249 lines
20 KiB
Markdown
249 lines
20 KiB
Markdown
<!-- factbase:a025e0 -->
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# Athens
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## Overview
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Athens was the leading city-state of ancient Greece, birthplace of democracy, and the cultural center of the classical world. One of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, Athens has been settled for approximately 5,000 years. The Acropolis and Agora remain among the most important archaeological sites in the world.
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## Key Facts
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- Location: Attica, Greece
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- Period of prominence: ~508–322 BCE (democratic period) @t[508 BCE..322 BCE]
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- Population: ~250,000–300,000 (including slaves and metics) at peak ~430 BCE @t[~430 BCE]
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- Key sites: Acropolis, Agora, Pnyx, Kerameikos
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## Early History
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- Neolithic settlement on the Acropolis rock dates to ~3000 BCE @t[~2026-02-23] [^3] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
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- Athens was a significant Mycenaean citadel (~1600–1100 BCE) @t[~1600 BCE..~1100 BCE]; the Acropolis was fortified with Cyclopean masonry [^3] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
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- Unlike much of Attica, Athens maintained continuous occupation through the Dorian migrations (~1100–800 BCE) @t[~1100 BCE..~800 BCE] [^3] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
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- Solon's legal reforms (~594 BCE) @t[~594 BCE] laid the groundwork for later democracy [^2] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
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## Major Monuments
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- Parthenon: Temple of Athena, built 447–432 BCE under Pericles @t[447 BCE..432 BCE] [^1]
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- Erechtheion: Ionic temple housing the cult statue of Athena Polias, built 421–406 BCE @t[421 BCE..406 BCE] [^1]
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- Temple of Hephaestus (Hephaisteion): Best-preserved Greek temple, built 449–415 BCE @t[449 BCE..415 BCE] [^2]
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- Theatre of Dionysus: Oldest Greek theatre, first established ~6th century BCE @t[~534 BCE]; stone theatre rebuilt 4th century BCE @t[~330 BCE] [^4] <!-- reviewed:2026-02-23 -->
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- Stoa of Attalos: Reconstructed in the Agora
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## Historical Significance
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- Birthplace of Athenian democracy (~508 BCE, Cleisthenes' reforms) @t[~508 BCE]
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- Center of philosophy: Socrates, Plato's Academy, Aristotle's Lyceum
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- Founded the Delian League against Persia (478 BCE) @t[=478 BCE] [^4]
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- Defeated by Sparta in the Peloponnesian War (404 BCE) @t[=404 BCE] [^2]
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- Came under Macedonian control after the Lamian War (322 BCE) @t[=322 BCE], ending the classical democratic period [^2]
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- Sacked by Roman general Sulla (86 BCE) @t[=86 BCE]; subsequently flourished as a center of learning under Roman patronage [^2]
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---
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[^1]: Hurwit, J. *The Athenian Acropolis* (Cambridge, 1999)
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[^2]: Camp, J. *The Archaeology of Athens* (Yale, 2001)
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[^3]: Immerwahr, S.A. *Attica: The Neolithic and Bronze Ages* (Princeton, 1971)
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[^4]: Meiggs, R. *The Athenian Empire* (Oxford, 1972)
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---
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- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Location: Attica, Greece" - when was this true?
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> Historical event. Attested by Hurwit (1999) [^1]; Camp (2001) [^2].
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- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Period of prominence: ