pyramid of Giza, built ~2560 BCE under Khufu [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Developed hieroglyphic writing ~3200 BCE" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: "Advanced mummification and funerary practices" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 28: "Sophisticated medicine, mathematics, and astronomy" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 29: "Monumental temple complexes at Karnak and Luxor" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Region: Nile Valley and Delta, northeastern Africa" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Period: ~3100 BCE – 30 BCE (Roman annexation)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Capital cities: Memphis, Thebes, Amarna, Alexandria (Ptolemaic)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Language: Egyptian (Afro-Asiatic family)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Writing systems: Hieroglyphic, Hieratic, Demotic" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 15: "Religion: Polytheistic with pharaoh as divine intermediary" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Early Dynastic (~3100–2686 BCE): Unification under Narmer/Menes" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Old Kingdom (~2686–2181 BCE): Pyramid age, centralized power" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Middle Kingdom (~2055–1650 BCE): Cultural golden age" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 21: "New Kingdom (~1550–1069 BCE): Imperial expansion, Ramesses II, Tutankhamun" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Ptolemaic Period (305–30 BCE): Greek-ruled Egypt after Alexander's conquest" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 26: "Developed hieroglyphic writing ~3200 BCE" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 27: "Advanced mummification and funerary practices" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 28: "Sophisticated medicine, mathematics, and astronomy" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 29: "Monumental temple complexes at Karnak and Luxor" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 21: "New Kingdom (~1550–1069 BCE): Imperial expansion, Ramesses II, Tutankhamun" - what does "II" mean in this context?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 25: "Great Pyramid of Giza, built ~2560 BCE under Khufu [^1]" - Lehner source from 1997 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
121
civilizations/ancient-greece.md
Normal file
121
civilizations/ancient-greece.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:af7739 -->
|
||||
# Ancient Greece
|
||||
|
||||
# Ancient Greece
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
Ancient Greece (~800–146 BCE) comprised independent city-states (*poleis*) that produced foundational contributions to Western philosophy, democracy, science, art, and literature.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Region: Greek peninsula, Aegean islands, western Anatolia, colonies across the Mediterranean
|
||||
- Period: ~800 BCE (Archaic) – 146 BCE (Roman conquest)
|
||||
- Major city-states: Athens, Sparta, Corinth, Thebes
|
||||
- Language: Ancient Greek (Indo-European)
|
||||
- Writing: Greek alphabet, adapted from Phoenician ~800 BCE
|
||||
|
||||
## Major Periods
|
||||
- Archaic (~800–480 BCE): Colonization, rise of the polis, early philosophy
|
||||
- Classical (480–323 BCE): Golden Age of Athens, Peloponnesian War, Alexander
|
||||
- Hellenistic (323–146 BCE): Post-Alexander kingdoms, cultural diffusion
|
||||
|
||||
## Achievements
|
||||
- Athenian democracy established ~508 BCE under Cleisthenes [^1]
|
||||
- Philosophy: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
|
||||
- Drama: Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes
|
||||
- History: Herodotus, Thucydides
|
||||
- Olympic Games, first held 776 BCE
|
||||
- Parthenon completed ~432 BCE
|
||||
|
||||
## Decline
|
||||
Greece fell under Macedonian hegemony after the Battle of Chaeronea (338 BCE), then became a Roman province after the destruction of Corinth in 146 BCE.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Ober, J. *The Rise and Fall of Classical Greece* (Princeton, 2015)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Region: Greek peninsula, Aegean islands, western Anatolia, colonies across th..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Period: ~800 BCE (Archaic) – 146 BCE (Roman conquest)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Major city-states: Athens, Sparta, Corinth, Thebes" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Language: Ancient Greek (Indo-European)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Writing: Greek alphabet, adapted from Phoenician ~800 BCE" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Archaic (~800–480 BCE): Colonization, rise of the polis, early philosophy" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Classical (480–323 BCE): Golden Age of Athens, Peloponnesian War, Alexander" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Hellenistic (323–146 BCE): Post-Alexander kingdoms, cultural diffusion" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Athenian democracy established ~508 BCE under Cleisthenes [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Philosophy: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Drama: Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "History: Herodotus, Thucydides" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Olympic Games, first held 776 BCE" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: "Parthenon completed ~432 BCE" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Region: Greek peninsula, Aegean islands, western Anatolia, colonies across th..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Period: ~800 BCE (Archaic) – 146 BCE (Roman conquest)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Major city-states: Athens, Sparta, Corinth, Thebes" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Language: Ancient Greek (Indo-European)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Writing: Greek alphabet, adapted from Phoenician ~800 BCE" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Archaic (~800–480 BCE): Colonization, rise of the polis, early philosophy" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Classical (480–323 BCE): Golden Age of Athens, Peloponnesian War, Alexander" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Hellenistic (323–146 BCE): Post-Alexander kingdoms, cultural diffusion" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Philosophy: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Drama: Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "History: Herodotus, Thucydides" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 26: "Olympic Games, first held 776 BCE" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 27: "Parthenon completed ~432 BCE" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 22: "Athenian democracy established ~508 BCE under Cleisthenes [^1]" - Ober source from 2015 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
114
civilizations/assyrian-empire.md
Normal file
114
civilizations/assyrian-empire.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:177c6a -->
|
||||
# Assyrian Empire
|
||||
|
||||
# Assyrian Empire
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
The Assyrian Empire was a Mesopotamian power that dominated the ancient Near East, reaching its zenith during the Neo-Assyrian period (911–609 BCE) as the largest empire the world had yet seen.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Region: Northern Mesopotamia, expanding across the Near East
|
||||
- Neo-Assyrian period: 911–609 BCE
|
||||
- Capitals: Ashur, Nimrud (Kalhu), Nineveh
|
||||
- Language: Akkadian (Assyrian dialect), later Aramaic
|
||||
|
||||
## Notable Rulers
|
||||
- Tiglath-Pileser III (745–727 BCE): Administrative reforms, professional army
|
||||
- Sargon II (722–705 BCE): Conquered Israel, built Dur-Sharrukin
|
||||
- Sennacherib (705–681 BCE): Expanded Nineveh, besieged Jerusalem
|
||||
- Ashurbanipal (668–631 BCE): Created the Library of Nineveh [^1]
|
||||
|
||||
## Achievements
|
||||
- Library of Nineveh: ~30,000 cuneiform tablets, preserving Mesopotamian literature
|
||||
- Advanced siege warfare and military engineering
|
||||
- Extensive road network and postal system
|
||||
- Monumental palace reliefs (Nimrud, Nineveh)
|
||||
|
||||
## Decline
|
||||
Fell to a coalition of Babylonians and Medes; Nineveh destroyed in 612 BCE. The last Assyrian forces defeated at Carchemish in 605 BCE [^2].
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Frahm, E. "The Library of Ashurbanipal" in *The Oxford Handbook of Cuneiform Culture* (2011)
|
||||
[^2]: Radner, K. *Ancient Assyria: A Very Short Introduction* (Oxford, 2015)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Region: Northern Mesopotamia, expanding across the Near East" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Neo-Assyrian period: 911–609 BCE" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Capitals: Ashur, Nimrud (Kalhu), Nineveh" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Language: Akkadian (Assyrian dialect), later Aramaic" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Tiglath-Pileser III (745–727 BCE): Administrative reforms, professional army" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Sargon II (722–705 BCE): Conquered Israel, built Dur-Sharrukin" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Sennacherib (705–681 BCE): Expanded Nineveh, besieged Jerusalem" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Ashurbanipal (668–631 BCE): Created the Library of Nineveh [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Library of Nineveh: ~30,000 cuneiform tablets, preserving Mesopotamian litera..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Advanced siege warfare and military engineering" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Extensive road network and postal system" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Monumental palace reliefs (Nimrud, Nineveh)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Region: Northern Mesopotamia, expanding across the Near East" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Neo-Assyrian period: 911–609 BCE" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Capitals: Ashur, Nimrud (Kalhu), Nineveh" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Language: Akkadian (Assyrian dialect), later Aramaic" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Tiglath-Pileser III (745–727 BCE): Administrative reforms, professional army" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Sargon II (722–705 BCE): Conquered Israel, built Dur-Sharrukin" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Sennacherib (705–681 BCE): Expanded Nineveh, besieged Jerusalem" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Library of Nineveh: ~30,000 cuneiform tablets, preserving Mesopotamian litera..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Advanced siege warfare and military engineering" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Extensive road network and postal system" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Monumental palace reliefs (Nimrud, Nineveh)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 16: "Tiglath-Pileser III (745–727 BCE): Administrative reforms, professional army" - what does "III" mean in this context?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 17: "Sargon II (722–705 BCE): Conquered Israel, built Dur-Sharrukin" - what does "II" mean in this context?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 19: "Ashurbanipal (668–631 BCE): Created the Library of Nineveh [^1]" - Frahm source from 2011 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
111
civilizations/babylonia.md
Normal file
111
civilizations/babylonia.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:c1f224 -->
|
||||
# Babylonia
|
||||
|
||||
# Babylonia
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
Babylonia was a major Mesopotamian civilization centered on the city of Babylon, with two principal periods of dominance: the Old Babylonian period under Hammurabi (~1792–1750 BCE) and the Neo-Babylonian Empire (626–539 BCE) under Nebuchadnezzar II.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Region: Central-southern Mesopotamia (modern Iraq)
|
||||
- Old Babylonian period: ~1894–1595 BCE
|
||||
- Neo-Babylonian period: 626–539 BCE
|
||||
- Capital: Babylon
|
||||
- Language: Akkadian (Babylonian dialect)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notable Rulers
|
||||
- Hammurabi (~1792–1750 BCE): Unified Mesopotamia, issued the Code of Hammurabi [^1]
|
||||
- Nebuchadnezzar II (605–562 BCE): Built the Ishtar Gate, destroyed the Temple of Jerusalem (586 BCE)
|
||||
- Nabonidus (556–539 BCE): Last native king, defeated by Cyrus the Great
|
||||
|
||||
## Achievements
|
||||
- Code of Hammurabi: One of the earliest comprehensive legal codes (~1754 BCE)
|
||||
- Advanced astronomy and mathematics (predicted eclipses, developed algebra)
|
||||
- Hanging Gardens of Babylon (one of the Seven Wonders, existence debated) [^2]
|
||||
- Ishtar Gate and Processional Way
|
||||
|
||||
## Decline
|
||||
The Neo-Babylonian Empire fell to Cyrus the Great of Persia in 539 BCE.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Roth, M.T. *Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor* (1997)
|
||||
[^2]: Dalley, S. *The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon* (2013)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Region: Central-southern Mesopotamia (modern Iraq)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Old Babylonian period: ~1894–1595 BCE" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Neo-Babylonian period: 626–539 BCE" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Capital: Babylon" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Language: Akkadian (Babylonian dialect)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Hammurabi (~1792–1750 BCE): Unified Mesopotamia, issued the Code of Hammura..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Nebuchadnezzar II (605–562 BCE): Built the Ishtar Gate, destroyed the Templ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Nabonidus (556–539 BCE): Last native king, defeated by Cyrus the Great" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Code of Hammurabi: One of the earliest comprehensive legal codes (~1754 BCE)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Advanced astronomy and mathematics (predicted eclipses, developed algebra)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Hanging Gardens of Babylon (one of the Seven Wonders, existence debated) [^2]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Ishtar Gate and Processional Way" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Region: Central-southern Mesopotamia (modern Iraq)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Old Babylonian period: ~1894–1595 BCE" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Neo-Babylonian period: 626–539 BCE" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Capital: Babylon" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Language: Akkadian (Babylonian dialect)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Nebuchadnezzar II (605–562 BCE): Built the Ishtar Gate, destroyed the Templ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Nabonidus (556–539 BCE): Last native king, defeated by Cyrus the Great" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Code of Hammurabi: One of the earliest comprehensive legal codes (~1754 BCE)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Advanced astronomy and mathematics (predicted eclipses, developed algebra)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Ishtar Gate and Processional Way" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 18: "Nebuchadnezzar II (605–562 BCE): Built the Ishtar Gate, destroyed the Templ..." - what does "II" mean in this context?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "Hammurabi (~1792–1750 BCE): Unified Mesopotamia, issued the Code of Hammura..." - Roth source from 1997 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 24: "Hanging Gardens of Babylon (one of the Seven Wonders, existence debated) [^2]" - Dalley source from 2013 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
108
civilizations/carthage.md
Normal file
108
civilizations/carthage.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:91256b -->
|
||||
# Carthage
|
||||
|
||||
# Carthage
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
Carthage (~814–146 BCE) was a Phoenician colony that grew into a major Mediterranean power, rivaling Rome in three devastating Punic Wars before its total destruction.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Region: North Africa (modern Tunisia), with territories in western Mediterranean
|
||||
- Period: ~814–146 BCE
|
||||
- Founded by: Phoenician settlers from Tyre, traditionally by Queen Dido
|
||||
- Language: Punic (Phoenician dialect)
|
||||
- Government: Oligarchic republic with elected *suffetes* (magistrates)
|
||||
|
||||
## Punic Wars with Rome
|
||||
- First Punic War (264–241 BCE): Fought over Sicily; Rome won naval supremacy [^1]
|
||||
- Second Punic War (218–201 BCE): Hannibal's invasion of Italy via the Alps; Rome ultimately prevailed
|
||||
- Third Punic War (149–146 BCE): Rome besieged and destroyed Carthage completely
|
||||
|
||||
## Achievements
|
||||
- Dominant Mediterranean naval and trading power
|
||||
- Advanced harbor engineering (circular military harbor at Carthage)
|
||||
- Agricultural expertise (Mago's treatise on farming)
|
||||
- Hannibal Barca: One of history's greatest military commanders [^2]
|
||||
|
||||
## Destruction
|
||||
Rome destroyed Carthage in 146 BCE. The site was later refounded as a Roman colony by Julius Caesar in 46 BCE.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Goldsworthy, A. *The Fall of Carthage* (2003)
|
||||
[^2]: Lancel, S. *Hannibal* (Blackwell, 1998)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Region: North Africa (modern Tunisia), with territories in western Mediterranean" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Period: ~814–146 BCE" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Founded by: Phoenician settlers from Tyre, traditionally by Queen Dido" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Language: Punic (Phoenician dialect)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Government: Oligarchic republic with elected *suffetes* (magistrates)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "First Punic War (264–241 BCE): Fought over Sicily; Rome won naval supremacy..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Second Punic War (218–201 BCE): Hannibal's invasion of Italy via the Alps; ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Third Punic War (149–146 BCE): Rome besieged and destroyed Carthage completely" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Dominant Mediterranean naval and trading power" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Advanced harbor engineering (circular military harbor at Carthage)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Agricultural expertise (Mago's treatise on farming)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Hannibal Barca: One of history's greatest military commanders [^2]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Region: North Africa (modern Tunisia), with territories in western Mediterranean" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Period: ~814–146 BCE" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Founded by: Phoenician settlers from Tyre, traditionally by Queen Dido" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Language: Punic (Phoenician dialect)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Government: Oligarchic republic with elected *suffetes* (magistrates)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Second Punic War (218–201 BCE): Hannibal's invasion of Italy via the Alps; ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Third Punic War (149–146 BCE): Rome besieged and destroyed Carthage completely" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Dominant Mediterranean naval and trading power" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Advanced harbor engineering (circular military harbor at Carthage)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Agricultural expertise (Mago's treatise on farming)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "First Punic War (264–241 BCE): Fought over Sicily; Rome won naval supremacy..." - Goldsworthy source from 2003 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 25: "Hannibal Barca: One of history's greatest military commanders [^2]" - Lancel source from 1998 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
121
civilizations/hittite-empire.md
Normal file
121
civilizations/hittite-empire.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:c153d0 -->
|
||||
# Hittite Empire
|
||||
|
||||
# Hittite Empire
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
The Hittite Empire (~1600–1178 BCE) was a major Bronze Age power centered in Anatolia (modern Turkey). The Hittites were among the first to work iron and engaged in diplomacy with Egypt, producing the earliest known peace treaty.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Region: Central Anatolia, expanding into Syria and Upper Mesopotamia
|
||||
- Period: ~1600–1178 BCE
|
||||
- Capital: Hattusa (modern Boğazkale, Turkey)
|
||||
- Language: Hittite (earliest attested Indo-European language)
|
||||
- Writing: Cuneiform (official), Anatolian hieroglyphs
|
||||
|
||||
## Notable Rulers
|
||||
- Hattusili I (~1650–1620 BCE): Early expansion
|
||||
- Suppiluliuma I (~1344–1322 BCE): Greatest territorial extent
|
||||
- Muwatalli II (~1295–1272 BCE): Fought Ramesses II at Kadesh
|
||||
- Hattusili III (~1267–1237 BCE): Signed Treaty of Kadesh with Egypt
|
||||
|
||||
## Achievements
|
||||
- Treaty of Kadesh (~1259 BCE): Earliest known international peace treaty [^1]
|
||||
- Early adoption of iron technology
|
||||
- Sophisticated legal codes and vassal treaty system
|
||||
- Extensive diplomatic correspondence (Amarna Letters)
|
||||
|
||||
## Decline
|
||||
Collapsed ~1178 BCE during the Bronze Age Collapse, likely due to invasions by the Sea Peoples, internal instability, and disrupted trade networks [^2].
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Beckman, G. *Hittite Diplomatic Texts* (1999)
|
||||
[^2]: Bryce, T. *The Kingdom of the Hittites* (Oxford, 2005)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Region: Central Anatolia, expanding into Syria and Upper Mesopotamia" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Period: ~1600–1178 BCE" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Capital: Hattusa (modern Boğazkale, Turkey)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Language: Hittite (earliest attested Indo-European language)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Writing: Cuneiform (official), Anatolian hieroglyphs" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Hattusili I (~1650–1620 BCE): Early expansion" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Suppiluliuma I (~1344–1322 BCE): Greatest territorial extent" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Muwatalli II (~1295–1272 BCE): Fought Ramesses II at Kadesh" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Hattusili III (~1267–1237 BCE): Signed Treaty of Kadesh with Egypt" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Treaty of Kadesh (~1259 BCE): Earliest known international peace treaty [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Early adoption of iron technology" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Sophisticated legal codes and vassal treaty system" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Extensive diplomatic correspondence (Amarna Letters)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Region: Central Anatolia, expanding into Syria and Upper Mesopotamia" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Period: ~1600–1178 BCE" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Capital: Hattusa (modern Boğazkale, Turkey)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Language: Hittite (earliest attested Indo-European language)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Writing: Cuneiform (official), Anatolian hieroglyphs" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Hattusili I (~1650–1620 BCE): Early expansion" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Suppiluliuma I (~1344–1322 BCE): Greatest territorial extent" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Muwatalli II (~1295–1272 BCE): Fought Ramesses II at Kadesh" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Hattusili III (~1267–1237 BCE): Signed Treaty of Kadesh with Egypt" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Early adoption of iron technology" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Sophisticated legal codes and vassal treaty system" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 26: "Extensive diplomatic correspondence (Amarna Letters)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 19: "Muwatalli II (~1295–1272 BCE): Fought Ramesses II at Kadesh" - what does "II" mean in this context?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 20: "Hattusili III (~1267–1237 BCE): Signed Treaty of Kadesh with Egypt" - what does "III" mean in this context?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 23: "Treaty of Kadesh (~1259 BCE): Earliest known international peace treaty [^1]" - Beckman source from 1999 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
108
civilizations/maurya-empire.md
Normal file
108
civilizations/maurya-empire.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:86e2bb -->
|
||||
# Maurya Empire
|
||||
|
||||
# Maurya Empire
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
The Maurya Empire (~322–185 BCE) was the first empire to unify most of the Indian subcontinent, founded by Chandragupta Maurya and reaching its greatest extent under Ashoka.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Region: Indian subcontinent, from Afghanistan to Bengal
|
||||
- Period: ~322–185 BCE
|
||||
- Capital: Pataliputra (modern Patna)
|
||||
- Language: Prakrit, Sanskrit
|
||||
- Religion: Initially Vedic/Hindu, Buddhism promoted under Ashoka
|
||||
|
||||
## Notable Rulers
|
||||
- Chandragupta Maurya (~322–298 BCE): Founded the empire, defeated Seleucid forces [^1]
|
||||
- Bindusara (~298–272 BCE): Expanded southward
|
||||
- Ashoka (~268–232 BCE): Converted to Buddhism after the Kalinga War, erected edicts promoting dharma [^2]
|
||||
|
||||
## Achievements
|
||||
- Unified most of the Indian subcontinent for the first time
|
||||
- Ashoka's edicts: Earliest deciphered Indian inscriptions, promoting non-violence and tolerance
|
||||
- *Arthashastra* attributed to Chanakya: Treatise on statecraft and economics
|
||||
- Extensive road network and trade connections
|
||||
|
||||
## Decline
|
||||
Declined after Ashoka's death due to weak successors and regional fragmentation. Last Maurya ruler overthrown by Pushyamitra Shunga ~185 BCE.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Thapar, R. *Aśoka and the Decline of the Mauryas* (Oxford, 1961)
|
||||
[^2]: Olivelle, P. *Ashoka: Portrait of a Philosopher King* (2023)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Region: Indian subcontinent, from Afghanistan to Bengal" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Period: ~322–185 BCE" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Capital: Pataliputra (modern Patna)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Language: Prakrit, Sanskrit" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Religion: Initially Vedic/Hindu, Buddhism promoted under Ashoka" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Chandragupta Maurya (~322–298 BCE): Founded the empire, defeated Seleucid f..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Bindusara (~298–272 BCE): Expanded southward" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Ashoka (~268–232 BCE): Converted to Buddhism after the Kalinga War, erected..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Unified most of the Indian subcontinent for the first time" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Ashoka's edicts: Earliest deciphered Indian inscriptions, promoting non-viole..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "*Arthashastra* attributed to Chanakya: Treatise on statecraft and economics" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Extensive road network and trade connections" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Region: Indian subcontinent, from Afghanistan to Bengal" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Period: ~322–185 BCE" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Capital: Pataliputra (modern Patna)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Language: Prakrit, Sanskrit" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Religion: Initially Vedic/Hindu, Buddhism promoted under Ashoka" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Bindusara (~298–272 BCE): Expanded southward" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Unified most of the Indian subcontinent for the first time" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Ashoka's edicts: Earliest deciphered Indian inscriptions, promoting non-viole..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "*Arthashastra* attributed to Chanakya: Treatise on statecraft and economics" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Extensive road network and trade connections" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "Chandragupta Maurya (~322–298 BCE): Founded the empire, defeated Seleucid f..." - Thapar source from 1961 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 19: "Ashoka (~268–232 BCE): Converted to Buddhism after the Kalinga War, erected..." - Olivelle source from 2023 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
85
civilizations/minoan-civilization.md
Normal file
85
civilizations/minoan-civilization.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:85231f -->
|
||||
# Minoan Civilization
|
||||
|
||||
# Minoan Civilization
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
The Minoan civilization (~3000–1450 BCE) on Crete was the first advanced civilization in Europe, known for elaborate palace complexes, vibrant frescoes, and the undeciphered Linear A script.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Region: Crete and Aegean islands
|
||||
- Period: ~3000–1450 BCE
|
||||
- Major sites: Knossos, Phaistos, Malia, Zakros
|
||||
- Writing: Cretan hieroglyphs, Linear A (undeciphered)
|
||||
- Named by: Arthur Evans, after the mythical King Minos [^1]
|
||||
|
||||
## Achievements
|
||||
- Palace complexes at Knossos (up to 1,300 rooms)
|
||||
- Advanced plumbing and drainage systems
|
||||
- Vibrant fresco art depicting nature, rituals, and bull-leaping
|
||||
- Extensive maritime trade network across the eastern Mediterranean
|
||||
|
||||
## Decline
|
||||
The Minoan civilization declined after ~1450 BCE, possibly due to the Thera eruption (~1628 BCE), Mycenaean invasion, or a combination of factors [^2].
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Evans, A. *The Palace of Minos at Knossos* (1921–1935)
|
||||
[^2]: Driessen, J. & Macdonald, C. *The Troubled Island* (1997)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Region: Crete and Aegean islands" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Period: ~3000–1450 BCE" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Major sites: Knossos, Phaistos, Malia, Zakros" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Writing: Cretan hieroglyphs, Linear A (undeciphered)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Named by: Arthur Evans, after the mythical King Minos [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Palace complexes at Knossos (up to 1,300 rooms)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Advanced plumbing and drainage systems" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Vibrant fresco art depicting nature, rituals, and bull-leaping" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Extensive maritime trade network across the eastern Mediterranean" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Region: Crete and Aegean islands" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Period: ~3000–1450 BCE" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Major sites: Knossos, Phaistos, Malia, Zakros" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Writing: Cretan hieroglyphs, Linear A (undeciphered)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Palace complexes at Knossos (up to 1,300 rooms)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Advanced plumbing and drainage systems" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Vibrant fresco art depicting nature, rituals, and bull-leaping" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Extensive maritime trade network across the eastern Mediterranean" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 14: "Named by: Arthur Evans, after the mythical King Minos [^1]" - Evans source from 1921 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
92
civilizations/mycenaean-civilization.md
Normal file
92
civilizations/mycenaean-civilization.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:229f8a -->
|
||||
# Mycenaean Civilization
|
||||
|
||||
# Mycenaean Civilization
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
The Mycenaean civilization (~1600–1100 BCE) was the first major civilization on mainland Greece, known for its warrior culture, palatial centers, and connection to the Homeric epics.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Region: Mainland Greece, Crete (after ~1450 BCE), Aegean islands
|
||||
- Period: ~1600–1100 BCE
|
||||
- Major sites: Mycenae, Tiryns, Pylos, Thebes, Athens
|
||||
- Writing: Linear B (deciphered by Michael Ventris in 1952 as early Greek) [^1]
|
||||
- Society: Warrior aristocracy ruled by *wanax* (king)
|
||||
|
||||
## Achievements
|
||||
- Massive fortifications with Cyclopean masonry
|
||||
- Lion Gate at Mycenae (~1250 BCE)
|
||||
- Tholos tombs (Treasury of Atreus)
|
||||
- Extensive trade networks reaching Egypt, the Levant, and Italy
|
||||
- Likely historical basis for the Trojan War tradition [^2]
|
||||
|
||||
## Decline
|
||||
Collapsed ~1100 BCE during the Bronze Age Collapse, leading to the Greek Dark Ages (~1100–800 BCE). Causes debated: Sea Peoples, internal conflict, systems collapse.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Chadwick, J. *The Decipherment of Linear B* (Cambridge, 1958)
|
||||
[^2]: Latacz, J. *Troy and Homer* (Oxford, 2004)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Region: Mainland Greece, Crete (after ~1450 BCE), Aegean islands" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Period: ~1600–1100 BCE" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Major sites: Mycenae, Tiryns, Pylos, Thebes, Athens" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Writing: Linear B (deciphered by Michael Ventris in 1952 as early Greek) [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Society: Warrior aristocracy ruled by *wanax* (king)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Massive fortifications with Cyclopean masonry" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Lion Gate at Mycenae (~1250 BCE)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Tholos tombs (Treasury of Atreus)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Extensive trade networks reaching Egypt, the Levant, and Italy" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "Likely historical basis for the Trojan War tradition [^2]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Region: Mainland Greece, Crete (after ~1450 BCE), Aegean islands" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Period: ~1600–1100 BCE" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Major sites: Mycenae, Tiryns, Pylos, Thebes, Athens" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Society: Warrior aristocracy ruled by *wanax* (king)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Massive fortifications with Cyclopean masonry" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Lion Gate at Mycenae (~1250 BCE)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Tholos tombs (Treasury of Atreus)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Extensive trade networks reaching Egypt, the Levant, and Italy" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 13: "Writing: Linear B (deciphered by Michael Ventris in 1952 as early Greek) [^1]" - Chadwick source from 1958 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 21: "Likely historical basis for the Trojan War tradition [^2]" - Latacz source from 2004 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
125
civilizations/persian-empire.md
Normal file
125
civilizations/persian-empire.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:785e2c -->
|
||||
# Persian Empire (Achaemenid)
|
||||
|
||||
# Persian Empire (Achaemenid)
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
The Achaemenid Persian Empire (550–330 BCE) was the largest empire of the ancient world by territory, stretching from Egypt to the Indus Valley. Founded by Cyrus the Great, it pioneered administrative innovations including satrapies, a postal system, and religious tolerance.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Region: Iran, Mesopotamia, Egypt, Anatolia, Central Asia, Indus Valley
|
||||
- Period: 550–330 BCE
|
||||
- Capital cities: Pasargadae, Persepolis, Susa, Ecbatana
|
||||
- Language: Old Persian (official), Aramaic (administrative lingua franca)
|
||||
- Religion: Zoroastrianism (royal religion)
|
||||
|
||||
## Notable Rulers
|
||||
- Cyrus the Great (559–530 BCE): Founded the empire, conquered Babylon (539 BCE) [^1]
|
||||
- Darius I (522–486 BCE): Administrative reforms, built Persepolis, Royal Road
|
||||
- Xerxes I (486–465 BCE): Invaded Greece (480 BCE)
|
||||
- Darius III (336–330 BCE): Defeated by Alexander the Great
|
||||
|
||||
## Achievements
|
||||
- Cyrus Cylinder: Early declaration of human rights and religious tolerance [^2]
|
||||
- Royal Road: ~2,700 km highway from Susa to Sardis
|
||||
- Satrapy system of provincial governance
|
||||
- Qanat irrigation technology
|
||||
- Persepolis: Monumental ceremonial capital
|
||||
|
||||
## Decline
|
||||
Conquered by Alexander the Great; Darius III defeated at Gaugamela (331 BCE), Persepolis burned 330 BCE.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Briant, P. *From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire* (2002)
|
||||
[^2]: Kuhrt, A. "The Cyrus Cylinder and Achaemenid Imperial Policy" *JSOT* 25 (1983)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Region: Iran, Mesopotamia, Egypt, Anatolia, Central Asia, Indus Valley" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Period: 550–330 BCE" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Capital cities: Pasargadae, Persepolis, Susa, Ecbatana" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Language: Old Persian (official), Aramaic (administrative lingua franca)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Religion: Zoroastrianism (royal religion)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Cyrus the Great (559–530 BCE): Founded the empire, conquered Babylon (539 B..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Darius I (522–486 BCE): Administrative reforms, built Persepolis, Royal Road" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Xerxes I (486–465 BCE): Invaded Greece (480 BCE)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Darius III (336–330 BCE): Defeated by Alexander the Great" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Cyrus Cylinder: Early declaration of human rights and religious tolerance [^2]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Royal Road: ~2,700 km highway from Susa to Sardis" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Satrapy system of provincial governance" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Qanat irrigation technology" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: "Persepolis: Monumental ceremonial capital" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Region: Iran, Mesopotamia, Egypt, Anatolia, Central Asia, Indus Valley" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Period: 550–330 BCE" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Capital cities: Pasargadae, Persepolis, Susa, Ecbatana" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Language: Old Persian (official), Aramaic (administrative lingua franca)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Religion: Zoroastrianism (royal religion)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Darius I (522–486 BCE): Administrative reforms, built Persepolis, Royal Road" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Xerxes I (486–465 BCE): Invaded Greece (480 BCE)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Darius III (336–330 BCE): Defeated by Alexander the Great" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Royal Road: ~2,700 km highway from Susa to Sardis" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Satrapy system of provincial governance" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 26: "Qanat irrigation technology" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 27: "Persepolis: Monumental ceremonial capital" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 20: "Darius III (336–330 BCE): Defeated by Alexander the Great" - what does "III" mean in this context?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "Cyrus the Great (559–530 BCE): Founded the empire, conquered Babylon (539 B..." - Briant source from 2002 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 23: "Cyrus Cylinder: Early declaration of human rights and religious tolerance [^2]" - Kuhrt source from 1983 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
92
civilizations/phoenicia.md
Normal file
92
civilizations/phoenicia.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:f760d3 -->
|
||||
# Phoenicia
|
||||
|
||||
# Phoenicia
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
Phoenicia (~1500–300 BCE) was a maritime civilization of city-states along the coast of modern Lebanon. The Phoenicians were master sailors and traders who developed the alphabet that became the ancestor of Greek, Latin, and most modern alphabets.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Region: Coastal Lebanon, with colonies across the Mediterranean
|
||||
- Period: ~1500–300 BCE
|
||||
- Major cities: Tyre, Sidon, Byblos, Berytus (Beirut)
|
||||
- Language: Phoenician (Northwest Semitic)
|
||||
- Writing: Phoenician alphabet (~1050 BCE), ancestor of Greek and Latin alphabets [^1]
|
||||
|
||||
## Achievements
|
||||
- Developed the first widely-used phonetic alphabet ~1050 BCE
|
||||
- Founded Carthage (~814 BCE) and colonies across the western Mediterranean
|
||||
- Pioneered long-distance maritime trade (tin from Britain, gold from West Africa)
|
||||
- Produced Tyrian purple dye from murex snails
|
||||
- Circumnavigated Africa under commission from Pharaoh Necho II (~600 BCE) [^2]
|
||||
|
||||
## Decline
|
||||
Phoenician city-states fell under successive foreign rule: Assyrian, Babylonian, Persian, and finally Macedonian. Tyre was besieged and captured by Alexander the Great in 332 BCE.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Markoe, G. *Phoenicians* (University of California Press, 2000)
|
||||
[^2]: Herodotus, *Histories* 4.42
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Region: Coastal Lebanon, with colonies across the Mediterranean" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Period: ~1500–300 BCE" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Major cities: Tyre, Sidon, Byblos, Berytus (Beirut)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Language: Phoenician (Northwest Semitic)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Writing: Phoenician alphabet (~1050 BCE), ancestor of Greek and Latin alphabe..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Developed the first widely-used phonetic alphabet ~1050 BCE" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Founded Carthage (~814 BCE) and colonies across the western Mediterranean" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Pioneered long-distance maritime trade (tin from Britain, gold from West Africa)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Produced Tyrian purple dye from murex snails" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "Circumnavigated Africa under commission from Pharaoh Necho II (~600 BCE) [^2]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Region: Coastal Lebanon, with colonies across the Mediterranean" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Period: ~1500–300 BCE" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Major cities: Tyre, Sidon, Byblos, Berytus (Beirut)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Language: Phoenician (Northwest Semitic)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Developed the first widely-used phonetic alphabet ~1050 BCE" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Founded Carthage (~814 BCE) and colonies across the western Mediterranean" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Pioneered long-distance maritime trade (tin from Britain, gold from West Africa)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Produced Tyrian purple dye from murex snails" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 21: "Circumnavigated Africa under commission from Pharaoh Necho II (~600 BCE) [^2]" - what does "II" mean in this context?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 14: "Writing: Phoenician alphabet (~1050 BCE), ancestor of Greek and Latin alphabe..." - Markoe source from 2000 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
139
civilizations/roman-republic-and-empire.md
Normal file
139
civilizations/roman-republic-and-empire.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:c00c4a -->
|
||||
# Roman Republic and Empire
|
||||
|
||||
# Roman Republic and Empire
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
Rome evolved from a small Italian city-state to a republic (509–27 BCE) and then an empire (27 BCE – 476 CE in the West) that dominated the Mediterranean world. Roman law, engineering, and governance profoundly shaped Western civilization.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Region: Mediterranean basin, Western Europe, North Africa, Near East
|
||||
- Kingdom: ~753–509 BCE
|
||||
- Republic: 509–27 BCE
|
||||
- Empire: 27 BCE – 476 CE (Western), continued as Byzantine Empire in the East
|
||||
- Capital: Rome; later Constantinople (from 330 CE)
|
||||
- Language: Latin
|
||||
- Writing: Latin alphabet
|
||||
|
||||
## Major Periods
|
||||
- Roman Kingdom (~753–509 BCE): Legendary founding by Romulus
|
||||
- Early Republic (509–264 BCE): Expansion in Italy, Conflict of the Orders
|
||||
- Late Republic (264–27 BCE): Punic Wars, civil wars, Caesar's assassination (44 BCE)
|
||||
- Principate (27 BCE – 284 CE): Augustus through the Crisis of the Third Century
|
||||
- Dominate (284–476 CE): Diocletian's reforms through the fall of the Western Empire @t[=476]
|
||||
|
||||
## Achievements
|
||||
- Roman law: Foundation of Western legal tradition [^1]
|
||||
- Engineering: Aqueducts, roads (~400,000 km network), concrete, the Colosseum
|
||||
- Pax Romana (~27 BCE – 180 CE): ~200 years of relative peace and prosperity
|
||||
- Latin language and literature: Virgil, Ovid, Cicero, Tacitus
|
||||
|
||||
## Fall of the Western Empire
|
||||
The Western Roman Empire fell in 476 CE when Odoacer deposed Emperor Romulus Augustulus @t[=476]. Contributing factors included barbarian invasions, economic decline, military overextension, and administrative fragmentation [^2].
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Jolowicz, H.F. *Historical Introduction to the Study of Roman Law* (Cambridge, 1972)
|
||||
[^2]: Heather, P. *The Fall of the Roman Empire* (Oxford, 2006)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Region: Mediterranean basin, Western Europe, North Africa, Near East" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Kingdom: ~753–509 BCE" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Republic: 509–27 BCE" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Empire: 27 BCE – 476 CE (Western), continued as Byzantine Empire in the East" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
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||||
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||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Capital: Rome; later Constantinople (from 330 CE)" - when was this true?
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||||
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||||
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||||
>
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||||
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||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Early Republic (509–264 BCE): Expansion in Italy, Conflict of the Orders" - when was this true?
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||||
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||||
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||||
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||||
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||||
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|
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||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Roman law: Foundation of Western legal tradition [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
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||||
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||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: "Engineering: Aqueducts, roads (~400,000 km network), concrete, the Colosseum" - when was this true?
|
||||
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|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 28: "Pax Romana (~27 BCE – 180 CE): ~200 years of relative peace and prosperity" - when was this true?
|
||||
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||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 29: "Latin language and literature: Virgil, Ovid, Cicero, Tacitus" - when was this true?
|
||||
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|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: Malformed temporal tag @t[=476] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 32: Malformed temporal tag @t[=476] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Region: Mediterranean basin, Western Europe, North Africa, Near East" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Kingdom: ~753–509 BCE" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Republic: 509–27 BCE" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Empire: 27 BCE – 476 CE (Western), continued as Byzantine Empire in the East" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Capital: Rome; later Constantinople (from 330 CE)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 15: "Language: Latin" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Writing: Latin alphabet" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Roman Kingdom (~753–509 BCE): Legendary founding by Romulus" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Early Republic (509–264 BCE): Expansion in Italy, Conflict of the Orders" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 21: "Late Republic (264–27 BCE): Punic Wars, civil wars, Caesar's assassination ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Principate (27 BCE – 284 CE): Augustus through the Crisis of the Third Century" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Dominate (284–476 CE): Diocletian's reforms through the fall of the Western..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 27: "Engineering: Aqueducts, roads (~400,000 km network), concrete, the Colosseum" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 28: "Pax Romana (~27 BCE – 180 CE): ~200 years of relative peace and prosperity" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 29: "Latin language and literature: Virgil, Ovid, Cicero, Tacitus" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 26: "Roman law: Foundation of Western legal tradition [^1]" - Jolowicz source from 1972 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
136
civilizations/sumer.md
Normal file
136
civilizations/sumer.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:6d7974 -->
|
||||
# Sumer
|
||||
|
||||
# Sumer
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
Sumer was the earliest known civilization in southern Mesopotamia (modern-day southern Iraq), emerging ~4500 BCE and flourishing during the 3rd millennium BCE. It is credited with foundational innovations including writing (cuneiform), urbanization, and codified law.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Region: Southern Mesopotamia, between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers
|
||||
- Period: ~4500–1900 BCE
|
||||
- Major cities: Ur, Uruk, Eridu, Lagash, Nippur, Kish
|
||||
- Language: Sumerian (language isolate)
|
||||
- Writing system: Cuneiform, developed ~3400 BCE
|
||||
- Government: City-states ruled by *lugal* (kings) and *ensi* (governors)
|
||||
|
||||
## Major Periods
|
||||
- Ubaid period (~5500–4000 BCE): Proto-urban settlements
|
||||
- Uruk period (~4000–3100 BCE): First true cities, invention of writing
|
||||
- Early Dynastic period (~2900–2350 BCE): Competing city-states
|
||||
- Third Dynasty of Ur (~2112–2004 BCE): Final Sumerian renaissance under Ur-Nammu
|
||||
|
||||
## Achievements
|
||||
- Invented cuneiform writing ~3400 BCE [^1]
|
||||
- Built ziggurats as temple complexes
|
||||
- Developed the sexagesimal (base-60) number system
|
||||
- Created the earliest known legal code (Code of Ur-Nammu, ~2100 BCE)
|
||||
- Established irrigation agriculture at scale
|
||||
- Produced the *Epic of Gilgamesh*, among the earliest literary works [^2]
|
||||
|
||||
## Decline
|
||||
Sumer was absorbed by the Akkadian Empire under Sargon of Akkad ~2334 BCE, briefly revived under the Third Dynasty of Ur, and finally eclipsed by the rise of Babylon ~1900 BCE.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Schmandt-Besserat, D. *Before Writing* (1992)
|
||||
[^2]: George, A. *The Epic of Gilgamesh* (Penguin Classics, 2003)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Region: Southern Mesopotamia, between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Period: ~4500–1900 BCE" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Major cities: Ur, Uruk, Eridu, Lagash, Nippur, Kish" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Language: Sumerian (language isolate)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Writing system: Cuneiform, developed ~3400 BCE" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 15: "Government: City-states ruled by *lugal* (kings) and *ensi* (governors)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Ubaid period (~5500–4000 BCE): Proto-urban settlements" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Uruk period (~4000–3100 BCE): First true cities, invention of writing" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Early Dynastic period (~2900–2350 BCE): Competing city-states" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "Third Dynasty of Ur (~2112–2004 BCE): Final Sumerian renaissance under Ur-N..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Invented cuneiform writing ~3400 BCE [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Built ziggurats as temple complexes" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Developed the sexagesimal (base-60) number system" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: "Created the earliest known legal code (Code of Ur-Nammu, ~2100 BCE)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 28: "Established irrigation agriculture at scale" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 29: "Produced the *Epic of Gilgamesh*, among the earliest literary works [^2]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Region: Southern Mesopotamia, between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Period: ~4500–1900 BCE" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Major cities: Ur, Uruk, Eridu, Lagash, Nippur, Kish" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Language: Sumerian (language isolate)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Writing system: Cuneiform, developed ~3400 BCE" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 15: "Government: City-states ruled by *lugal* (kings) and *ensi* (governors)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Ubaid period (~5500–4000 BCE): Proto-urban settlements" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Uruk period (~4000–3100 BCE): First true cities, invention of writing" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Early Dynastic period (~2900–2350 BCE): Competing city-states" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 21: "Third Dynasty of Ur (~2112–2004 BCE): Final Sumerian renaissance under Ur-N..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Built ziggurats as temple complexes" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 26: "Developed the sexagesimal (base-60) number system" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 27: "Created the earliest known legal code (Code of Ur-Nammu, ~2100 BCE)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 28: "Established irrigation agriculture at scale" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 24: "Invented cuneiform writing ~3400 BCE [^1]" - Schmandt-Besserat source from 1992 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 29: "Produced the *Epic of Gilgamesh*, among the earliest literary works [^2]" - George source from 2003 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
112
cultural-movements/greek-philosophy.md
Normal file
112
cultural-movements/greek-philosophy.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:06dbd9 -->
|
||||
# Greek Philosophy
|
||||
|
||||
# Greek Philosophy
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
Greek philosophy (~600 BCE – ~500 CE) laid the foundations of Western intellectual tradition, encompassing metaphysics, ethics, logic, political theory, and natural science.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Period: ~600 BCE (Thales) – ~529 CE (closure of Plato's Academy by Justinian)
|
||||
- Region: Greek world (Ionia, Athens, Alexandria, Rome)
|
||||
- Major schools: Pre-Socratics, Platonism, Aristotelianism, Stoicism, Epicureanism, Skepticism
|
||||
|
||||
## Major Figures
|
||||
- Thales of Miletus (~624–546 BCE): First philosopher, proposed water as the fundamental substance [^1]
|
||||
- Heraclitus (~535–475 BCE): "Everything flows" (*panta rhei*)
|
||||
- Socrates (~470–399 BCE): Socratic method, executed for impiety
|
||||
- Plato (~428–348 BCE): Theory of Forms, founded the Academy
|
||||
- Aristotle (384–322 BCE): Logic, natural science, ethics, politics; founded the Lyceum
|
||||
- Epicurus (341–270 BCE): Atomism, pleasure as the highest good
|
||||
- Zeno of Citium (~334–262 BCE): Founded Stoicism [^2]
|
||||
|
||||
## Legacy
|
||||
- Shaped Western philosophy, science, and political thought
|
||||
- Transmitted to the Islamic world and medieval Europe
|
||||
- Aristotle's works dominated European thought for ~2,000 years
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Kirk, G.S. et al. *The Presocratic Philosophers* (Cambridge, 1983)
|
||||
[^2]: Long, A.A. *Hellenistic Philosophy* (University of California Press, 1986)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Period: ~600 BCE (Thales) – ~529 CE (closure of Plato's Academy by Justinian)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Region: Greek world (Ionia, Athens, Alexandria, Rome)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Major schools: Pre-Socratics, Platonism, Aristotelianism, Stoicism, Epicurean..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 15: "Thales of Miletus (~624–546 BCE): First philosopher, proposed water as the ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Heraclitus (~535–475 BCE): "Everything flows" (*panta rhei*)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Socrates (~470–399 BCE): Socratic method, executed for impiety" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Plato (~428–348 BCE): Theory of Forms, founded the Academy" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Aristotle (384–322 BCE): Logic, natural science, ethics, politics; founded ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Epicurus (341–270 BCE): Atomism, pleasure as the highest good" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "Zeno of Citium (~334–262 BCE): Founded Stoicism [^2]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Shaped Western philosophy, science, and political thought" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Transmitted to the Islamic world and medieval Europe" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Aristotle's works dominated European thought for ~2,000 years" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Period: ~600 BCE (Thales) – ~529 CE (closure of Plato's Academy by Justinian)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Region: Greek world (Ionia, Athens, Alexandria, Rome)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Major schools: Pre-Socratics, Platonism, Aristotelianism, Stoicism, Epicurean..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Heraclitus (~535–475 BCE): "Everything flows" (*panta rhei*)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Socrates (~470–399 BCE): Socratic method, executed for impiety" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Plato (~428–348 BCE): Theory of Forms, founded the Academy" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Aristotle (384–322 BCE): Logic, natural science, ethics, politics; founded ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Epicurus (341–270 BCE): Atomism, pleasure as the highest good" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Shaped Western philosophy, science, and political thought" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Transmitted to the Islamic world and medieval Europe" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 26: "Aristotle's works dominated European thought for ~2,000 years" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 15: "Thales of Miletus (~624–546 BCE): First philosopher, proposed water as the ..." - Kirk source from 1983 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 21: "Zeno of Citium (~334–262 BCE): Founded Stoicism [^2]" - Long source from 1986 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
124
cultural-movements/hellenism.md
Normal file
124
cultural-movements/hellenism.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:517513 -->
|
||||
# Hellenism
|
||||
|
||||
# Hellenism
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
Hellenism refers to the spread of Greek language, culture, art, and thought across the eastern Mediterranean and Near East following Alexander the Great's conquests (323 BCE onward). The Hellenistic period lasted until Roman absorption of the last successor kingdom (30 BCE).
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Period: 323–30 BCE (death of Alexander to death of Cleopatra VII)
|
||||
- Region: Eastern Mediterranean, Near East, Central Asia, Egypt
|
||||
- Key kingdoms: Ptolemaic Egypt, Seleucid Empire, Antigonid Macedon, Pergamon
|
||||
- Lingua franca: Koine Greek
|
||||
|
||||
## Cultural Achievements
|
||||
- Library of Alexandria and the Mouseion
|
||||
- Hellenistic sculpture: Venus de Milo, Winged Victory of Samothrace, Laocoön
|
||||
- Science: Euclid, Archimedes, Eratosthenes, Hipparchus
|
||||
- Philosophy: Stoicism, Epicureanism, Skepticism flourished [^1]
|
||||
|
||||
## Syncretism
|
||||
- Greek and local cultures blended: Serapis (Egyptian-Greek deity), Gandhara art (Greek-Buddhist)
|
||||
- Greek became the administrative and literary language from Egypt to Afghanistan
|
||||
- Hellenistic Judaism: Septuagint translation, Philo of Alexandria [^2]
|
||||
|
||||
## Legacy
|
||||
- Roman culture was deeply Hellenized ("Captive Greece captured her rude conqueror" — Horace)
|
||||
- Koine Greek became the language of the New Testament
|
||||
- Hellenistic science and philosophy transmitted to the Islamic Golden Age
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Shipley, G. *The Greek World After Alexander* (Routledge, 2000)
|
||||
[^2]: Green, P. *Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age* (1990)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Period: 323–30 BCE (death of Alexander to death of Cleopatra VII)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Region: Eastern Mediterranean, Near East, Central Asia, Egypt" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Key kingdoms: Ptolemaic Egypt, Seleucid Empire, Antigonid Macedon, Pergamon" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Lingua franca: Koine Greek" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Library of Alexandria and the Mouseion" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Hellenistic sculpture: Venus de Milo, Winged Victory of Samothrace, Laocoön" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Science: Euclid, Archimedes, Eratosthenes, Hipparchus" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Philosophy: Stoicism, Epicureanism, Skepticism flourished [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Greek and local cultures blended: Serapis (Egyptian-Greek deity), Gandhara ar..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Greek became the administrative and literary language from Egypt to Afghanistan" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Hellenistic Judaism: Septuagint translation, Philo of Alexandria [^2]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: "Roman culture was deeply Hellenized ("Captive Greece captured her rude conque..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 28: "Koine Greek became the language of the New Testament" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 29: "Hellenistic science and philosophy transmitted to the Islamic Golden Age" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Period: 323–30 BCE (death of Alexander to death of Cleopatra VII)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Region: Eastern Mediterranean, Near East, Central Asia, Egypt" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Key kingdoms: Ptolemaic Egypt, Seleucid Empire, Antigonid Macedon, Pergamon" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Lingua franca: Koine Greek" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Library of Alexandria and the Mouseion" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Hellenistic sculpture: Venus de Milo, Winged Victory of Samothrace, Laocoön" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Science: Euclid, Archimedes, Eratosthenes, Hipparchus" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Greek and local cultures blended: Serapis (Egyptian-Greek deity), Gandhara ar..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Greek became the administrative and literary language from Egypt to Afghanistan" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 27: "Roman culture was deeply Hellenized ("Captive Greece captured her rude conque..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 28: "Koine Greek became the language of the New Testament" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 29: "Hellenistic science and philosophy transmitted to the Islamic Golden Age" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 10: "Period: 323–30 BCE (death of Alexander to death of Cleopatra VII)" - what does "VII" mean in this context?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 19: "Philosophy: Stoicism, Epicureanism, Skepticism flourished [^1]" - Shipley source from 2000 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 24: "Hellenistic Judaism: Septuagint translation, Philo of Alexandria [^2]" - Green source from 1990 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
163
definitions/ancient-history-terms.md
Normal file
163
definitions/ancient-history-terms.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:9c16b6 -->
|
||||
# Definitions: Ancient History Terms
|
||||
|
||||
# Definitions: Ancient History Terms
|
||||
|
||||
## Chronological Terms
|
||||
- **BCE**: Before Common Era — equivalent to BC, used in secular academic contexts
|
||||
- **CE**: Common Era — equivalent to AD, used in secular academic contexts
|
||||
- **Bronze Age**: Period characterized by bronze metallurgy (~3300–1200 BCE in the Near East)
|
||||
- **Iron Age**: Period following the Bronze Age, characterized by iron technology (~1200–~500 BCE)
|
||||
- **Archaic Period**: Early phase of Greek civilization (~800–480 BCE)
|
||||
- **Classical Period**: Height of Greek civilization (~480–323 BCE)
|
||||
- **Hellenistic Period**: Post-Alexander era of Greek cultural diffusion (323–30 BCE)
|
||||
|
||||
## Political Terms
|
||||
- **Polis**: Greek city-state, the fundamental political unit of ancient Greece
|
||||
- **Satrapy**: Provincial administrative unit of the Persian Empire, governed by a satrap
|
||||
- **Principate**: First phase of the Roman Empire (27 BCE–284 CE), maintaining republican facades
|
||||
- **Dominate**: Later phase of the Roman Empire (284–476 CE), openly autocratic
|
||||
- **Foederati**: Barbarian groups settled within the Roman Empire under treaty obligations
|
||||
|
||||
## Cultural Terms
|
||||
- **Cuneiform**: Wedge-shaped writing system of Mesopotamia
|
||||
- **Hieroglyphics**: Pictorial writing system of ancient Egypt
|
||||
- **Linear A**: Undeciphered Minoan script
|
||||
- **Linear B**: Deciphered Mycenaean Greek script
|
||||
- **Koine Greek**: Common dialect of Greek used across the Hellenistic world
|
||||
|
||||
## Archaeological Terms
|
||||
- **Tell/Tel**: Artificial mound formed by accumulated remains of ancient settlements
|
||||
- **Stele/Stela**: Upright stone slab used for commemorative or legal inscriptions
|
||||
- **Ziggurat**: Stepped temple platform in Mesopotamian architecture
|
||||
- **Necropolis**: Large ancient cemetery ("city of the dead")
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 7: "**BCE**: Before Common Era — equivalent to BC, used in secular academic con..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 8: "**CE**: Common Era — equivalent to AD, used in secular academic contexts" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 9: "**Bronze Age**: Period characterized by bronze metallurgy (~3300–1200 BCE i..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "**Iron Age**: Period following the Bronze Age, characterized by iron technolo..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "**Archaic Period**: Early phase of Greek civilization (~800–480 BCE)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "**Classical Period**: Height of Greek civilization (~480–323 BCE)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "**Hellenistic Period**: Post-Alexander era of Greek cultural diffusion (323..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "**Polis**: Greek city-state, the fundamental political unit of ancient Greece" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "**Satrapy**: Provincial administrative unit of the Persian Empire, governed b..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "**Principate**: First phase of the Roman Empire (27 BCE–284 CE), maintainin..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "**Dominate**: Later phase of the Roman Empire (284–476 CE), openly autocratic" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "**Foederati**: Barbarian groups settled within the Roman Empire under treaty ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "**Cuneiform**: Wedge-shaped writing system of Mesopotamia" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "**Hieroglyphics**: Pictorial writing system of ancient Egypt" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "**Linear A**: Undeciphered Minoan script" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "**Linear B**: Deciphered Mycenaean Greek script" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: "**Koine Greek**: Common dialect of Greek used across the Hellenistic world" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 30: "**Tell/Tel**: Artificial mound formed by accumulated remains of ancient settl..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 31: "**Stele/Stela**: Upright stone slab used for commemorative or legal inscriptions" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 32: "**Ziggurat**: Stepped temple platform in Mesopotamian architecture" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 33: "**Necropolis**: Large ancient cemetery ("city of the dead")" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 7: "**BCE**: Before Common Era — equivalent to BC, used in secular academic con..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "**CE**: Common Era — equivalent to AD, used in secular academic contexts" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "**Bronze Age**: Period characterized by bronze metallurgy (~3300–1200 BCE i..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "**Iron Age**: Period following the Bronze Age, characterized by iron technolo..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "**Archaic Period**: Early phase of Greek civilization (~800–480 BCE)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "**Classical Period**: Height of Greek civilization (~480–323 BCE)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "**Hellenistic Period**: Post-Alexander era of Greek cultural diffusion (323..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "**Polis**: Greek city-state, the fundamental political unit of ancient Greece" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "**Satrapy**: Provincial administrative unit of the Persian Empire, governed b..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "**Principate**: First phase of the Roman Empire (27 BCE–284 CE), maintainin..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "**Dominate**: Later phase of the Roman Empire (284–476 CE), openly autocratic" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "**Foederati**: Barbarian groups settled within the Roman Empire under treaty ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "**Cuneiform**: Wedge-shaped writing system of Mesopotamia" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "**Hieroglyphics**: Pictorial writing system of ancient Egypt" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "**Linear A**: Undeciphered Minoan script" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 26: "**Linear B**: Deciphered Mycenaean Greek script" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 27: "**Koine Greek**: Common dialect of Greek used across the Hellenistic world" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 30: "**Tell/Tel**: Artificial mound formed by accumulated remains of ancient settl..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 31: "**Stele/Stela**: Upright stone slab used for commemorative or legal inscriptions" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 32: "**Ziggurat**: Stepped temple platform in Mesopotamian architecture" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 33: "**Necropolis**: Large ancient cemetery ("city of the dead")" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
128
legal-codes/code-of-hammurabi.md
Normal file
128
legal-codes/code-of-hammurabi.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:31de03 -->
|
||||
# Code of Hammurabi
|
||||
|
||||
# Code of Hammurabi
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
The Code of Hammurabi (~1754 BCE) is one of the most complete and well-known ancient legal codes, inscribed on a basalt stele and containing 282 laws governing Babylonian society.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Date: ~1754 BCE
|
||||
- Issuer: Hammurabi, King of Babylon
|
||||
- Language: Akkadian (Babylonian dialect)
|
||||
- Medium: Basalt stele, 2.25 m tall
|
||||
- Current location: Louvre Museum, Paris (discovered at Susa, 1901)
|
||||
|
||||
## Structure
|
||||
- Prologue: Hammurabi as divinely appointed shepherd of his people
|
||||
- 282 laws organized by topic
|
||||
- Epilogue: Blessings for those who uphold the laws, curses for those who deface the stele [^1]
|
||||
|
||||
## Legal Principles
|
||||
- *Lex talionis*: "An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth" (with class-based modifications)
|
||||
- Three social classes: *awilum* (free), *mushkenum* (dependent), *wardum* (slave)
|
||||
- Covers: Property, trade, family law, labor, personal injury, agriculture
|
||||
- Presumption of innocence in some cases; trial by ordeal in others [^2]
|
||||
|
||||
## Significance
|
||||
- Not the earliest code (preceded by Code of Ur-Nammu) but the most complete
|
||||
- Provides detailed picture of Old Babylonian society
|
||||
- Influenced later Near Eastern legal traditions
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Roth, M.T. *Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor* (1997)
|
||||
[^2]: Driver, G.R. & Miles, J.C. *The Babylonian Laws* (Oxford, 1952–1955)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Date: ~1754 BCE" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Issuer: Hammurabi, King of Babylon" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Language: Akkadian (Babylonian dialect)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Medium: Basalt stele, 2.25 m tall" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Current location: Louvre Museum, Paris (discovered at Susa, 1901)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Prologue: Hammurabi as divinely appointed shepherd of his people" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "282 laws organized by topic" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Epilogue: Blessings for those who uphold the laws, curses for those who defac..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "*Lex talionis*: "An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth" (with class-based mo..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Three social classes: *awilum* (free), *mushkenum* (dependent), *wardum* (slave)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Covers: Property, trade, family law, labor, personal injury, agriculture" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Presumption of innocence in some cases; trial by ordeal in others [^2]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 28: "Not the earliest code (preceded by Code of Ur-Nammu) but the most complete" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 29: "Provides detailed picture of Old Babylonian society" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 30: "Influenced later Near Eastern legal traditions" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Date: ~1754 BCE" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Issuer: Hammurabi, King of Babylon" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Language: Akkadian (Babylonian dialect)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Medium: Basalt stele, 2.25 m tall" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Current location: Louvre Museum, Paris (discovered at Susa, 1901)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Prologue: Hammurabi as divinely appointed shepherd of his people" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "282 laws organized by topic" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "*Lex talionis*: "An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth" (with class-based mo..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Three social classes: *awilum* (free), *mushkenum* (dependent), *wardum* (slave)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Covers: Property, trade, family law, labor, personal injury, agriculture" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 28: "Not the earliest code (preceded by Code of Ur-Nammu) but the most complete" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 29: "Provides detailed picture of Old Babylonian society" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 30: "Influenced later Near Eastern legal traditions" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 19: "Epilogue: Blessings for those who uphold the laws, curses for those who defac..." - Roth source from 1997 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 25: "Presumption of innocence in some cases; trial by ordeal in others [^2]" - Driver source from 1952 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
98
legal-codes/code-of-ur-nammu.md
Normal file
98
legal-codes/code-of-ur-nammu.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:5a1717 -->
|
||||
# Code of Ur-Nammu
|
||||
|
||||
# Code of Ur-Nammu
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
The Code of Ur-Nammu (~2100–2050 BCE) is the oldest known legal code, predating the Code of Hammurabi by ~300 years. It was issued by Ur-Nammu (or his son Shulgi) of the Third Dynasty of Ur.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Date: ~2100–2050 BCE
|
||||
- Issuer: Ur-Nammu or Shulgi, Third Dynasty of Ur
|
||||
- Language: Sumerian
|
||||
- Discovered: Fragments found at Nippur and Ur
|
||||
|
||||
## Content
|
||||
- Prologue establishes the king as agent of divine justice
|
||||
- ~30 surviving laws (originally more)
|
||||
- Covers: Bodily injury, robbery, sexual offenses, marriage, slavery, agricultural disputes
|
||||
- Uses monetary compensation (fines) rather than *lex talionis* ("eye for an eye") [^1]
|
||||
|
||||
## Significance
|
||||
- Oldest known legal code, predating Hammurabi by ~300 years
|
||||
- Shows that Sumerian legal tradition favored fines over physical punishment
|
||||
- Demonstrates sophisticated legal thinking in the 3rd millennium BCE [^2]
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Roth, M.T. *Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor* (1997)
|
||||
[^2]: Kramer, S.N. "Ur-Nammu Law Code" *Orientalia* 23 (1954)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Date: ~2100–2050 BCE" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Issuer: Ur-Nammu or Shulgi, Third Dynasty of Ur" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Language: Sumerian" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Discovered: Fragments found at Nippur and Ur" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Prologue establishes the king as agent of divine justice" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "~30 surviving laws (originally more)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Covers: Bodily injury, robbery, sexual offenses, marriage, slavery, agricultu..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Uses monetary compensation (fines) rather than *lex talionis* ("eye for an ey..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Oldest known legal code, predating Hammurabi by ~300 years" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Shows that Sumerian legal tradition favored fines over physical punishment" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Demonstrates sophisticated legal thinking in the 3rd millennium BCE [^2]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Date: ~2100–2050 BCE" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Issuer: Ur-Nammu or Shulgi, Third Dynasty of Ur" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Language: Sumerian" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Discovered: Fragments found at Nippur and Ur" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Prologue establishes the king as agent of divine justice" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "~30 surviving laws (originally more)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Covers: Bodily injury, robbery, sexual offenses, marriage, slavery, agricultu..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Oldest known legal code, predating Hammurabi by ~300 years" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Shows that Sumerian legal tradition favored fines over physical punishment" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 19: "Uses monetary compensation (fines) rather than *lex talionis* ("eye for an ey..." - Roth source from 1997 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 24: "Demonstrates sophisticated legal thinking in the 3rd millennium BCE [^2]" - Kramer source from 1954 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
112
legal-codes/twelve-tables.md
Normal file
112
legal-codes/twelve-tables.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:6beab6 -->
|
||||
# Twelve Tables
|
||||
|
||||
# Twelve Tables
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
The Twelve Tables (~451–450 BCE) were the foundation of Roman law, the first written legal code of the Roman Republic. They were created in response to plebeian demands for publicly accessible laws.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Date: ~451–450 BCE
|
||||
- Issuer: Decemviri (commission of ten men)
|
||||
- Language: Archaic Latin
|
||||
- Context: Conflict of the Orders between patricians and plebeians
|
||||
|
||||
## Content
|
||||
- Originally inscribed on twelve bronze tablets displayed in the Roman Forum
|
||||
- Covered: Court procedure, debt, family law, property, inheritance, torts, public law [^1]
|
||||
- Established legal equality (in principle) between patricians and plebeians
|
||||
- Prohibited intermarriage between classes (later repealed by *Lex Canuleia*, 445 BCE)
|
||||
|
||||
## Significance
|
||||
- Foundation of all subsequent Roman law (*ius civile*)
|
||||
- First written Roman law, ending patrician monopoly on legal interpretation
|
||||
- Roman schoolchildren memorized them for centuries
|
||||
- Original tablets lost (possibly in the Gallic sack of Rome, 390 BCE) [^2]
|
||||
- Survived through quotations in later Roman legal and literary sources
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Crawford, M.H. *Roman Statutes* (1996)
|
||||
[^2]: Watson, A. *Rome of the XII Tables* (Princeton, 1975)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Date: ~451–450 BCE" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Issuer: Decemviri (commission of ten men)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Language: Archaic Latin" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Context: Conflict of the Orders between patricians and plebeians" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Originally inscribed on twelve bronze tablets displayed in the Roman Forum" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Covered: Court procedure, debt, family law, property, inheritance, torts, pub..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Established legal equality (in principle) between patricians and plebeians" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Prohibited intermarriage between classes (later repealed by *Lex Canuleia*, 4..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Foundation of all subsequent Roman law (*ius civile*)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "First written Roman law, ending patrician monopoly on legal interpretation" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Roman schoolchildren memorized them for centuries" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Original tablets lost (possibly in the Gallic sack of Rome, 390 BCE) [^2]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Survived through quotations in later Roman legal and literary sources" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Date: ~451–450 BCE" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Issuer: Decemviri (commission of ten men)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Language: Archaic Latin" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Context: Conflict of the Orders between patricians and plebeians" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Originally inscribed on twelve bronze tablets displayed in the Roman Forum" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Established legal equality (in principle) between patricians and plebeians" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Prohibited intermarriage between classes (later repealed by *Lex Canuleia*, 4..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Foundation of all subsequent Roman law (*ius civile*)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "First written Roman law, ending patrician monopoly on legal interpretation" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Roman schoolchildren memorized them for centuries" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 26: "Survived through quotations in later Roman legal and literary sources" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "Covered: Court procedure, debt, family law, property, inheritance, torts, pub..." - Crawford source from 1996 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 25: "Original tablets lost (possibly in the Gallic sack of Rome, 390 BCE) [^2]" - Watson source from 1975 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
15
logs/.f3c514f11e6b5fa8bf09f05270ce8cfa4ade0d0b-audit.json
Normal file
15
logs/.f3c514f11e6b5fa8bf09f05270ce8cfa4ade0d0b-audit.json
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
|
||||
{
|
||||
"keep": {
|
||||
"days": true,
|
||||
"amount": 14
|
||||
},
|
||||
"auditLog": "/home/ubuntu/work/factbase-ancient-history/logs/.f3c514f11e6b5fa8bf09f05270ce8cfa4ade0d0b-audit.json",
|
||||
"files": [
|
||||
{
|
||||
"date": 1771792325398,
|
||||
"name": "/home/ubuntu/work/factbase-ancient-history/logs/mcp-puppeteer-2026-02-22.log",
|
||||
"hash": "88443be2303706e67644858e56887080a7e5fd259f6d29b5a2e4bfb8285325d2"
|
||||
}
|
||||
],
|
||||
"hashType": "sha256"
|
||||
}
|
||||
45
logs/combined.log
Normal file
45
logs/combined.log
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
|
||||
{"level":30,"time":1771792326136,"env":"development","version":"2.8.4","pid":1059883,"requestId":"YUFH6-ZY5FO","timestamp":"2026-02-22T20:32:06.135Z","operation":"loggerInit","msg":"Logger initialized. MCP level: info."}
|
||||
{"level":30,"time":1771792326137,"env":"development","version":"2.8.4","pid":1059883,"requestId":"808GM-4EGI9","timestamp":"2026-02-22T20:32:06.137Z","operation":"LoggerInit","msg":"Logger initialized. Effective MCP logging level: info."}
|
||||
{"level":30,"time":1771792326137,"env":"development","version":"2.8.4","pid":1059883,"runtime":"node","runtimeVersion":"Node.js 22.15.0","requestId":"WBTXI-58B7F","timestamp":"2026-02-22T20:32:06.137Z","operation":"RuntimeDetection","msg":"Runtime detected: Node.js 22.15.0"}
|
||||
{"level":30,"time":1771792326137,"env":"development","version":"2.8.4","pid":1059883,"requestId":"DKVP3-MS2LL","timestamp":"2026-02-22T20:32:06.137Z","operation":"StorageInit","msg":"Storage service initialized with provider: in-memory"}
|
||||
{"level":30,"time":1771792326138,"env":"development","version":"2.8.4","pid":1059883,"applicationName":"@cyanheads/git-mcp-server","applicationVersion":"2.8.4","nodeEnvironment":"development","requestId":"YVGMV-KKCVE","timestamp":"2026-02-22T20:32:06.138Z","operation":"ServerStartup","msg":"Starting @cyanheads/git-mcp-server (v2.8.4)..."}
|
||||
{"level":30,"time":1771792326138,"env":"development","version":"2.8.4","pid":1059883,"transport":"stdio","requestId":"W345O-XX9TA","timestamp":"2026-02-22T20:32:06.138Z","operation":"TransportManager.start","msg":"Starting transport: stdio"}
|
||||
{"level":30,"time":1771792326138,"env":"development","version":"2.8.4","pid":1059883,"requestId":"B4U4B-KTBBO","timestamp":"2026-02-22T20:32:06.138Z","operation":"createMcpServerInstance","msg":"Initializing MCP server instance"}
|
||||
{"level":30,"time":1771792326147,"env":"development","version":"2.8.4","pid":1059883,"requestId":"2HFS6-Q98HK","timestamp":"2026-02-22T20:32:06.147Z","operation":"ToolRegistry.registerAll","msg":"Registering 28 tool(s)..."}
|
||||
{"level":30,"time":1771792326149,"env":"development","version":"2.8.4","pid":1059883,"toolName":"git_add","requestId":"89DHU-1XS8B","timestamp":"2026-02-22T20:32:06.147Z","operation":"ToolRegistry.registerTool","msg":"Tool 'git_add' registered successfully."}
|
||||
{"level":30,"time":1771792326149,"env":"development","version":"2.8.4","pid":1059883,"toolName":"git_blame","requestId":"L049X-ZLDOB","timestamp":"2026-02-22T20:32:06.149Z","operation":"ToolRegistry.registerTool","msg":"Tool 'git_blame' registered successfully."}
|
||||
{"level":30,"time":1771792326149,"env":"development","version":"2.8.4","pid":1059883,"toolName":"git_branch","requestId":"3K3N9-HL1M5","timestamp":"2026-02-22T20:32:06.149Z","operation":"ToolRegistry.registerTool","msg":"Tool 'git_branch' registered successfully."}
|
||||
{"level":30,"time":1771792326149,"env":"development","version":"2.8.4","pid":1059883,"toolName":"git_changelog_analyze","requestId":"FNBCY-4Q2KT","timestamp":"2026-02-22T20:32:06.149Z","operation":"ToolRegistry.registerTool","msg":"Tool 'git_changelog_analyze' registered successfully."}
|
||||
{"level":30,"time":1771792326150,"env":"development","version":"2.8.4","pid":1059883,"toolName":"git_checkout","requestId":"RUG8B-EYYSV","timestamp":"2026-02-22T20:32:06.150Z","operation":"ToolRegistry.registerTool","msg":"Tool 'git_checkout' registered successfully."}
|
||||
{"level":30,"time":1771792326150,"env":"development","version":"2.8.4","pid":1059883,"toolName":"git_cherry_pick","requestId":"7DONR-PID98","timestamp":"2026-02-22T20:32:06.150Z","operation":"ToolRegistry.registerTool","msg":"Tool 'git_cherry_pick' registered successfully."}
|
||||
{"level":30,"time":1771792326150,"env":"development","version":"2.8.4","pid":1059883,"toolName":"git_clean","requestId":"72TGN-XC4P5","timestamp":"2026-02-22T20:32:06.150Z","operation":"ToolRegistry.registerTool","msg":"Tool 'git_clean' registered successfully."}
|
||||
{"level":30,"time":1771792326150,"env":"development","version":"2.8.4","pid":1059883,"toolName":"git_clear_working_dir","requestId":"E9D0S-DTI0Y","timestamp":"2026-02-22T20:32:06.150Z","operation":"ToolRegistry.registerTool","msg":"Tool 'git_clear_working_dir' registered successfully."}
|
||||
{"level":30,"time":1771792326150,"env":"development","version":"2.8.4","pid":1059883,"toolName":"git_clone","requestId":"88TSO-3ZKAA","timestamp":"2026-02-22T20:32:06.150Z","operation":"ToolRegistry.registerTool","msg":"Tool 'git_clone' registered successfully."}
|
||||
{"level":30,"time":1771792326151,"env":"development","version":"2.8.4","pid":1059883,"toolName":"git_commit","requestId":"VNBP7-M11MJ","timestamp":"2026-02-22T20:32:06.151Z","operation":"ToolRegistry.registerTool","msg":"Tool 'git_commit' registered successfully."}
|
||||
{"level":30,"time":1771792326151,"env":"development","version":"2.8.4","pid":1059883,"toolName":"git_diff","requestId":"3UVPL-730SO","timestamp":"2026-02-22T20:32:06.151Z","operation":"ToolRegistry.registerTool","msg":"Tool 'git_diff' registered successfully."}
|
||||
{"level":30,"time":1771792326151,"env":"development","version":"2.8.4","pid":1059883,"toolName":"git_fetch","requestId":"LY8KV-HKLTM","timestamp":"2026-02-22T20:32:06.151Z","operation":"ToolRegistry.registerTool","msg":"Tool 'git_fetch' registered successfully."}
|
||||
{"level":30,"time":1771792326151,"env":"development","version":"2.8.4","pid":1059883,"toolName":"git_init","requestId":"CP4PY-JKCIU","timestamp":"2026-02-22T20:32:06.151Z","operation":"ToolRegistry.registerTool","msg":"Tool 'git_init' registered successfully."}
|
||||
{"level":30,"time":1771792326151,"env":"development","version":"2.8.4","pid":1059883,"toolName":"git_log","requestId":"KZKRV-IZOLW","timestamp":"2026-02-22T20:32:06.151Z","operation":"ToolRegistry.registerTool","msg":"Tool 'git_log' registered successfully."}
|
||||
{"level":30,"time":1771792326151,"env":"development","version":"2.8.4","pid":1059883,"toolName":"git_merge","requestId":"YQNKQ-MLOAO","timestamp":"2026-02-22T20:32:06.151Z","operation":"ToolRegistry.registerTool","msg":"Tool 'git_merge' registered successfully."}
|
||||
{"level":30,"time":1771792326152,"env":"development","version":"2.8.4","pid":1059883,"toolName":"git_pull","requestId":"NNWIW-M7291","timestamp":"2026-02-22T20:32:06.152Z","operation":"ToolRegistry.registerTool","msg":"Tool 'git_pull' registered successfully."}
|
||||
{"level":30,"time":1771792326152,"env":"development","version":"2.8.4","pid":1059883,"toolName":"git_push","requestId":"KU59F-69FZC","timestamp":"2026-02-22T20:32:06.152Z","operation":"ToolRegistry.registerTool","msg":"Tool 'git_push' registered successfully."}
|
||||
{"level":30,"time":1771792326152,"env":"development","version":"2.8.4","pid":1059883,"toolName":"git_rebase","requestId":"PMHKY-Z1VQH","timestamp":"2026-02-22T20:32:06.152Z","operation":"ToolRegistry.registerTool","msg":"Tool 'git_rebase' registered successfully."}
|
||||
{"level":30,"time":1771792326152,"env":"development","version":"2.8.4","pid":1059883,"toolName":"git_reflog","requestId":"08EHI-DXHIX","timestamp":"2026-02-22T20:32:06.152Z","operation":"ToolRegistry.registerTool","msg":"Tool 'git_reflog' registered successfully."}
|
||||
{"level":30,"time":1771792326152,"env":"development","version":"2.8.4","pid":1059883,"toolName":"git_remote","requestId":"KHTYO-MYQ60","timestamp":"2026-02-22T20:32:06.152Z","operation":"ToolRegistry.registerTool","msg":"Tool 'git_remote' registered successfully."}
|
||||
{"level":30,"time":1771792326152,"env":"development","version":"2.8.4","pid":1059883,"toolName":"git_reset","requestId":"RD61R-VWB54","timestamp":"2026-02-22T20:32:06.152Z","operation":"ToolRegistry.registerTool","msg":"Tool 'git_reset' registered successfully."}
|
||||
{"level":30,"time":1771792326152,"env":"development","version":"2.8.4","pid":1059883,"toolName":"git_set_working_dir","requestId":"64U5O-BA913","timestamp":"2026-02-22T20:32:06.152Z","operation":"ToolRegistry.registerTool","msg":"Tool 'git_set_working_dir' registered successfully."}
|
||||
{"level":30,"time":1771792326153,"env":"development","version":"2.8.4","pid":1059883,"toolName":"git_show","requestId":"W97ZO-PIJVD","timestamp":"2026-02-22T20:32:06.153Z","operation":"ToolRegistry.registerTool","msg":"Tool 'git_show' registered successfully."}
|
||||
{"level":30,"time":1771792326153,"env":"development","version":"2.8.4","pid":1059883,"toolName":"git_stash","requestId":"GL8QP-OUETZ","timestamp":"2026-02-22T20:32:06.153Z","operation":"ToolRegistry.registerTool","msg":"Tool 'git_stash' registered successfully."}
|
||||
{"level":30,"time":1771792326153,"env":"development","version":"2.8.4","pid":1059883,"toolName":"git_status","requestId":"D4PHJ-VF0JK","timestamp":"2026-02-22T20:32:06.153Z","operation":"ToolRegistry.registerTool","msg":"Tool 'git_status' registered successfully."}
|
||||
{"level":30,"time":1771792326153,"env":"development","version":"2.8.4","pid":1059883,"toolName":"git_tag","requestId":"NK93W-VNRZS","timestamp":"2026-02-22T20:32:06.153Z","operation":"ToolRegistry.registerTool","msg":"Tool 'git_tag' registered successfully."}
|
||||
{"level":30,"time":1771792326153,"env":"development","version":"2.8.4","pid":1059883,"toolName":"git_worktree","requestId":"O3CLH-V3COK","timestamp":"2026-02-22T20:32:06.153Z","operation":"ToolRegistry.registerTool","msg":"Tool 'git_worktree' registered successfully."}
|
||||
{"level":30,"time":1771792326153,"env":"development","version":"2.8.4","pid":1059883,"toolName":"git_wrapup_instructions","requestId":"9RU3B-TQ56D","timestamp":"2026-02-22T20:32:06.153Z","operation":"ToolRegistry.registerTool","msg":"Tool 'git_wrapup_instructions' registered successfully."}
|
||||
{"level":30,"time":1771792326154,"env":"development","version":"2.8.4","pid":1059883,"requestId":"2HQ8F-6S1G5","timestamp":"2026-02-22T20:32:06.154Z","operation":"ResourceRegistry.registerAll","msg":"Registering 1 resource(s)..."}
|
||||
{"level":30,"time":1771792326154,"env":"development","version":"2.8.4","pid":1059883,"requestId":"UPK0P-MQK3W","timestamp":"2026-02-22T20:32:06.154Z","resourceName":"git-working-directory","operation":"RegisterResource","msg":"Registering resource: 'git-working-directory'"}
|
||||
{"level":30,"time":1771792326155,"env":"development","version":"2.8.4","pid":1059883,"requestId":"UPK0P-MQK3W","timestamp":"2026-02-22T20:32:06.154Z","resourceName":"git-working-directory","operation":"RegisterResource","msg":"Resource 'git-working-directory' registered successfully."}
|
||||
{"level":30,"time":1771792326157,"env":"development","version":"2.8.4","pid":1059883,"requestId":"UWJL1-4JA6V","timestamp":"2026-02-22T20:32:06.156Z","operation":"PromptRegistry.registerAll","msg":"Registered prompt: git_wrapup"}
|
||||
{"level":30,"time":1771792326157,"env":"development","version":"2.8.4","pid":1059883,"requestId":"UWJL1-4JA6V","timestamp":"2026-02-22T20:32:06.156Z","operation":"PromptRegistry.registerAll","msg":"Successfully registered 1 prompts"}
|
||||
{"level":30,"time":1771792326157,"env":"development","version":"2.8.4","pid":1059883,"requestId":"B4U4B-KTBBO","timestamp":"2026-02-22T20:32:06.138Z","operation":"createMcpServerInstance","msg":"All MCP capabilities registered successfully"}
|
||||
{"level":30,"time":1771792326157,"env":"development","version":"2.8.4","pid":1059883,"transport":"stdio","requestId":"W345O-XX9TA","timestamp":"2026-02-22T20:32:06.138Z","operation":"connectStdioTransport","transportType":"Stdio","msg":"Attempting to connect stdio transport..."}
|
||||
{"level":30,"time":1771792326157,"env":"development","version":"2.8.4","pid":1059883,"transport":"stdio","requestId":"W345O-XX9TA","timestamp":"2026-02-22T20:32:06.138Z","operation":"connectStdioTransport","transportType":"Stdio","msg":"MCP Server connected and listening via stdio transport."}
|
||||
{"level":30,"time":1771792326157,"env":"development","version":"2.8.4","pid":1059883,"applicationName":"@cyanheads/git-mcp-server","applicationVersion":"2.8.4","nodeEnvironment":"development","requestId":"YVGMV-KKCVE","timestamp":"2026-02-22T20:32:06.138Z","operation":"ServerStartup","msg":"@cyanheads/git-mcp-server is now running and ready."}
|
||||
0
logs/error.log
Normal file
0
logs/error.log
Normal file
0
logs/interactions.log
Normal file
0
logs/interactions.log
Normal file
4
logs/mcp-puppeteer-2026-02-22.log
Normal file
4
logs/mcp-puppeteer-2026-02-22.log
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
|
||||
{"level":"info","message":"Starting MCP server","service":"mcp-puppeteer","timestamp":"2026-02-22 20:32:05.470"}
|
||||
{"level":"info","message":"MCP server started successfully","service":"mcp-puppeteer","timestamp":"2026-02-22 20:32:05.473"}
|
||||
{"level":"info","message":"Starting MCP server","service":"mcp-puppeteer","timestamp":"2026-02-22 20:33:25.000"}
|
||||
{"level":"info","message":"MCP server started successfully","service":"mcp-puppeteer","timestamp":"2026-02-22 20:33:25.002"}
|
||||
1
perspective.yaml
Normal file
1
perspective.yaml
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
|
||||
# Factbase perspective
|
||||
122
religions/ancient-egyptian-religion.md
Normal file
122
religions/ancient-egyptian-religion.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:9f0b6a -->
|
||||
# Ancient Egyptian Religion
|
||||
|
||||
# Ancient Egyptian Religion
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
Ancient Egyptian religion was a complex polytheistic system practiced for over 3,000 years, centered on maintaining *ma'at* (cosmic order) through ritual, temple worship, and funerary practices.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Period: ~3100 BCE – ~400 CE (suppressed under Christianity)
|
||||
- Type: Polytheistic with henotheistic tendencies
|
||||
- Sacred texts: Pyramid Texts, Coffin Texts, Book of the Dead
|
||||
- Priesthood: Temple-based, pharaoh as chief intermediary with the gods
|
||||
|
||||
## Major Deities
|
||||
- Ra/Amun-Ra: Sun god, king of the gods
|
||||
- Osiris: God of the dead and resurrection
|
||||
- Isis: Goddess of magic and motherhood
|
||||
- Horus: Sky god, divine kingship
|
||||
- Anubis: God of mummification
|
||||
- Thoth: God of writing and wisdom [^1]
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Concepts
|
||||
- *Ma'at*: Cosmic order, truth, and justice
|
||||
- *Ka* and *Ba*: Aspects of the soul
|
||||
- Afterlife: Judgment by Osiris, weighing of the heart against the feather of Ma'at
|
||||
- Mummification: Preservation of the body for the afterlife
|
||||
|
||||
## Atenism
|
||||
Pharaoh Akhenaten (~1353–1336 BCE) briefly imposed monotheistic worship of the Aten (sun disk), suppressing other cults. Reversed after his death [^2].
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Wilkinson, R. *The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt* (2003)
|
||||
[^2]: Assmann, J. *The Search for God in Ancient Egypt* (Cornell, 2001)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Period: ~3100 BCE – ~400 CE (suppressed under Christianity)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Type: Polytheistic with henotheistic tendencies" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Sacred texts: Pyramid Texts, Coffin Texts, Book of the Dead" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Priesthood: Temple-based, pharaoh as chief intermediary with the gods" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Ra/Amun-Ra: Sun god, king of the gods" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Osiris: God of the dead and resurrection" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Isis: Goddess of magic and motherhood" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Horus: Sky god, divine kingship" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Anubis: God of mummification" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "Thoth: God of writing and wisdom [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "*Ma'at*: Cosmic order, truth, and justice" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "*Ka* and *Ba*: Aspects of the soul" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Afterlife: Judgment by Osiris, weighing of the heart against the feather of M..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: "Mummification: Preservation of the body for the afterlife" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Period: ~3100 BCE – ~400 CE (suppressed under Christianity)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Type: Polytheistic with henotheistic tendencies" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Sacred texts: Pyramid Texts, Coffin Texts, Book of the Dead" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Priesthood: Temple-based, pharaoh as chief intermediary with the gods" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Ra/Amun-Ra: Sun god, king of the gods" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Osiris: God of the dead and resurrection" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Isis: Goddess of magic and motherhood" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Horus: Sky god, divine kingship" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Anubis: God of mummification" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "*Ma'at*: Cosmic order, truth, and justice" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "*Ka* and *Ba*: Aspects of the soul" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 26: "Afterlife: Judgment by Osiris, weighing of the heart against the feather of M..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 27: "Mummification: Preservation of the body for the afterlife" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 21: "Thoth: God of writing and wisdom [^1]" - Wilkinson source from 2003 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
115
religions/early-christianity.md
Normal file
115
religions/early-christianity.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:459036 -->
|
||||
# Early Christianity
|
||||
|
||||
# Early Christianity
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
Early Christianity emerged in the 1st century CE as a Jewish sect in Roman Judaea, growing into a major religion across the Roman Empire before becoming the state religion under Theodosius I in 380 CE. @t[=380]
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Origin: Roman Judaea, ~30 CE
|
||||
- Founder: Jesus of Nazareth (~4 BCE – ~30 CE)
|
||||
- Key figures: Paul of Tarsus, Peter, James
|
||||
- Sacred texts: New Testament (written ~50–120 CE)
|
||||
- State religion of Rome: 380 CE (Edict of Thessalonica) @t[=380]
|
||||
|
||||
## Spread and Development
|
||||
- Paul's missionary journeys (~46–60 CE) spread Christianity across the eastern Mediterranean [^1]
|
||||
- Persecutions under Nero (64 CE), Decius (250 CE), Diocletian (303–311 CE)
|
||||
- Edict of Milan (313 CE): Constantine legalized Christianity @t[=313]
|
||||
- Council of Nicaea (325 CE): First ecumenical council, established the Nicene Creed @t[=325]
|
||||
- Edict of Thessalonica (380 CE): Christianity became the state religion @t[=380]
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Theological Developments
|
||||
- Christological debates: Nature of Christ (Council of Nicaea, Chalcedon)
|
||||
- Canon formation: New Testament canon largely settled by ~4th century CE
|
||||
- Monasticism: Desert Fathers in Egypt (~3rd–4th century CE) [^2]
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Ehrman, B. *The New Testament: A Historical Introduction* (Oxford, 2016)
|
||||
[^2]: Brown, P. *The Rise of Western Christendom* (Blackwell, 2003)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Origin: Roman Judaea, ~30 CE" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Founder: Jesus of Nazareth (~4 BCE – ~30 CE)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Key figures: Paul of Tarsus, Peter, James" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Sacred texts: New Testament (written ~50–120 CE)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Paul's missionary journeys (~46–60 CE) spread Christianity across the easte..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Persecutions under Nero (64 CE), Decius (250 CE), Diocletian (303–311 CE)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Christological debates: Nature of Christ (Council of Nicaea, Chalcedon)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Canon formation: New Testament canon largely settled by ~4th century CE" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Monasticism: Desert Fathers in Egypt (~3rd–4th century CE) [^2]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 7: Malformed temporal tag @t[=380] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: Malformed temporal tag @t[=380] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: Malformed temporal tag @t[=313] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: Malformed temporal tag @t[=325] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: Malformed temporal tag @t[=380] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Origin: Roman Judaea, ~30 CE" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Founder: Jesus of Nazareth (~4 BCE – ~30 CE)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Key figures: Paul of Tarsus, Peter, James" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Sacred texts: New Testament (written ~50–120 CE)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "State religion of Rome: 380 CE (Edict of Thessalonica) @t[=380]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Persecutions under Nero (64 CE), Decius (250 CE), Diocletian (303–311 CE)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Edict of Milan (313 CE): Constantine legalized Christianity @t[=313]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Council of Nicaea (325 CE): First ecumenical council, established the Nicene ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 21: "Edict of Thessalonica (380 CE): Christianity became the state religion @t[=380]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Christological debates: Nature of Christ (Council of Nicaea, Chalcedon)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Canon formation: New Testament canon largely settled by ~4th century CE" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "Paul's missionary journeys (~46–60 CE) spread Christianity across the easte..." - Ehrman source from 2016 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 26: "Monasticism: Desert Fathers in Egypt (~3rd–4th century CE) [^2]" - Brown source from 2003 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
133
religions/greek-religion.md
Normal file
133
religions/greek-religion.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:072273 -->
|
||||
# Greek Religion
|
||||
|
||||
# Greek Religion
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
Ancient Greek religion was a polytheistic system centered on the Olympian gods, practiced through public festivals, sacrifices, oracles, and mystery cults from the Archaic through Hellenistic periods.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Period: ~800 BCE – ~400 CE (suppressed under Christianity)
|
||||
- Type: Polytheistic
|
||||
- Sacred sites: Olympia, Delphi, Eleusis, Delos
|
||||
- Key texts: Homer's *Iliad* and *Odyssey*, Hesiod's *Theogony*
|
||||
|
||||
## The Olympian Gods
|
||||
- Zeus: King of the gods, sky and thunder
|
||||
- Hera: Queen of the gods, marriage
|
||||
- Athena: Wisdom and warfare
|
||||
- Apollo: Sun, music, prophecy
|
||||
- Artemis: Hunt and wilderness
|
||||
- Poseidon: Sea and earthquakes
|
||||
- Aphrodite: Love and beauty
|
||||
- Ares, Hermes, Hephaestus, Demeter, Dionysus [^1]
|
||||
|
||||
## Religious Practices
|
||||
- Animal sacrifice at altars
|
||||
- Panhellenic festivals: Olympic Games (776 BCE–), Pythian Games, Eleusinian Mysteries
|
||||
- Oracle at Delphi: Pythia delivered prophecies from Apollo
|
||||
- Mystery cults: Eleusinian Mysteries, Orphic mysteries, Dionysiac rites [^2]
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Burkert, W. *Greek Religion* (Harvard, 1985)
|
||||
[^2]: Mikalson, J. *Ancient Greek Religion* (Blackwell, 2010)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Period: ~800 BCE – ~400 CE (suppressed under Christianity)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Type: Polytheistic" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Sacred sites: Olympia, Delphi, Eleusis, Delos" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Key texts: Homer's *Iliad* and *Odyssey*, Hesiod's *Theogony*" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Zeus: King of the gods, sky and thunder" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Hera: Queen of the gods, marriage" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Athena: Wisdom and warfare" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Apollo: Sun, music, prophecy" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Artemis: Hunt and wilderness" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "Poseidon: Sea and earthquakes" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Aphrodite: Love and beauty" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Ares, Hermes, Hephaestus, Demeter, Dionysus [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Animal sacrifice at altars" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: "Panhellenic festivals: Olympic Games (776 BCE–), Pythian Games, Eleusinian ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 28: "Oracle at Delphi: Pythia delivered prophecies from Apollo" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 29: "Mystery cults: Eleusinian Mysteries, Orphic mysteries, Dionysiac rites [^2]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Period: ~800 BCE – ~400 CE (suppressed under Christianity)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Type: Polytheistic" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Sacred sites: Olympia, Delphi, Eleusis, Delos" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Key texts: Homer's *Iliad* and *Odyssey*, Hesiod's *Theogony*" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Zeus: King of the gods, sky and thunder" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Hera: Queen of the gods, marriage" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Athena: Wisdom and warfare" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Apollo: Sun, music, prophecy" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Artemis: Hunt and wilderness" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 21: "Poseidon: Sea and earthquakes" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Aphrodite: Love and beauty" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 26: "Animal sacrifice at altars" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 27: "Panhellenic festivals: Olympic Games (776 BCE–), Pythian Games, Eleusinian ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 28: "Oracle at Delphi: Pythia delivered prophecies from Apollo" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 23: "Ares, Hermes, Hephaestus, Demeter, Dionysus [^1]" - Burkert source from 1985 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 29: "Mystery cults: Eleusinian Mysteries, Orphic mysteries, Dionysiac rites [^2]" - Mikalson source from 2010 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
119
religions/mesopotamian-religion.md
Normal file
119
religions/mesopotamian-religion.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:5dccc5 -->
|
||||
# Mesopotamian Religion
|
||||
|
||||
# Mesopotamian Religion
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
Mesopotamian religion was the polytheistic belief system of Sumer, Akkad, Babylonia, and Assyria, practiced from ~4000 BCE until supplanted by Christianity and Islam. It profoundly influenced later Near Eastern religions.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Period: ~4000 BCE – ~100 CE
|
||||
- Type: Polytheistic
|
||||
- Sacred sites: Ziggurats in every major city
|
||||
- Key texts: *Enuma Elish* (creation epic), *Epic of Gilgamesh*, *Descent of Inanna*
|
||||
|
||||
## Major Deities
|
||||
- An/Anu: Sky god, father of the gods
|
||||
- Enlil: God of wind and storms, chief deity of Nippur
|
||||
- Enki/Ea: God of wisdom and fresh water
|
||||
- Inanna/Ishtar: Goddess of love, war, and fertility
|
||||
- Marduk: Patron god of Babylon, supreme deity in the *Enuma Elish*
|
||||
- Shamash/Utu: Sun god and god of justice [^1]
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Concepts
|
||||
- Ziggurats: Temple platforms connecting heaven and earth
|
||||
- Divination: Extispicy (reading entrails), astrology, dream interpretation
|
||||
- Flood narrative: Utnapishtim in the *Epic of Gilgamesh* (parallels Noah) [^2]
|
||||
- Afterlife: Gloomy underworld (*Kur*/*Irkalla*) for all, regardless of virtue
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Bottéro, J. *Religion in Ancient Mesopotamia* (University of Chicago Press, 2001)
|
||||
[^2]: Dalley, S. *Myths from Mesopotamia* (Oxford, 2000)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Period: ~4000 BCE – ~100 CE" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Type: Polytheistic" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Sacred sites: Ziggurats in every major city" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Key texts: *Enuma Elish* (creation epic), *Epic of Gilgamesh*, *Descent of In..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "An/Anu: Sky god, father of the gods" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Enlil: God of wind and storms, chief deity of Nippur" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Enki/Ea: God of wisdom and fresh water" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Inanna/Ishtar: Goddess of love, war, and fertility" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Marduk: Patron god of Babylon, supreme deity in the *Enuma Elish*" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "Shamash/Utu: Sun god and god of justice [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Ziggurats: Temple platforms connecting heaven and earth" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Divination: Extispicy (reading entrails), astrology, dream interpretation" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Flood narrative: Utnapishtim in the *Epic of Gilgamesh* (parallels Noah) [^2]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: "Afterlife: Gloomy underworld (*Kur*/*Irkalla*) for all, regardless of virtue" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Period: ~4000 BCE – ~100 CE" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Type: Polytheistic" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Sacred sites: Ziggurats in every major city" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Key texts: *Enuma Elish* (creation epic), *Epic of Gilgamesh*, *Descent of In..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "An/Anu: Sky god, father of the gods" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Enlil: God of wind and storms, chief deity of Nippur" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Enki/Ea: God of wisdom and fresh water" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Inanna/Ishtar: Goddess of love, war, and fertility" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Marduk: Patron god of Babylon, supreme deity in the *Enuma Elish*" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Ziggurats: Temple platforms connecting heaven and earth" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Divination: Extispicy (reading entrails), astrology, dream interpretation" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 27: "Afterlife: Gloomy underworld (*Kur*/*Irkalla*) for all, regardless of virtue" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 21: "Shamash/Utu: Sun god and god of justice [^1]" - Bottéro source from 2001 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 26: "Flood narrative: Utnapishtim in the *Epic of Gilgamesh* (parallels Noah) [^2]" - Dalley source from 2000 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
142
religions/roman-religion.md
Normal file
142
religions/roman-religion.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:70f24f -->
|
||||
# Roman Religion
|
||||
|
||||
# Roman Religion
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
Roman religion was a polytheistic system that evolved from early Italic and Etruscan traditions, heavily influenced by Greek religion, and centered on state ritual, augury, and the maintenance of *pax deorum* (peace with the gods).
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Period: ~8th century BCE – ~4th century CE (suppressed under Christianity)
|
||||
- Type: Polytheistic, with later imperial cult
|
||||
- Key institutions: Pontifex Maximus, Vestal Virgins, College of Augurs
|
||||
- Influenced by: Etruscan religion, Greek religion
|
||||
|
||||
## Major Deities
|
||||
- Jupiter: King of the gods (Greek Zeus)
|
||||
- Juno: Queen of the gods (Greek Hera)
|
||||
- Mars: God of war (Greek Ares), father of Romulus
|
||||
- Minerva: Goddess of wisdom (Greek Athena)
|
||||
- Venus: Goddess of love (Greek Aphrodite), ancestor of the Julian family
|
||||
- Neptune, Mercury, Diana, Apollo, Vulcan, Ceres [^1]
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Practices
|
||||
- Augury: Reading divine will through bird flight, entrails, and omens
|
||||
- Vestal Virgins: Six priestesses maintaining the sacred flame of Vesta
|
||||
- Imperial cult: Deification of emperors beginning with Julius Caesar (42 BCE)
|
||||
- *Religio*: Proper observance of ritual obligations to maintain divine favor [^2]
|
||||
|
||||
## Mystery Cults
|
||||
- Cult of Isis (from Egypt)
|
||||
- Mithraism (from Persia, popular with soldiers)
|
||||
- Cult of Cybele (from Anatolia)
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Beard, M. et al. *Religions of Rome* (Cambridge, 1998)
|
||||
[^2]: Scheid, J. *An Introduction to Roman Religion* (Indiana, 2003)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Period: ~8th century BCE – ~4th century CE (suppressed under Christianity)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Type: Polytheistic, with later imperial cult" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Key institutions: Pontifex Maximus, Vestal Virgins, College of Augurs" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Influenced by: Etruscan religion, Greek religion" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Jupiter: King of the gods (Greek Zeus)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Juno: Queen of the gods (Greek Hera)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Mars: God of war (Greek Ares), father of Romulus" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Minerva: Goddess of wisdom (Greek Athena)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Venus: Goddess of love (Greek Aphrodite), ancestor of the Julian family" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "Neptune, Mercury, Diana, Apollo, Vulcan, Ceres [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Augury: Reading divine will through bird flight, entrails, and omens" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Vestal Virgins: Six priestesses maintaining the sacred flame of Vesta" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Imperial cult: Deification of emperors beginning with Julius Caesar (42 BCE)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: "*Religio*: Proper observance of ritual obligations to maintain divine favor [^2]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 30: "Cult of Isis (from Egypt)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 31: "Mithraism (from Persia, popular with soldiers)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 32: "Cult of Cybele (from Anatolia)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Period: ~8th century BCE – ~4th century CE (suppressed under Christianity)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Type: Polytheistic, with later imperial cult" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Key institutions: Pontifex Maximus, Vestal Virgins, College of Augurs" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Influenced by: Etruscan religion, Greek religion" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Jupiter: King of the gods (Greek Zeus)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Juno: Queen of the gods (Greek Hera)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Mars: God of war (Greek Ares), father of Romulus" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Minerva: Goddess of wisdom (Greek Athena)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Venus: Goddess of love (Greek Aphrodite), ancestor of the Julian family" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Augury: Reading divine will through bird flight, entrails, and omens" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Vestal Virgins: Six priestesses maintaining the sacred flame of Vesta" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 26: "Imperial cult: Deification of emperors beginning with Julius Caesar (42 BCE)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 30: "Cult of Isis (from Egypt)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 31: "Mithraism (from Persia, popular with soldiers)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 32: "Cult of Cybele (from Anatolia)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 21: "Neptune, Mercury, Diana, Apollo, Vulcan, Ceres [^1]" - Beard source from 1998 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 27: "*Religio*: Proper observance of ritual obligations to maintain divine favor [^2]" - Scheid source from 2003 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
105
religions/zoroastrianism.md
Normal file
105
religions/zoroastrianism.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:78e9e7 -->
|
||||
# Zoroastrianism
|
||||
|
||||
# Zoroastrianism
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
Zoroastrianism is one of the world's oldest monotheistic religions, founded by the prophet Zoroaster (Zarathustra) in ancient Iran. It was the state religion of the Achaemenid, Parthian, and Sasanian empires.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Founded by: Zoroaster (Zarathustra), date debated (~1500–1000 BCE or ~600 BCE)
|
||||
- Region of origin: Eastern Iran or Central Asia
|
||||
- Sacred text: *Avesta*, including the *Gathas* (hymns attributed to Zoroaster)
|
||||
- Supreme deity: Ahura Mazda ("Wise Lord")
|
||||
|
||||
## Core Beliefs
|
||||
- Cosmic dualism: Ahura Mazda (good) vs. Angra Mainyu (evil)
|
||||
- Ethical triad: Good thoughts, good words, good deeds
|
||||
- Eschatology: Final judgment, resurrection, and triumph of good over evil
|
||||
- Sacred fire as symbol of truth and righteousness [^1]
|
||||
|
||||
## Historical Influence
|
||||
- State religion of the Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BCE)
|
||||
- Influenced Judaism, Christianity, and Islam (concepts of heaven/hell, angels, final judgment) [^2]
|
||||
- Declined after the Arab conquest of Iran (651 CE)
|
||||
- Surviving communities: Parsis in India, Zoroastrians in Iran (~100,000–200,000 worldwide)
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Boyce, M. *Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices* (Routledge, 2001)
|
||||
[^2]: Clark, P. *Zoroastrianism: An Introduction to an Ancient Faith* (1998)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Founded by: Zoroaster (Zarathustra), date debated (~1500–1000 BCE or ~600 BCE)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Region of origin: Eastern Iran or Central Asia" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Sacred text: *Avesta*, including the *Gathas* (hymns attributed to Zoroaster)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Supreme deity: Ahura Mazda ("Wise Lord")" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Cosmic dualism: Ahura Mazda (good) vs. Angra Mainyu (evil)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Ethical triad: Good thoughts, good words, good deeds" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Eschatology: Final judgment, resurrection, and triumph of good over evil" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Sacred fire as symbol of truth and righteousness [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "State religion of the Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BCE)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Influenced Judaism, Christianity, and Islam (concepts of heaven/hell, angels,..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Declined after the Arab conquest of Iran (651 CE)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Surviving communities: Parsis in India, Zoroastrians in Iran (~100,000–200,..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Founded by: Zoroaster (Zarathustra), date debated (~1500–1000 BCE or ~600 BCE)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Region of origin: Eastern Iran or Central Asia" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Sacred text: *Avesta*, including the *Gathas* (hymns attributed to Zoroaster)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Supreme deity: Ahura Mazda ("Wise Lord")" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Cosmic dualism: Ahura Mazda (good) vs. Angra Mainyu (evil)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Ethical triad: Good thoughts, good words, good deeds" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Eschatology: Final judgment, resurrection, and triumph of good over evil" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "State religion of the Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BCE)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Declined after the Arab conquest of Iran (651 CE)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Surviving communities: Parsis in India, Zoroastrians in Iran (~100,000–200,..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 19: "Sacred fire as symbol of truth and righteousness [^1]" - Boyce source from 2001 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 23: "Influenced Judaism, Christianity, and Islam (concepts of heaven/hell, angels,..." - Clark source from 1998 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
122
rulers/alexander-the-great.md
Normal file
122
rulers/alexander-the-great.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:817dc2 -->
|
||||
# Alexander the Great
|
||||
|
||||
# Alexander the Great
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
Alexander III of Macedon (356–323 BCE), known as Alexander the Great, conquered the Persian Empire and created one of the largest empires in ancient history, spreading Greek culture from Egypt to India.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Born: 356 BCE, Pella, Macedon
|
||||
- Died: 323 BCE, Babylon (age 32)
|
||||
- Reign: 336–323 BCE
|
||||
- Father: Philip II of Macedon
|
||||
- Tutor: Aristotle
|
||||
|
||||
## Major Campaigns
|
||||
- Battle of Granicus (334 BCE): First victory against Persia in Anatolia
|
||||
- Battle of Issus (333 BCE): Defeated Darius III
|
||||
- Siege of Tyre (332 BCE): Seven-month siege of the island city
|
||||
- Battle of Gaugamela (331 BCE): Decisive defeat of the Persian Empire [^1]
|
||||
- Indian campaign (327–325 BCE): Defeated King Porus at the Hydaspes
|
||||
|
||||
## Legacy
|
||||
- Founded over 20 cities, most notably Alexandria in Egypt
|
||||
- Spread Hellenistic culture across the Near East and Central Asia
|
||||
- Empire divided among his generals (Diadochi) after his death [^2]
|
||||
- Ptolemaic Egypt, Seleucid Empire, and Antigonid Macedon emerged as successor states
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Arrian, *Anabasis of Alexander*
|
||||
[^2]: Green, P. *Alexander of Macedon* (University of California Press, 1991)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Born: 356 BCE, Pella, Macedon" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Died: 323 BCE, Babylon (age 32)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Reign: 336–323 BCE" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Father: Philip II of Macedon" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Tutor: Aristotle" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Battle of Granicus (334 BCE): First victory against Persia in Anatolia" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Battle of Issus (333 BCE): Defeated Darius III" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Siege of Tyre (332 BCE): Seven-month siege of the island city" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Battle of Gaugamela (331 BCE): Decisive defeat of the Persian Empire [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "Indian campaign (327–325 BCE): Defeated King Porus at the Hydaspes" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Founded over 20 cities, most notably Alexandria in Egypt" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Spread Hellenistic culture across the Near East and Central Asia" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Empire divided among his generals (Diadochi) after his death [^2]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: "Ptolemaic Egypt, Seleucid Empire, and Antigonid Macedon emerged as successor ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Born: 356 BCE, Pella, Macedon" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Died: 323 BCE, Babylon (age 32)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Reign: 336–323 BCE" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Father: Philip II of Macedon" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Tutor: Aristotle" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Battle of Granicus (334 BCE): First victory against Persia in Anatolia" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Battle of Issus (333 BCE): Defeated Darius III" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Siege of Tyre (332 BCE): Seven-month siege of the island city" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 21: "Indian campaign (327–325 BCE): Defeated King Porus at the Hydaspes" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Founded over 20 cities, most notably Alexandria in Egypt" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Spread Hellenistic culture across the Near East and Central Asia" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 27: "Ptolemaic Egypt, Seleucid Empire, and Antigonid Macedon emerged as successor ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 13: "Father: Philip II of Macedon" - what does "II" mean in this context?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 18: "Battle of Issus (333 BCE): Defeated Darius III" - what does "III" mean in this context?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 26: "Empire divided among his generals (Diadochi) after his death [^2]" - Green source from 1991 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
121
rulers/ashoka.md
Normal file
121
rulers/ashoka.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:06d51f -->
|
||||
# Ashoka
|
||||
|
||||
# Ashoka
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
Ashoka (~304–232 BCE) was the third Maurya emperor who, after the bloody conquest of Kalinga, converted to Buddhism and promoted non-violence through rock and pillar edicts across the Indian subcontinent.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Born: ~304 BCE, Pataliputra
|
||||
- Died: ~232 BCE
|
||||
- Reign: ~268–232 BCE
|
||||
- Dynasty: Maurya
|
||||
- Religion: Buddhism (after Kalinga War)
|
||||
|
||||
## The Kalinga War
|
||||
- Conquered Kalinga (~262 BCE) with devastating casualties (~100,000 killed, 150,000 deported per his own edicts)
|
||||
- The carnage prompted his conversion to Buddhism [^1]
|
||||
|
||||
## Ashoka's Edicts
|
||||
- Rock and pillar edicts erected across the empire in Prakrit, Greek, and Aramaic
|
||||
- Promoted *dhamma* (dharma): Non-violence, religious tolerance, welfare of subjects
|
||||
- Established hospitals for humans and animals
|
||||
- Sent Buddhist missionaries to Sri Lanka, Central Asia, and the Hellenistic world [^2]
|
||||
|
||||
## Legacy
|
||||
- The Ashoka Chakra appears on India's national flag
|
||||
- Lion Capital of Ashoka at Sarnath is India's national emblem
|
||||
- Rediscovered by James Prinsep who deciphered Brahmi script in 1837
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Thapar, R. *Aśoka and the Decline of the Mauryas* (Oxford, 1961)
|
||||
[^2]: Singh, U. *A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India* (2008)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Born: ~304 BCE, Pataliputra" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Died: ~232 BCE" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Reign: ~268–232 BCE" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Dynasty: Maurya" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Religion: Buddhism (after Kalinga War)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Conquered Kalinga (~262 BCE) with devastating casualties (~100,000 killed, 15..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "The carnage prompted his conversion to Buddhism [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "Rock and pillar edicts erected across the empire in Prakrit, Greek, and Aramaic" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Promoted *dhamma* (dharma): Non-violence, religious tolerance, welfare of sub..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Established hospitals for humans and animals" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Sent Buddhist missionaries to Sri Lanka, Central Asia, and the Hellenistic wo..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: "The Ashoka Chakra appears on India's national flag" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 28: "Lion Capital of Ashoka at Sarnath is India's national emblem" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 29: "Rediscovered by James Prinsep who deciphered Brahmi script in 1837" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Born: ~304 BCE, Pataliputra" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Died: ~232 BCE" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Reign: ~268–232 BCE" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Dynasty: Maurya" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Religion: Buddhism (after Kalinga War)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Conquered Kalinga (~262 BCE) with devastating casualties (~100,000 killed, 15..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 21: "Rock and pillar edicts erected across the empire in Prakrit, Greek, and Aramaic" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Promoted *dhamma* (dharma): Non-violence, religious tolerance, welfare of sub..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Established hospitals for humans and animals" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 27: "The Ashoka Chakra appears on India's national flag" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 28: "Lion Capital of Ashoka at Sarnath is India's national emblem" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 29: "Rediscovered by James Prinsep who deciphered Brahmi script in 1837" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 18: "The carnage prompted his conversion to Buddhism [^1]" - Thapar source from 1961 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 24: "Sent Buddhist missionaries to Sri Lanka, Central Asia, and the Hellenistic wo..." - Singh source from 2008 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
116
rulers/augustus.md
Normal file
116
rulers/augustus.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:4fb0a1 -->
|
||||
# Augustus
|
||||
|
||||
# Augustus
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
Augustus (63 BCE – 14 CE), born Gaius Octavius, was the first Roman emperor. He transformed Rome from a republic into an empire and inaugurated the Pax Romana.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Born: 23 September 63 BCE, Rome
|
||||
- Died: 19 August 14 CE, Nola @t[=14]
|
||||
- Reign: 27 BCE – 14 CE
|
||||
- Original name: Gaius Octavius; adopted as Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus
|
||||
- Title: Augustus ("the revered one"), granted 27 BCE
|
||||
|
||||
## Rise to Power
|
||||
- Adopted heir of Julius Caesar (44 BCE)
|
||||
- Second Triumvirate with Mark Antony and Lepidus (43 BCE)
|
||||
- Battle of Actium (31 BCE): Defeated Antony and Cleopatra [^1]
|
||||
- Senate granted him the title Augustus (27 BCE), marking the start of the Principate
|
||||
|
||||
## Achievements
|
||||
- Pax Romana: Inaugurated ~200 years of relative peace
|
||||
- Administrative reforms: Professionalized the army, created the Praetorian Guard
|
||||
- Building program: "Found Rome a city of brick and left it a city of marble" [^2]
|
||||
- Established the imperial succession system
|
||||
- Month of August named after him
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Suetonius, *The Twelve Caesars*
|
||||
[^2]: Everitt, A. *Augustus: The Life of Rome's First Emperor* (2006)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Born: 23 September 63 BCE, Rome" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Reign: 27 BCE – 14 CE" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Original name: Gaius Octavius; adopted as Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Title: Augustus ("the revered one"), granted 27 BCE" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Adopted heir of Julius Caesar (44 BCE)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Second Triumvirate with Mark Antony and Lepidus (43 BCE)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Battle of Actium (31 BCE): Defeated Antony and Cleopatra [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Senate granted him the title Augustus (27 BCE), marking the start of the Prin..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Pax Romana: Inaugurated ~200 years of relative peace" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Administrative reforms: Professionalized the army, created the Praetorian Guard" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Building program: "Found Rome a city of brick and left it a city of marble" [^2]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Established the imperial succession system" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: "Month of August named after him" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: Malformed temporal tag @t[=14] — see docs for valid syntax
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Born: 23 September 63 BCE, Rome" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Died: 19 August 14 CE, Nola @t[=14]" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Reign: 27 BCE – 14 CE" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Original name: Gaius Octavius; adopted as Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Title: Augustus ("the revered one"), granted 27 BCE" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Adopted heir of Julius Caesar (44 BCE)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Second Triumvirate with Mark Antony and Lepidus (43 BCE)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Senate granted him the title Augustus (27 BCE), marking the start of the Prin..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Pax Romana: Inaugurated ~200 years of relative peace" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Administrative reforms: Professionalized the army, created the Praetorian Guard" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 26: "Established the imperial succession system" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 27: "Month of August named after him" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 25: "Building program: "Found Rome a city of brick and left it a city of marble" [^2]" - Everitt source from 2006 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
102
rulers/cyrus-the-great.md
Normal file
102
rulers/cyrus-the-great.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:801168 -->
|
||||
# Cyrus the Great
|
||||
|
||||
# Cyrus the Great
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
Cyrus II of Persia (~600–530 BCE), known as Cyrus the Great, founded the Achaemenid Persian Empire and is celebrated for his tolerance toward conquered peoples.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Born: ~600 BCE, Anshan (modern Iran)
|
||||
- Died: ~530 BCE (in battle against the Massagetae)
|
||||
- Reign: ~559–530 BCE
|
||||
- Title: King of Kings, King of Anshan, King of Persia, King of Babylon
|
||||
|
||||
## Conquests
|
||||
- Defeated the Medes under Astyages (~550 BCE)
|
||||
- Conquered Lydia and captured Croesus (~547 BCE)
|
||||
- Conquered Babylon (539 BCE) — reportedly entered without a battle [^1]
|
||||
- Freed the Jews from Babylonian captivity, allowing return to Jerusalem
|
||||
|
||||
## Legacy
|
||||
- Cyrus Cylinder: Clay cylinder declaring his policies of tolerance and restoration [^2]
|
||||
- Respected by Greeks (Xenophon's *Cyropaedia*), Jews (called "messiah" in Isaiah 45:1), and Persians
|
||||
- Tomb at Pasargadae still stands
|
||||
- Founded the largest empire the world had yet seen
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Kuhrt, A. *The Persian Empire* (Routledge, 2007)
|
||||
[^2]: British Museum, "The Cyrus Cylinder" (BM 90920)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Born: ~600 BCE, Anshan (modern Iran)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Died: ~530 BCE (in battle against the Massagetae)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Reign: ~559–530 BCE" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Title: King of Kings, King of Anshan, King of Persia, King of Babylon" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Defeated the Medes under Astyages (~550 BCE)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Conquered Lydia and captured Croesus (~547 BCE)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Conquered Babylon (539 BCE) — reportedly entered without a battle [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Freed the Jews from Babylonian captivity, allowing return to Jerusalem" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Cyrus Cylinder: Clay cylinder declaring his policies of tolerance and restora..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Respected by Greeks (Xenophon's *Cyropaedia*), Jews (called "messiah" in Isai..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Tomb at Pasargadae still stands" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Founded the largest empire the world had yet seen" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Born: ~600 BCE, Anshan (modern Iran)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Died: ~530 BCE (in battle against the Massagetae)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Reign: ~559–530 BCE" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Title: King of Kings, King of Anshan, King of Persia, King of Babylon" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Defeated the Medes under Astyages (~550 BCE)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Conquered Lydia and captured Croesus (~547 BCE)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Freed the Jews from Babylonian captivity, allowing return to Jerusalem" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Respected by Greeks (Xenophon's *Cyropaedia*), Jews (called "messiah" in Isai..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Tomb at Pasargadae still stands" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Founded the largest empire the world had yet seen" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 18: "Conquered Babylon (539 BCE) — reportedly entered without a battle [^1]" - Kuhrt source from 2007 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
105
rulers/hammurabi.md
Normal file
105
rulers/hammurabi.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:25cc1e -->
|
||||
# Hammurabi
|
||||
|
||||
# Hammurabi
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
Hammurabi (~1792–1750 BCE) was the sixth king of the First Babylonian Dynasty who transformed Babylon from a minor city-state into the dominant power in Mesopotamia. He is best known for the Code of Hammurabi.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Reign: ~1792–1750 BCE
|
||||
- Title: King of Babylon
|
||||
- Capital: Babylon
|
||||
- Dynasty: First Dynasty of Babylon (Amorite)
|
||||
|
||||
## Achievements
|
||||
- Unified most of Mesopotamia through diplomacy and military conquest
|
||||
- Issued the Code of Hammurabi (~1754 BCE): 282 laws inscribed on a basalt stele [^1]
|
||||
- Improved irrigation systems and infrastructure
|
||||
- Established Marduk as the supreme deity of Babylon
|
||||
|
||||
## The Code of Hammurabi
|
||||
- 282 laws covering property, trade, family, labor, and criminal matters
|
||||
- Principle of *lex talionis* ("an eye for an eye") with class-based distinctions
|
||||
- Stele discovered at Susa in 1901, now in the Louvre [^2]
|
||||
- Not the earliest code (preceded by Code of Ur-Nammu) but the most complete
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Roth, M.T. *Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor* (1997)
|
||||
[^2]: Harper, R.F. *The Code of Hammurabi* (1904)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Reign: ~1792–1750 BCE" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Title: King of Babylon" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Capital: Babylon" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Dynasty: First Dynasty of Babylon (Amorite)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Unified most of Mesopotamia through diplomacy and military conquest" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Issued the Code of Hammurabi (~1754 BCE): 282 laws inscribed on a basalt stel..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Improved irrigation systems and infrastructure" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Established Marduk as the supreme deity of Babylon" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "282 laws covering property, trade, family, labor, and criminal matters" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Principle of *lex talionis* ("an eye for an eye") with class-based distinctions" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Stele discovered at Susa in 1901, now in the Louvre [^2]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Not the earliest code (preceded by Code of Ur-Nammu) but the most complete" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Reign: ~1792–1750 BCE" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Title: King of Babylon" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Capital: Babylon" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Dynasty: First Dynasty of Babylon (Amorite)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Unified most of Mesopotamia through diplomacy and military conquest" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Improved irrigation systems and infrastructure" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Established Marduk as the supreme deity of Babylon" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "282 laws covering property, trade, family, labor, and criminal matters" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Principle of *lex talionis* ("an eye for an eye") with class-based distinctions" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Not the earliest code (preceded by Code of Ur-Nammu) but the most complete" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "Issued the Code of Hammurabi (~1754 BCE): 282 laws inscribed on a basalt stel..." - Roth source from 1997 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 24: "Stele discovered at Susa in 1901, now in the Louvre [^2]" - Harper source from 1904 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
116
rulers/julius-caesar.md
Normal file
116
rulers/julius-caesar.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:5f1362 -->
|
||||
# Julius Caesar
|
||||
|
||||
# Julius Caesar
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
Gaius Julius Caesar (100–44 BCE) was a Roman general, statesman, and dictator whose conquest of Gaul and crossing of the Rubicon precipitated the end of the Roman Republic.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Born: 100 BCE, Rome
|
||||
- Died: 15 March 44 BCE, Rome (assassinated)
|
||||
- Offices: Consul (59 BCE), Dictator perpetuo (44 BCE)
|
||||
- Military: Conquered Gaul (58–50 BCE)
|
||||
|
||||
## Major Events
|
||||
- Gallic Wars (58–50 BCE): Conquered Gaul, invaded Britain [^1]
|
||||
- First Triumvirate: Alliance with Pompey and Crassus (60 BCE)
|
||||
- Crossing the Rubicon (49 BCE): Triggered civil war against Pompey
|
||||
- Battle of Pharsalus (48 BCE): Defeated Pompey
|
||||
- Appointed dictator perpetuo (February 44 BCE)
|
||||
- Assassinated on the Ides of March (15 March 44 BCE) by Brutus, Cassius, and other senators [^2]
|
||||
|
||||
## Legacy
|
||||
- Julian calendar reform (46 BCE)
|
||||
- Granted citizenship to many provincials
|
||||
- His adopted heir Octavian became Augustus, first Roman emperor
|
||||
- Month of July named after him
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Caesar, *Commentarii de Bello Gallico*
|
||||
[^2]: Goldsworthy, A. *Caesar: Life of a Colossus* (Yale, 2006)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Born: 100 BCE, Rome" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Died: 15 March 44 BCE, Rome (assassinated)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Offices: Consul (59 BCE), Dictator perpetuo (44 BCE)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Military: Conquered Gaul (58–50 BCE)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Gallic Wars (58–50 BCE): Conquered Gaul, invaded Britain [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "First Triumvirate: Alliance with Pompey and Crassus (60 BCE)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Crossing the Rubicon (49 BCE): Triggered civil war against Pompey" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Battle of Pharsalus (48 BCE): Defeated Pompey" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Appointed dictator perpetuo (February 44 BCE)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "Assassinated on the Ides of March (15 March 44 BCE) by Brutus, Cassius, and o..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Julian calendar reform (46 BCE)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Granted citizenship to many provincials" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "His adopted heir Octavian became Augustus, first Roman emperor" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 27: "Month of July named after him" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Born: 100 BCE, Rome" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Died: 15 March 44 BCE, Rome (assassinated)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Offices: Consul (59 BCE), Dictator perpetuo (44 BCE)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Military: Conquered Gaul (58–50 BCE)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "First Triumvirate: Alliance with Pompey and Crassus (60 BCE)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Crossing the Rubicon (49 BCE): Triggered civil war against Pompey" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Battle of Pharsalus (48 BCE): Defeated Pompey" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Appointed dictator perpetuo (February 44 BCE)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Julian calendar reform (46 BCE)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Granted citizenship to many provincials" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 26: "His adopted heir Octavian became Augustus, first Roman emperor" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 27: "Month of July named after him" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 21: "Assassinated on the Ides of March (15 March 44 BCE) by Brutus, Cassius, and o..." - Goldsworthy source from 2006 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
85
rulers/pericles.md
Normal file
85
rulers/pericles.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:0648e6 -->
|
||||
# Pericles
|
||||
|
||||
# Pericles
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
Pericles (~495–429 BCE) was an Athenian statesman and general who led Athens during its Golden Age, championing democracy, arts, and the construction of the Parthenon.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Born: ~495 BCE, Athens
|
||||
- Died: 429 BCE, Athens (plague)
|
||||
- Role: Strategos (general), elected repeatedly ~443–429 BCE
|
||||
- Political alignment: Democratic faction
|
||||
|
||||
## Achievements
|
||||
- Expanded Athenian democracy: Introduced pay for jury service, opening participation to poorer citizens [^1]
|
||||
- Commissioned the Parthenon and other Acropolis buildings (~447–432 BCE)
|
||||
- Led the Delian League, transforming it into an Athenian empire
|
||||
- Funeral Oration (431 BCE): Celebrated Athenian democracy and values [^2]
|
||||
|
||||
## Peloponnesian War
|
||||
- His defensive strategy against Sparta (retreating behind the Long Walls) led to overcrowding
|
||||
- Plague of Athens (430–426 BCE) killed ~25% of the population, including Pericles himself in 429 BCE
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Plutarch, *Life of Pericles*
|
||||
[^2]: Thucydides, *History of the Peloponnesian War* 2.35–46
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Born: ~495 BCE, Athens" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Died: 429 BCE, Athens (plague)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Role: Strategos (general), elected repeatedly ~443–429 BCE" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Political alignment: Democratic faction" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Expanded Athenian democracy: Introduced pay for jury service, opening partici..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Commissioned the Parthenon and other Acropolis buildings (~447–432 BCE)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Led the Delian League, transforming it into an Athenian empire" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Funeral Oration (431 BCE): Celebrated Athenian democracy and values [^2]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "His defensive strategy against Sparta (retreating behind the Long Walls) led ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Plague of Athens (430–426 BCE) killed ~25% of the population, including Per..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Born: ~495 BCE, Athens" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Died: 429 BCE, Athens (plague)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Role: Strategos (general), elected repeatedly ~443–429 BCE" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Political alignment: Democratic faction" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Commissioned the Parthenon and other Acropolis buildings (~447–432 BCE)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Led the Delian League, transforming it into an Athenian empire" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "His defensive strategy against Sparta (retreating behind the Long Walls) led ..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Plague of Athens (430–426 BCE) killed ~25% of the population, including Per..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
112
rulers/qin-shi-huang.md
Normal file
112
rulers/qin-shi-huang.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:68ae1b -->
|
||||
# Qin Shi Huang
|
||||
|
||||
# Qin Shi Huang
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
Qin Shi Huang (259–210 BCE) was the first emperor of a unified China, founding the Qin dynasty and establishing centralized imperial governance that would endure for over two millennia.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Born: 259 BCE, State of Zhao
|
||||
- Died: 210 BCE (age 49)
|
||||
- Reign as emperor: 221–210 BCE
|
||||
- Original name: Ying Zheng
|
||||
- Dynasty: Qin
|
||||
|
||||
## Achievements
|
||||
- Unified the Warring States into a single empire (221 BCE) [^1]
|
||||
- Standardized weights, measures, currency, and writing across China
|
||||
- Began construction of the Great Wall by linking existing fortifications
|
||||
- Built an extensive road and canal network
|
||||
- Terracotta Army: ~8,000 life-sized warrior figures guarding his mausoleum, discovered 1974 [^2]
|
||||
|
||||
## Controversies
|
||||
- Burning of books and burying of scholars (~213–212 BCE)
|
||||
- Harsh Legalist governance
|
||||
- Massive forced labor for construction projects
|
||||
|
||||
## Legacy
|
||||
The Qin dynasty collapsed shortly after his death (206 BCE), but his unification model was adopted by the succeeding Han dynasty.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Sima Qian, *Records of the Grand Historian* (*Shiji*)
|
||||
[^2]: Portal, J. *The First Emperor: China's Terracotta Army* (British Museum, 2007)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Born: 259 BCE, State of Zhao" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Died: 210 BCE (age 49)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Reign as emperor: 221–210 BCE" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Original name: Ying Zheng" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Dynasty: Qin" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Unified the Warring States into a single empire (221 BCE) [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Standardized weights, measures, currency, and writing across China" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Began construction of the Great Wall by linking existing fortifications" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Built an extensive road and canal network" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "Terracotta Army: ~8,000 life-sized warrior figures guarding his mausoleum, di..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Burning of books and burying of scholars (~213–212 BCE)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Harsh Legalist governance" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Massive forced labor for construction projects" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Born: 259 BCE, State of Zhao" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Died: 210 BCE (age 49)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Reign as emperor: 221–210 BCE" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Original name: Ying Zheng" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 14: "Dynasty: Qin" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Standardized weights, measures, currency, and writing across China" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Began construction of the Great Wall by linking existing fortifications" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Built an extensive road and canal network" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Burning of books and burying of scholars (~213–212 BCE)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Harsh Legalist governance" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 26: "Massive forced labor for construction projects" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 21: "Terracotta Army: ~8,000 life-sized warrior figures guarding his mausoleum, di..." - Portal source from 2007 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
118
rulers/ramesses-ii.md
Normal file
118
rulers/ramesses-ii.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:009548 -->
|
||||
# Ramesses II
|
||||
|
||||
# Ramesses II
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
Ramesses II (~1279–1213 BCE), also known as Ramesses the Great, was the third pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt and one of the most powerful and celebrated rulers of ancient Egypt.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Reign: ~1279–1213 BCE (66 years, one of the longest in Egyptian history)
|
||||
- Dynasty: 19th Dynasty, New Kingdom
|
||||
- Capital: Pi-Ramesses (Nile Delta)
|
||||
- Died: ~age 90
|
||||
|
||||
## Major Events
|
||||
- Battle of Kadesh (~1274 BCE): Fought the Hittites under Muwatalli II; indecisive but claimed as victory [^1]
|
||||
- Treaty of Kadesh (~1259 BCE): Signed peace with Hittite king Hattusili III
|
||||
- Built Abu Simbel temples in Nubia
|
||||
- Expanded Karnak and Luxor temples
|
||||
- Completed the hypostyle hall at Karnak
|
||||
|
||||
## Legacy
|
||||
- Fathered over 100 children
|
||||
- His mummy was discovered in the Deir el-Bahari cache (1881) [^2]
|
||||
- Often identified (controversially) with the pharaoh of the Exodus narrative
|
||||
- Nine subsequent pharaohs took the name Ramesses
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Kitchen, K.A. *Pharaoh Triumphant: The Life and Times of Ramesses II* (1982)
|
||||
[^2]: Tyldesley, J. *Ramesses: Egypt's Greatest Pharaoh* (2000)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Reign: ~1279–1213 BCE (66 years, one of the longest in Egyptian history)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Dynasty: 19th Dynasty, New Kingdom" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Capital: Pi-Ramesses (Nile Delta)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Died: ~age 90" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Battle of Kadesh (~1274 BCE): Fought the Hittites under Muwatalli II; indecis..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Treaty of Kadesh (~1259 BCE): Signed peace with Hittite king Hattusili III" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Built Abu Simbel temples in Nubia" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Expanded Karnak and Luxor temples" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Completed the hypostyle hall at Karnak" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Fathered over 100 children" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "His mummy was discovered in the Deir el-Bahari cache (1881) [^2]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Often identified (controversially) with the pharaoh of the Exodus narrative" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Nine subsequent pharaohs took the name Ramesses" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Reign: ~1279–1213 BCE (66 years, one of the longest in Egyptian history)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Dynasty: 19th Dynasty, New Kingdom" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Capital: Pi-Ramesses (Nile Delta)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Died: ~age 90" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Treaty of Kadesh (~1259 BCE): Signed peace with Hittite king Hattusili III" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Built Abu Simbel temples in Nubia" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Expanded Karnak and Luxor temples" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Completed the hypostyle hall at Karnak" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Fathered over 100 children" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Often identified (controversially) with the pharaoh of the Exodus narrative" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 26: "Nine subsequent pharaohs took the name Ramesses" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 16: "Battle of Kadesh (~1274 BCE): Fought the Hittites under Muwatalli II; indecis..." - what does "II" mean in this context?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 17: "Treaty of Kadesh (~1259 BCE): Signed peace with Hittite king Hattusili III" - what does "III" mean in this context?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 16: "Battle of Kadesh (~1274 BCE): Fought the Hittites under Muwatalli II; indecis..." - Kitchen source from 1982 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 24: "His mummy was discovered in the Deir el-Bahari cache (1881) [^2]" - Tyldesley source from 2000 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
85
rulers/sargon-of-akkad.md
Normal file
85
rulers/sargon-of-akkad.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:e55b29 -->
|
||||
# Sargon of Akkad
|
||||
|
||||
# Sargon of Akkad
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
Sargon of Akkad (~2334–2279 BCE) founded the Akkadian Empire, the first empire in recorded history. His rise from humble origins to ruler of all Mesopotamia became legendary.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Reign: ~2334–2279 BCE
|
||||
- Title: King of Akkad, King of Kish, King of the Four Quarters
|
||||
- Capital: Akkad (location undiscovered)
|
||||
- Empire: United Sumerian and Akkadian city-states
|
||||
|
||||
## Life and Reign
|
||||
- Birth legend: Set adrift in a basket on the Euphrates as an infant (parallels Moses narrative) [^1]
|
||||
- Rose to power as cupbearer to the King of Kish
|
||||
- Conquered Lugal-zage-si of Uruk, unifying Sumer
|
||||
- Conducted military campaigns from the Mediterranean to the Persian Gulf
|
||||
- Appointed his daughter Enheduanna as high priestess of Ur — she became the first named author in history [^2]
|
||||
|
||||
## Legacy
|
||||
Sargon became a legendary figure in Mesopotamian tradition, with later kings modeling themselves after him.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Westenholz, J.G. *Legends of the Kings of Akkade* (1997)
|
||||
[^2]: Hallo, W.W. & van Dijk, J.J.A. *The Exaltation of Inanna* (1968)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Reign: ~2334–2279 BCE" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Title: King of Akkad, King of Kish, King of the Four Quarters" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Capital: Akkad (location undiscovered)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Empire: United Sumerian and Akkadian city-states" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Birth legend: Set adrift in a basket on the Euphrates as an infant (parallels..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Rose to power as cupbearer to the King of Kish" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Conquered Lugal-zage-si of Uruk, unifying Sumer" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Conducted military campaigns from the Mediterranean to the Persian Gulf" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Appointed his daughter Enheduanna as high priestess of Ur — she became the ..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Reign: ~2334–2279 BCE" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Title: King of Akkad, King of Kish, King of the Four Quarters" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Capital: Akkad (location undiscovered)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Empire: United Sumerian and Akkadian city-states" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Rose to power as cupbearer to the King of Kish" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Conquered Lugal-zage-si of Uruk, unifying Sumer" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Conducted military campaigns from the Mediterranean to the Persian Gulf" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 16: "Birth legend: Set adrift in a basket on the Euphrates as an infant (parallels..." - Westenholz source from 1997 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 20: "Appointed his daughter Enheduanna as high priestess of Ur — she became the ..." - Hallo source from 1968 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
105
technologies/bronze-working.md
Normal file
105
technologies/bronze-working.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:543601 -->
|
||||
# Bronze Working
|
||||
|
||||
# Bronze Working
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
Bronze working — the alloying of copper with tin — defined the Bronze Age (~3300–1200 BCE) and enabled advances in weaponry, tools, and art across Eurasia.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Period: ~3300–1200 BCE (Bronze Age)
|
||||
- Composition: ~88% copper, ~12% tin
|
||||
- Earliest bronze: Mesopotamia and the Caucasus, ~3300 BCE
|
||||
- Spread to: Egypt, Indus Valley, China, Europe
|
||||
|
||||
## Development
|
||||
- Copper smelting preceded bronze by ~2,000 years (Chalcolithic period)
|
||||
- Tin was scarce; long-distance trade networks developed to source it (Cornwall, Afghanistan, Southeast Asia) [^1]
|
||||
- Lost-wax casting technique enabled complex shapes
|
||||
- Chinese bronze casting (Shang dynasty, ~1600 BCE) achieved exceptional sophistication [^2]
|
||||
|
||||
## Impact
|
||||
- Superior weapons: Swords, spearheads, armor
|
||||
- Agricultural tools: Plows, sickles
|
||||
- Monumental art: Statuary, ritual vessels
|
||||
- Drove long-distance trade networks for tin and copper
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Muhly, J.D. "Sources of Tin and the Beginnings of Bronze Metallurgy" *American Journal of Archaeology* 89 (1985)
|
||||
[^2]: Bagley, R. *Shang Ritual Bronzes in the Arthur M. Sackler Collections* (1987)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Period: ~3300–1200 BCE (Bronze Age)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Composition: ~88% copper, ~12% tin" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Earliest bronze: Mesopotamia and the Caucasus, ~3300 BCE" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Spread to: Egypt, Indus Valley, China, Europe" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Copper smelting preceded bronze by ~2,000 years (Chalcolithic period)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Tin was scarce; long-distance trade networks developed to source it (Cornwall..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Lost-wax casting technique enabled complex shapes" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Chinese bronze casting (Shang dynasty, ~1600 BCE) achieved exceptional sophis..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Superior weapons: Swords, spearheads, armor" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Agricultural tools: Plows, sickles" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Monumental art: Statuary, ritual vessels" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Drove long-distance trade networks for tin and copper" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Period: ~3300–1200 BCE (Bronze Age)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Composition: ~88% copper, ~12% tin" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Earliest bronze: Mesopotamia and the Caucasus, ~3300 BCE" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Spread to: Egypt, Indus Valley, China, Europe" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Copper smelting preceded bronze by ~2,000 years (Chalcolithic period)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Lost-wax casting technique enabled complex shapes" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Superior weapons: Swords, spearheads, armor" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Agricultural tools: Plows, sickles" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Monumental art: Statuary, ritual vessels" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Drove long-distance trade networks for tin and copper" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "Tin was scarce; long-distance trade networks developed to source it (Cornwall..." - Muhly source from 1985 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 19: "Chinese bronze casting (Shang dynasty, ~1600 BCE) achieved exceptional sophis..." - Bagley source from 1987 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
105
technologies/iron-smelting.md
Normal file
105
technologies/iron-smelting.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:c491ef -->
|
||||
# Iron Smelting
|
||||
|
||||
# Iron Smelting
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
The development of iron smelting technology (~1200 BCE onward) ushered in the Iron Age, making metal tools and weapons accessible beyond elite classes and transforming agriculture, warfare, and society.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Transition period: ~1200–800 BCE (varies by region)
|
||||
- Earliest iron smelting: Anatolia (Hittites), ~1500 BCE (limited use)
|
||||
- Widespread adoption: After the Bronze Age Collapse (~1200 BCE)
|
||||
- Key innovation: Carburization (adding carbon to create steel)
|
||||
|
||||
## Development
|
||||
- Meteoric iron used before smelting was developed
|
||||
- Hittites may have been early innovators, though evidence is debated [^1]
|
||||
- Iron became widespread after the Bronze Age Collapse disrupted tin trade routes
|
||||
- Chinese independently developed cast iron by ~500 BCE (bloomery iron in the West until medieval period) [^2]
|
||||
|
||||
## Impact
|
||||
- Democratized access to metal tools (iron ore is abundant, unlike tin)
|
||||
- Improved agricultural productivity (iron plows)
|
||||
- Transformed warfare (iron weapons, armor)
|
||||
- Enabled deforestation and land clearing at scale
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Waldbaum, J. *From Bronze to Iron* (1978)
|
||||
[^2]: Wagner, D. *Iron and Steel in Ancient China* (Brill, 1993)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Transition period: ~1200–800 BCE (varies by region)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Earliest iron smelting: Anatolia (Hittites), ~1500 BCE (limited use)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Widespread adoption: After the Bronze Age Collapse (~1200 BCE)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Key innovation: Carburization (adding carbon to create steel)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Meteoric iron used before smelting was developed" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Hittites may have been early innovators, though evidence is debated [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Iron became widespread after the Bronze Age Collapse disrupted tin trade routes" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Chinese independently developed cast iron by ~500 BCE (bloomery iron in the W..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Democratized access to metal tools (iron ore is abundant, unlike tin)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Improved agricultural productivity (iron plows)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Transformed warfare (iron weapons, armor)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Enabled deforestation and land clearing at scale" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Transition period: ~1200–800 BCE (varies by region)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Earliest iron smelting: Anatolia (Hittites), ~1500 BCE (limited use)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Widespread adoption: After the Bronze Age Collapse (~1200 BCE)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Key innovation: Carburization (adding carbon to create steel)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Meteoric iron used before smelting was developed" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Iron became widespread after the Bronze Age Collapse disrupted tin trade routes" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Democratized access to metal tools (iron ore is abundant, unlike tin)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Improved agricultural productivity (iron plows)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Transformed warfare (iron weapons, armor)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Enabled deforestation and land clearing at scale" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "Hittites may have been early innovators, though evidence is debated [^1]" - Waldbaum source from 1978 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 19: "Chinese independently developed cast iron by ~500 BCE (bloomery iron in the W..." - Wagner source from 1993 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
102
technologies/roman-aqueducts.md
Normal file
102
technologies/roman-aqueducts.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:dcee65 -->
|
||||
# Roman Aqueducts
|
||||
|
||||
# Roman Aqueducts
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
Roman aqueducts were engineering marvels that transported water over long distances using gravity, supplying cities with fresh water for drinking, bathing, and sanitation. Rome alone had 11 aqueducts delivering ~1 million cubic meters daily.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- First Roman aqueduct: Aqua Appia (312 BCE)
|
||||
- Total aqueducts serving Rome: 11 (by 226 CE)
|
||||
- Combined length: ~500 km (mostly underground)
|
||||
- Daily water delivery to Rome: ~1 million cubic meters [^1]
|
||||
|
||||
## Engineering
|
||||
- Gravity-fed: Maintained a consistent gradient (~1:200 to 1:4800)
|
||||
- Mostly underground channels; iconic arched bridges were only ~5% of total length
|
||||
- Used *opus caementicium* (Roman concrete) and lead pipes (*fistulae*)
|
||||
- Settling tanks and distribution castella regulated flow
|
||||
|
||||
## Notable Aqueducts
|
||||
- Aqua Appia (312 BCE): First aqueduct, built by Appius Claudius Caecus
|
||||
- Aqua Marcia (144 BCE): Longest at ~91 km
|
||||
- Pont du Gard (France, ~19 BCE): Three-tiered bridge, 49 m high [^2]
|
||||
- Aqueduct of Segovia (Spain, ~1st century CE): Still standing
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Frontinus, *De Aquaeductu Urbis Romae* (~97 CE)
|
||||
[^2]: Hodge, A.T. *Roman Aqueducts and Water Supply* (2002)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "First Roman aqueduct: Aqua Appia (312 BCE)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Total aqueducts serving Rome: 11 (by 226 CE)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Combined length: ~500 km (mostly underground)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Daily water delivery to Rome: ~1 million cubic meters [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Gravity-fed: Maintained a consistent gradient (~1:200 to 1:4800)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Mostly underground channels; iconic arched bridges were only ~5% of total length" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Used *opus caementicium* (Roman concrete) and lead pipes (*fistulae*)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Settling tanks and distribution castella regulated flow" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Aqua Appia (312 BCE): First aqueduct, built by Appius Claudius Caecus" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Aqua Marcia (144 BCE): Longest at ~91 km" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Pont du Gard (France, ~19 BCE): Three-tiered bridge, 49 m high [^2]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Aqueduct of Segovia (Spain, ~1st century CE): Still standing" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "First Roman aqueduct: Aqua Appia (312 BCE)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Total aqueducts serving Rome: 11 (by 226 CE)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Combined length: ~500 km (mostly underground)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Gravity-fed: Maintained a consistent gradient (~1:200 to 1:4800)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Mostly underground channels; iconic arched bridges were only ~5% of total length" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Used *opus caementicium* (Roman concrete) and lead pipes (*fistulae*)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Settling tanks and distribution castella regulated flow" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Aqua Appia (312 BCE): First aqueduct, built by Appius Claudius Caecus" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Aqua Marcia (144 BCE): Longest at ~91 km" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Aqueduct of Segovia (Spain, ~1st century CE): Still standing" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 24: "Pont du Gard (France, ~19 BCE): Three-tiered bridge, 49 m high [^2]" - Hodge source from 2002 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
98
technologies/roman-concrete.md
Normal file
98
technologies/roman-concrete.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:eb53be -->
|
||||
# Roman Concrete
|
||||
|
||||
# Roman Concrete
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
Roman concrete (*opus caementicium*) was a revolutionary building material that enabled the construction of domes, vaults, harbors, and aqueducts. Its durability surpasses modern Portland cement in some marine applications.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Period of use: ~3rd century BCE – 5th century CE
|
||||
- Composition: Volcanic ash (pozzolana), lime, seawater, and rock aggregate
|
||||
- Key innovation: Pozzolanic reaction with volcanic ash
|
||||
|
||||
## Properties
|
||||
- Set underwater (hydraulic cement) — critical for harbor construction
|
||||
- Increased in strength over time through mineral crystallization [^1]
|
||||
- Could be molded into complex shapes (domes, vaults)
|
||||
- Less tensile strength than modern concrete but superior durability
|
||||
|
||||
## Notable Structures
|
||||
- Pantheon dome (~125 CE): 43.3 m span, largest unreinforced concrete dome ever built
|
||||
- Colosseum (~80 CE): Concrete core with travertine facing
|
||||
- Harbors at Caesarea Maritima and Puteoli
|
||||
- Baths of Caracalla and Diocletian [^2]
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Jackson, M. et al. "Mechanical resilience and cementitious processes in Imperial Roman architectural morite" *PNAS* 111 (2014)
|
||||
[^2]: Lancaster, L. *Concrete Vaulted Construction in Imperial Rome* (Cambridge, 2005)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Period of use: ~3rd century BCE – 5th century CE" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Composition: Volcanic ash (pozzolana), lime, seawater, and rock aggregate" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Key innovation: Pozzolanic reaction with volcanic ash" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 15: "Set underwater (hydraulic cement) — critical for harbor construction" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Increased in strength over time through mineral crystallization [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Could be molded into complex shapes (domes, vaults)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Less tensile strength than modern concrete but superior durability" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "Pantheon dome (~125 CE): 43.3 m span, largest unreinforced concrete dome ever..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Colosseum (~80 CE): Concrete core with travertine facing" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Harbors at Caesarea Maritima and Puteoli" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Baths of Caracalla and Diocletian [^2]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Period of use: ~3rd century BCE – 5th century CE" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Composition: Volcanic ash (pozzolana), lime, seawater, and rock aggregate" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Key innovation: Pozzolanic reaction with volcanic ash" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 15: "Set underwater (hydraulic cement) — critical for harbor construction" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Could be molded into complex shapes (domes, vaults)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Less tensile strength than modern concrete but superior durability" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 21: "Pantheon dome (~125 CE): 43.3 m span, largest unreinforced concrete dome ever..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Colosseum (~80 CE): Concrete core with travertine facing" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Harbors at Caesarea Maritima and Puteoli" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 16: "Increased in strength over time through mineral crystallization [^1]" - Jackson source from 2014 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 24: "Baths of Caracalla and Diocletian [^2]" - Lancaster source from 2005 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
121
technologies/roman-roads.md
Normal file
121
technologies/roman-roads.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:11bfdd -->
|
||||
# Roman Roads
|
||||
|
||||
# Roman Roads
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
The Roman road network was one of the greatest engineering achievements of the ancient world, spanning ~400,000 km at its peak and enabling rapid military movement, trade, and communication across the empire.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Total network: ~400,000 km (80,000 km paved)
|
||||
- First major road: Via Appia (312 BCE), Rome to Capua
|
||||
- Construction: Layered system of gravel, sand, and paving stones
|
||||
- Maintained by: State and local authorities
|
||||
|
||||
## Engineering
|
||||
- Surveyed in straight lines where possible (*agrimensor* surveyors)
|
||||
- Layered construction: Foundation (*statumen*), gravel (*rudus*), concrete (*nucleus*), paving (*summa crusta*) [^1]
|
||||
- Drainage ditches on both sides
|
||||
- Milestones (*miliaria*) every Roman mile (~1.48 km)
|
||||
|
||||
## Major Roads
|
||||
- Via Appia (312 BCE): "Queen of Roads," Rome to Brindisi
|
||||
- Via Egnatia (~146 BCE): Connected Adriatic to Byzantium
|
||||
- Via Augusta: Spain
|
||||
- Stane Street, Watling Street: Roman Britain [^2]
|
||||
|
||||
## Legacy
|
||||
- "All roads lead to Rome" — the network radiated from the *Milliarium Aureum* in the Forum
|
||||
- Many modern European roads follow Roman alignments
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Laurence, R. *The Roads of Roman Italy* (Routledge, 1999)
|
||||
[^2]: Chevallier, R. *Roman Roads* (University of California Press, 1976)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Total network: ~400,000 km (80,000 km paved)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "First major road: Via Appia (312 BCE), Rome to Capua" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Construction: Layered system of gravel, sand, and paving stones" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Maintained by: State and local authorities" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Surveyed in straight lines where possible (*agrimensor* surveyors)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Layered construction: Foundation (*statumen*), gravel (*rudus*), concrete (*n..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Drainage ditches on both sides" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Milestones (*miliaria*) every Roman mile (~1.48 km)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Via Appia (312 BCE): "Queen of Roads," Rome to Brindisi" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Via Egnatia (~146 BCE): Connected Adriatic to Byzantium" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Via Augusta: Spain" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Stane Street, Watling Street: Roman Britain [^2]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 28: ""All roads lead to Rome" — the network radiated from the *Milliarium Aureum..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 29: "Many modern European roads follow Roman alignments" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Total network: ~400,000 km (80,000 km paved)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "First major road: Via Appia (312 BCE), Rome to Capua" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Construction: Layered system of gravel, sand, and paving stones" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Maintained by: State and local authorities" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Surveyed in straight lines where possible (*agrimensor* surveyors)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Drainage ditches on both sides" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Milestones (*miliaria*) every Roman mile (~1.48 km)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Via Appia (312 BCE): "Queen of Roads," Rome to Brindisi" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Via Egnatia (~146 BCE): Connected Adriatic to Byzantium" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Via Augusta: Spain" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 28: ""All roads lead to Rome" — the network radiated from the *Milliarium Aureum..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 29: "Many modern European roads follow Roman alignments" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 17: "Layered construction: Foundation (*statumen*), gravel (*rudus*), concrete (*n..." - Laurence source from 1999 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 25: "Stane Street, Watling Street: Roman Britain [^2]" - Chevallier source from 1976 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
94
trade-routes/amber-road.md
Normal file
94
trade-routes/amber-road.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:445d5a -->
|
||||
# Amber Road
|
||||
|
||||
# Amber Road
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
The Amber Road was an ancient trade route connecting the Baltic Sea coast to the Mediterranean, primarily transporting amber from northern Europe to the civilizations of Greece, Rome, and Egypt.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Period: ~3000 BCE – Roman era
|
||||
- Key good: Baltic amber (fossilized tree resin)
|
||||
- Northern terminus: Baltic coast (modern Poland, Lithuania)
|
||||
- Southern terminus: Adriatic (Aquileia), Greece, Egypt
|
||||
|
||||
## Route
|
||||
- From the Baltic coast through the Vistula and Danube river corridors
|
||||
- Key waypoints: Wroclaw, Brno, Carnuntum, Aquileia
|
||||
- Connected to Mediterranean trade networks at the Adriatic [^1]
|
||||
|
||||
## Significance
|
||||
- Baltic amber found in Mycenaean shaft graves (~1600 BCE) and Egyptian tombs
|
||||
- Romans valued amber highly; Nero sent an expedition to the Baltic
|
||||
- Facilitated cultural exchange between northern and southern Europe [^2]
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Bouzek, J. "The Amber Route" in *Greece, Anatolia and Europe* (1997)
|
||||
[^2]: Causey, F. *Amber and the Ancient World* (Getty Museum, 2011)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Period: ~3000 BCE – Roman era" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Key good: Baltic amber (fossilized tree resin)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Northern terminus: Baltic coast (modern Poland, Lithuania)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Southern terminus: Adriatic (Aquileia), Greece, Egypt" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "From the Baltic coast through the Vistula and Danube river corridors" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Key waypoints: Wroclaw, Brno, Carnuntum, Aquileia" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Connected to Mediterranean trade networks at the Adriatic [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "Baltic amber found in Mycenaean shaft graves (~1600 BCE) and Egyptian tombs" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Romans valued amber highly; Nero sent an expedition to the Baltic" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Facilitated cultural exchange between northern and southern Europe [^2]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Period: ~3000 BCE – Roman era" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Key good: Baltic amber (fossilized tree resin)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Northern terminus: Baltic coast (modern Poland, Lithuania)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Southern terminus: Adriatic (Aquileia), Greece, Egypt" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "From the Baltic coast through the Vistula and Danube river corridors" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Key waypoints: Wroclaw, Brno, Carnuntum, Aquileia" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 21: "Baltic amber found in Mycenaean shaft graves (~1600 BCE) and Egyptian tombs" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Romans valued amber highly; Nero sent an expedition to the Baltic" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 18: "Connected to Mediterranean trade networks at the Adriatic [^1]" - what is the nature of this connection?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 18: "Connected to Mediterranean trade networks at the Adriatic [^1]" - Bouzek source from 1997 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 23: "Facilitated cultural exchange between northern and southern Europe [^2]" - Causey source from 2011 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
94
trade-routes/incense-route.md
Normal file
94
trade-routes/incense-route.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:aca285 -->
|
||||
# Incense Route
|
||||
|
||||
# Incense Route
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
The Incense Route was a network of trade paths connecting the Arabian Peninsula to the Mediterranean, primarily transporting frankincense and myrrh from southern Arabia (modern Yemen and Oman) to markets in Egypt, Mesopotamia, Greece, and Rome.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Period: ~7th century BCE – ~2nd century CE
|
||||
- Length: ~2,400 km (main overland route)
|
||||
- Key goods: Frankincense, myrrh, spices, textiles
|
||||
- Key peoples: Nabataeans, Sabaeans, Minaeans
|
||||
|
||||
## Route
|
||||
- Southern terminus: Dhofar (Oman) and Hadhramaut (Yemen)
|
||||
- Northern terminus: Gaza, Petra, Damascus
|
||||
- Key waypoints: Shabwa, Ma'rib, Petra, Gaza [^1]
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Players
|
||||
- Nabataeans: Controlled the northern segment from Petra; grew wealthy as middlemen
|
||||
- Kingdom of Saba (Sheba): Controlled production in southern Arabia
|
||||
- Romans: Attempted to conquer Arabia Felix under Aelius Gallus (25 BCE) but failed [^2]
|
||||
|
||||
## Decline
|
||||
Declined after the Romans discovered monsoon wind patterns enabling direct sea trade with India (~1st century CE), bypassing overland routes.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Avanzini, A. *Along the Aroma Routes* (2008)
|
||||
[^2]: Hoyland, R. *Arabia and the Arabs* (Routledge, 2001)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Period: ~7th century BCE – ~2nd century CE" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Length: ~2,400 km (main overland route)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Key goods: Frankincense, myrrh, spices, textiles" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Key peoples: Nabataeans, Sabaeans, Minaeans" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Southern terminus: Dhofar (Oman) and Hadhramaut (Yemen)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Northern terminus: Gaza, Petra, Damascus" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Key waypoints: Shabwa, Ma'rib, Petra, Gaza [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "Nabataeans: Controlled the northern segment from Petra; grew wealthy as middl..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Kingdom of Saba (Sheba): Controlled production in southern Arabia" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Romans: Attempted to conquer Arabia Felix under Aelius Gallus (25 BCE) but fa..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Period: ~7th century BCE – ~2nd century CE" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Length: ~2,400 km (main overland route)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Key goods: Frankincense, myrrh, spices, textiles" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Key peoples: Nabataeans, Sabaeans, Minaeans" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Southern terminus: Dhofar (Oman) and Hadhramaut (Yemen)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Northern terminus: Gaza, Petra, Damascus" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 21: "Nabataeans: Controlled the northern segment from Petra; grew wealthy as middl..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Kingdom of Saba (Sheba): Controlled production in southern Arabia" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 18: "Key waypoints: Shabwa, Ma'rib, Petra, Gaza [^1]" - Avanzini source from 2008 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 23: "Romans: Attempted to conquer Arabia Felix under Aelius Gallus (25 BCE) but fa..." - Hoyland source from 2001 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
128
trade-routes/silk-road.md
Normal file
128
trade-routes/silk-road.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:c22a18 -->
|
||||
# Silk Road
|
||||
|
||||
# Silk Road
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
The Silk Road was a network of overland trade routes connecting China to the Mediterranean world, facilitating the exchange of goods, ideas, religions, and technologies for over 1,500 years.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Period: ~130 BCE – ~1450 CE (ancient period focus: ~130 BCE – ~400 CE)
|
||||
- Length: ~6,400 km (main route)
|
||||
- Named by: Ferdinand von Richthofen (1877)
|
||||
- Key goods: Silk, spices, gold, glass, horses, precious stones
|
||||
|
||||
## Route
|
||||
- Eastern terminus: Chang'an (Xi'an), China
|
||||
- Western terminus: Rome, Antioch, Constantinople
|
||||
- Key waypoints: Dunhuang, Kashgar, Samarkand, Merv, Ctesiphon, Palmyra
|
||||
- Crossed the Taklamakan Desert, Pamir Mountains, and Iranian Plateau [^1]
|
||||
|
||||
## Cultural Exchange
|
||||
- Buddhism spread from India to China via the Silk Road
|
||||
- Nestorian Christianity, Manichaeism, and Islam traveled eastward
|
||||
- Technologies transferred: Papermaking, gunpowder (later), glassmaking
|
||||
- Diseases also spread, possibly including plague [^2]
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Periods
|
||||
- Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE): Zhang Qian's missions opened the route (~130 BCE)
|
||||
- Kushan Empire (1st–3rd century CE): Facilitated trade across Central Asia
|
||||
- Roman demand for Chinese silk drove trade westward
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Hansen, V. *The Silk Road: A New History* (Oxford, 2012)
|
||||
[^2]: Frankopan, P. *The Silk Roads: A New History of the World* (2015)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Period: ~130 BCE – ~1450 CE (ancient period focus: ~130 BCE – ~400 CE)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Length: ~6,400 km (main route)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Named by: Ferdinand von Richthofen (1877)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Key goods: Silk, spices, gold, glass, horses, precious stones" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Eastern terminus: Chang'an (Xi'an), China" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Western terminus: Rome, Antioch, Constantinople" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Key waypoints: Dunhuang, Kashgar, Samarkand, Merv, Ctesiphon, Palmyra" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Crossed the Taklamakan Desert, Pamir Mountains, and Iranian Plateau [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Buddhism spread from India to China via the Silk Road" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Nestorian Christianity, Manichaeism, and Islam traveled eastward" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Technologies transferred: Papermaking, gunpowder (later), glassmaking" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Diseases also spread, possibly including plague [^2]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 28: "Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE): Zhang Qian's missions opened the route (~13..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 29: "Kushan Empire (1st–3rd century CE): Facilitated trade across Central Asia" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 30: "Roman demand for Chinese silk drove trade westward" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Period: ~130 BCE – ~1450 CE (ancient period focus: ~130 BCE – ~400 CE)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Length: ~6,400 km (main route)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Named by: Ferdinand von Richthofen (1877)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Key goods: Silk, spices, gold, glass, horses, precious stones" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Eastern terminus: Chang'an (Xi'an), China" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Western terminus: Rome, Antioch, Constantinople" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Key waypoints: Dunhuang, Kashgar, Samarkand, Merv, Ctesiphon, Palmyra" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Buddhism spread from India to China via the Silk Road" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Nestorian Christianity, Manichaeism, and Islam traveled eastward" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Technologies transferred: Papermaking, gunpowder (later), glassmaking" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 28: "Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE): Zhang Qian's missions opened the route (~13..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 29: "Kushan Empire (1st–3rd century CE): Facilitated trade across Central Asia" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 30: "Roman demand for Chinese silk drove trade westward" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 19: "Crossed the Taklamakan Desert, Pamir Mountains, and Iranian Plateau [^1]" - Hansen source from 2012 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 25: "Diseases also spread, possibly including plague [^2]" - Frankopan source from 2015 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
95
treaties/peace-of-nicias.md
Normal file
95
treaties/peace-of-nicias.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:d23a9f -->
|
||||
# Peace of Nicias
|
||||
|
||||
# Peace of Nicias
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
The Peace of Nicias (421 BCE) was a treaty intended to end the first phase of the Peloponnesian War (the Archidamian War) between Athens and Sparta. It was supposed to last 50 years but effectively collapsed within a few years.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Date: 421 BCE
|
||||
- Parties: Athens and Sparta (and their respective allies)
|
||||
- Context: Ended the Archidamian War (431–421 BCE), first phase of the Peloponnesian War
|
||||
- Duration: Nominally 50 years; effectively ~6 years
|
||||
|
||||
## Terms
|
||||
- Return of prisoners and captured territories
|
||||
- Mutual non-aggression for 50 years
|
||||
- Disputes to be settled by arbitration [^1]
|
||||
|
||||
## Failure
|
||||
- Key Spartan allies (Corinth, Boeotia) refused to sign
|
||||
- Neither side fully implemented the terms
|
||||
- Alcibiades undermined the peace by forming an anti-Spartan alliance
|
||||
- The Sicilian Expedition (415–413 BCE) effectively ended any pretense of peace [^2]
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Thucydides, *History of the Peloponnesian War* 5.18–19
|
||||
[^2]: Kagan, D. *The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition* (Cornell, 1981)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Date: 421 BCE" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Parties: Athens and Sparta (and their respective allies)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Context: Ended the Archidamian War (431–421 BCE), first phase of the Pelopo..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Duration: Nominally 50 years; effectively ~6 years" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Return of prisoners and captured territories" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Mutual non-aggression for 50 years" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Disputes to be settled by arbitration [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "Key Spartan allies (Corinth, Boeotia) refused to sign" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Neither side fully implemented the terms" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Alcibiades undermined the peace by forming an anti-Spartan alliance" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "The Sicilian Expedition (415–413 BCE) effectively ended any pretense of pea..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Date: 421 BCE" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Parties: Athens and Sparta (and their respective allies)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Context: Ended the Archidamian War (431–421 BCE), first phase of the Pelopo..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Duration: Nominally 50 years; effectively ~6 years" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Return of prisoners and captured territories" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Mutual non-aggression for 50 years" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 21: "Key Spartan allies (Corinth, Boeotia) refused to sign" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Neither side fully implemented the terms" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Alcibiades undermined the peace by forming an anti-Spartan alliance" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 24: "The Sicilian Expedition (415–413 BCE) effectively ended any pretense of pea..." - Kagan source from 1981 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
91
treaties/treaty-of-apamea.md
Normal file
91
treaties/treaty-of-apamea.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:7207df -->
|
||||
# Treaty of Apamea
|
||||
|
||||
# Treaty of Apamea
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
The Treaty of Apamea (188 BCE) was imposed by Rome on the Seleucid Empire after the Roman-Seleucid War, effectively ending Seleucid power in Anatolia and establishing Roman dominance in the eastern Mediterranean.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Date: 188 BCE
|
||||
- Parties: Roman Republic and Seleucid Empire (Antiochus III)
|
||||
- Context: Followed the Battle of Magnesia (190 BCE)
|
||||
|
||||
## Terms
|
||||
- Seleucids withdrew from all territory west of the Taurus Mountains
|
||||
- Massive war indemnity of 15,000 talents of silver over 12 years
|
||||
- Seleucid navy reduced to 10 warships; war elephants surrendered
|
||||
- Territory redistributed to Rome's allies: Pergamon and Rhodes [^1]
|
||||
|
||||
## Significance
|
||||
- Marked the end of Seleucid influence in Anatolia
|
||||
- Established Rome as the dominant power in the eastern Mediterranean
|
||||
- Weakened the Seleucid Empire, contributing to its eventual fragmentation [^2]
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Polybius, *Histories* 21.43
|
||||
[^2]: Gruen, E. *The Hellenistic World and the Coming of Rome* (1984)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Date: 188 BCE" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Parties: Roman Republic and Seleucid Empire (Antiochus III)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Context: Followed the Battle of Magnesia (190 BCE)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 15: "Seleucids withdrew from all territory west of the Taurus Mountains" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Massive war indemnity of 15,000 talents of silver over 12 years" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Seleucid navy reduced to 10 warships; war elephants surrendered" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Territory redistributed to Rome's allies: Pergamon and Rhodes [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 21: "Marked the end of Seleucid influence in Anatolia" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Established Rome as the dominant power in the eastern Mediterranean" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Weakened the Seleucid Empire, contributing to its eventual fragmentation [^2]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Date: 188 BCE" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Parties: Roman Republic and Seleucid Empire (Antiochus III)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Context: Followed the Battle of Magnesia (190 BCE)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 15: "Seleucids withdrew from all territory west of the Taurus Mountains" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Massive war indemnity of 15,000 talents of silver over 12 years" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Seleucid navy reduced to 10 warships; war elephants surrendered" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 21: "Marked the end of Seleucid influence in Anatolia" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Established Rome as the dominant power in the eastern Mediterranean" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 11: "Parties: Roman Republic and Seleucid Empire (Antiochus III)" - what does "III" mean in this context?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 23: "Weakened the Seleucid Empire, contributing to its eventual fragmentation [^2]" - Gruen source from 1984 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
111
treaties/treaty-of-kadesh.md
Normal file
111
treaties/treaty-of-kadesh.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:07edd5 -->
|
||||
# Treaty of Kadesh
|
||||
|
||||
# Treaty of Kadesh
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
The Treaty of Kadesh (~1259 BCE) between Egypt and the Hittite Empire is the earliest known international peace treaty. It ended decades of conflict between the two great Bronze Age powers.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Date: ~1259 BCE
|
||||
- Parties: Egypt (Ramesses II) and Hittite Empire (Hattusili III)
|
||||
- Context: Followed the Battle of Kadesh (~1274 BCE)
|
||||
- Languages: Egyptian hieroglyphic and Akkadian cuneiform
|
||||
|
||||
## Terms
|
||||
- Mutual non-aggression pact
|
||||
- Defensive alliance against third-party attacks
|
||||
- Extradition of political refugees (with humane treatment clause)
|
||||
- Mutual recognition of borders in Syria [^1]
|
||||
|
||||
## Significance
|
||||
- Earliest surviving international peace treaty
|
||||
- A copy hangs in the United Nations headquarters in New York as a symbol of diplomacy
|
||||
- Both Egyptian and Hittite versions survive (discovered at Karnak and Hattusa) [^2]
|
||||
- Later sealed by a diplomatic marriage between Ramesses II and a Hittite princess
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Beckman, G. *Hittite Diplomatic Texts* (1999)
|
||||
[^2]: Bryce, T. *Letters of the Great Kings of the Ancient Near East* (2003)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Date: ~1259 BCE" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Parties: Egypt (Ramesses II) and Hittite Empire (Hattusili III)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Context: Followed the Battle of Kadesh (~1274 BCE)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Languages: Egyptian hieroglyphic and Akkadian cuneiform" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Mutual non-aggression pact" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Defensive alliance against third-party attacks" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Extradition of political refugees (with humane treatment clause)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Mutual recognition of borders in Syria [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Earliest surviving international peace treaty" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "A copy hangs in the United Nations headquarters in New York as a symbol of di..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Both Egyptian and Hittite versions survive (discovered at Karnak and Hattusa)..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Later sealed by a diplomatic marriage between Ramesses II and a Hittite princess" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Date: ~1259 BCE" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Parties: Egypt (Ramesses II) and Hittite Empire (Hattusili III)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Context: Followed the Battle of Kadesh (~1274 BCE)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Languages: Egyptian hieroglyphic and Akkadian cuneiform" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Mutual non-aggression pact" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Defensive alliance against third-party attacks" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Extradition of political refugees (with humane treatment clause)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 22: "Earliest surviving international peace treaty" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "A copy hangs in the United Nations headquarters in New York as a symbol of di..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Later sealed by a diplomatic marriage between Ramesses II and a Hittite princess" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 11: "Parties: Egypt (Ramesses II) and Hittite Empire (Hattusili III)" - what does "II" mean in this context?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 25: "Later sealed by a diplomatic marriage between Ramesses II and a Hittite princess" - what does "II" mean in this context?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 19: "Mutual recognition of borders in Syria [^1]" - Beckman source from 1999 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 24: "Both Egyptian and Hittite versions survive (discovered at Karnak and Hattusa)..." - Bryce source from 2003 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
105
writing-systems/cuneiform.md
Normal file
105
writing-systems/cuneiform.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:f36cdb -->
|
||||
# Cuneiform
|
||||
|
||||
# Cuneiform
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
Cuneiform is the earliest known writing system, developed in Sumer ~3400 BCE. Written by pressing a reed stylus into wet clay tablets, it was used for over 3,000 years across multiple languages and civilizations.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Origin: Sumer, southern Mesopotamia, ~3400 BCE
|
||||
- Medium: Clay tablets impressed with a wedge-shaped reed stylus
|
||||
- Name: From Latin *cuneus* ("wedge")
|
||||
- Languages written: Sumerian, Akkadian, Hittite, Elamite, Urartian, Old Persian
|
||||
- Deciphered by: Henry Rawlinson, Edward Hincks, and others (~1840s–1850s) via the Behistun Inscription [^1]
|
||||
|
||||
## Development
|
||||
- Began as pictographic/logographic system for accounting (~3400 BCE)
|
||||
- Evolved into syllabic writing by ~2600 BCE
|
||||
- ~600–1,000 signs in use at various periods
|
||||
- Last known cuneiform tablet: 75 CE (astronomical text from Babylon) [^2]
|
||||
|
||||
## Significance
|
||||
- Enabled record-keeping, literature, law, science, and diplomacy
|
||||
- Preserved the *Epic of Gilgamesh*, Code of Hammurabi, and thousands of administrative records
|
||||
- ~500,000 cuneiform tablets have been excavated; many remain untranslated
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Walker, C.B.F. *Cuneiform* (British Museum, 1987)
|
||||
[^2]: Robson, E. *Mathematics in Ancient Iraq* (Princeton, 2008)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Origin: Sumer, southern Mesopotamia, ~3400 BCE" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Medium: Clay tablets impressed with a wedge-shaped reed stylus" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Name: From Latin *cuneus* ("wedge")" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Languages written: Sumerian, Akkadian, Hittite, Elamite, Urartian, Old Persian" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Deciphered by: Henry Rawlinson, Edward Hincks, and others (~1840s–1850s) vi..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Began as pictographic/logographic system for accounting (~3400 BCE)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Evolved into syllabic writing by ~2600 BCE" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "~600–1,000 signs in use at various periods" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Last known cuneiform tablet: 75 CE (astronomical text from Babylon) [^2]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Enabled record-keeping, literature, law, science, and diplomacy" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Preserved the *Epic of Gilgamesh*, Code of Hammurabi, and thousands of admini..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "~500,000 cuneiform tablets have been excavated; many remain untranslated" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Origin: Sumer, southern Mesopotamia, ~3400 BCE" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Medium: Clay tablets impressed with a wedge-shaped reed stylus" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Name: From Latin *cuneus* ("wedge")" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Languages written: Sumerian, Akkadian, Hittite, Elamite, Urartian, Old Persian" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Began as pictographic/logographic system for accounting (~3400 BCE)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Evolved into syllabic writing by ~2600 BCE" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "~600–1,000 signs in use at various periods" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Enabled record-keeping, literature, law, science, and diplomacy" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Preserved the *Epic of Gilgamesh*, Code of Hammurabi, and thousands of admini..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "~500,000 cuneiform tablets have been excavated; many remain untranslated" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 14: "Deciphered by: Henry Rawlinson, Edward Hincks, and others (~1840s–1850s) vi..." - Walker source from 1987 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 20: "Last known cuneiform tablet: 75 CE (astronomical text from Babylon) [^2]" - Robson source from 2008 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
98
writing-systems/egyptian-hieroglyphics.md
Normal file
98
writing-systems/egyptian-hieroglyphics.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:68261c -->
|
||||
# Egyptian Hieroglyphics
|
||||
|
||||
# Egyptian Hieroglyphics
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
Egyptian hieroglyphics were the formal writing system of ancient Egypt, used for ~3,500 years on monuments, temples, and tombs. Deciphered by Jean-François Champollion in 1822 using the Rosetta Stone.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Origin: ~3200 BCE (earliest examples from Abydos)
|
||||
- Period of use: ~3200 BCE – ~400 CE
|
||||
- Number of signs: ~700 in classical usage (expanded to ~5,000 in Ptolemaic period)
|
||||
- Deciphered by: Jean-François Champollion (1822) using the Rosetta Stone [^1]
|
||||
|
||||
## System
|
||||
- Combination of logographic, syllabic, and alphabetic elements
|
||||
- Written left-to-right, right-to-left, or top-to-bottom (direction indicated by which way figures face)
|
||||
- Hieratic: Cursive form for everyday use (~2600 BCE onward)
|
||||
- Demotic: Later cursive form (~650 BCE onward)
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Artifacts
|
||||
- Rosetta Stone (196 BCE): Trilingual decree (hieroglyphic, Demotic, Greek) that enabled decipherment [^2]
|
||||
- Narmer Palette (~3100 BCE): Among the earliest hieroglyphic inscriptions
|
||||
- Book of the Dead: Funerary texts with hieroglyphic illustrations
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Robinson, A. *Cracking the Egyptian Code* (Thames & Hudson, 2012)
|
||||
[^2]: Parkinson, R. *The Rosetta Stone* (British Museum, 2005)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Origin: ~3200 BCE (earliest examples from Abydos)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Period of use: ~3200 BCE – ~400 CE" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Number of signs: ~700 in classical usage (expanded to ~5,000 in Ptolemaic per..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Deciphered by: Jean-François Champollion (1822) using the Rosetta Stone [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Combination of logographic, syllabic, and alphabetic elements" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Written left-to-right, right-to-left, or top-to-bottom (direction indicated b..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Hieratic: Cursive form for everyday use (~2600 BCE onward)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Demotic: Later cursive form (~650 BCE onward)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 22: "Rosetta Stone (196 BCE): Trilingual decree (hieroglyphic, Demotic, Greek) tha..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Narmer Palette (~3100 BCE): Among the earliest hieroglyphic inscriptions" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Book of the Dead: Funerary texts with hieroglyphic illustrations" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Origin: ~3200 BCE (earliest examples from Abydos)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Period of use: ~3200 BCE – ~400 CE" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Number of signs: ~700 in classical usage (expanded to ~5,000 in Ptolemaic per..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 16: "Combination of logographic, syllabic, and alphabetic elements" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Written left-to-right, right-to-left, or top-to-bottom (direction indicated b..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Hieratic: Cursive form for everyday use (~2600 BCE onward)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Demotic: Later cursive form (~650 BCE onward)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Narmer Palette (~3100 BCE): Among the earliest hieroglyphic inscriptions" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Book of the Dead: Funerary texts with hieroglyphic illustrations" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 13: "Deciphered by: Jean-François Champollion (1822) using the Rosetta Stone [^1]" - Robinson source from 2012 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 22: "Rosetta Stone (196 BCE): Trilingual decree (hieroglyphic, Demotic, Greek) tha..." - Parkinson source from 2005 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
105
writing-systems/phoenician-alphabet.md
Normal file
105
writing-systems/phoenician-alphabet.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
|
||||
<!-- factbase:a94620 -->
|
||||
# Phoenician Alphabet
|
||||
|
||||
# Phoenician Alphabet
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
The Phoenician alphabet (~1050 BCE) was the first widely-used phonetic alphabet, consisting of 22 consonant letters. It is the ancestor of virtually all modern alphabets including Greek, Latin, Arabic, and Hebrew.
|
||||
|
||||
## Key Facts
|
||||
- Origin: Phoenicia (modern Lebanon), ~1050 BCE
|
||||
- Type: Abjad (consonantal alphabet, no vowels)
|
||||
- Number of letters: 22
|
||||
- Direction: Right to left
|
||||
- Derived from: Proto-Sinaitic/Proto-Canaanite script (~1800 BCE) [^1]
|
||||
|
||||
## Descendants
|
||||
- Greek alphabet (~800 BCE): Added vowels, adapted letter forms
|
||||
- Aramaic alphabet: Ancestor of Hebrew, Arabic, Syriac, and many Asian scripts
|
||||
- Latin alphabet (via Greek and Etruscan): Used by most of the modern world
|
||||
- South Arabian script: Ancestor of Ethiopic (Ge'ez) [^2]
|
||||
|
||||
## Significance
|
||||
- Simplified writing from hundreds of signs (cuneiform, hieroglyphics) to 22 letters
|
||||
- Made literacy more accessible beyond scribal elites
|
||||
- Spread across the Mediterranean through Phoenician trade networks
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
[^1]: Sass, B. *The Genesis of the Alphabet* (1988)
|
||||
[^2]: Daniels, P.T. & Bright, W. *The World's Writing Systems* (Oxford, 1996)
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Review Queue
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- factbase:review -->
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Origin: Phoenicia (modern Lebanon), ~1050 BCE" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Type: Abjad (consonantal alphabet, no vowels)" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Number of letters: 22" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Direction: Right to left" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 14: "Derived from: Proto-Sinaitic/Proto-Canaanite script (~1800 BCE) [^1]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Greek alphabet (~800 BCE): Added vowels, adapted letter forms" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Aramaic alphabet: Ancestor of Hebrew, Arabic, Syriac, and many Asian scripts" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Latin alphabet (via Greek and Etruscan): Used by most of the modern world" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "South Arabian script: Ancestor of Ethiopic (Ge'ez) [^2]" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Simplified writing from hundreds of signs (cuneiform, hieroglyphics) to 22 le..." - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Made literacy more accessible beyond scribal elites" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Spread across the Mediterranean through Phoenician trade networks" - when was this true?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Origin: Phoenicia (modern Lebanon), ~1050 BCE" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Type: Abjad (consonantal alphabet, no vowels)" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Number of letters: 22" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Direction: Right to left" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Greek alphabet (~800 BCE): Added vowels, adapted letter forms" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Aramaic alphabet: Ancestor of Hebrew, Arabic, Syriac, and many Asian scripts" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Latin alphabet (via Greek and Etruscan): Used by most of the modern world" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Simplified writing from hundreds of signs (cuneiform, hieroglyphics) to 22 le..." - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Made literacy more accessible beyond scribal elites" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Spread across the Mediterranean through Phoenician trade networks" - what is the source?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 14: "Derived from: Proto-Sinaitic/Proto-Canaanite script (~1800 BCE) [^1]" - Sass source from 1988 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 20: "South Arabian script: Ancestor of Ethiopic (Ge'ez) [^2]" - Daniels source from 1996 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
|
||||
>
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user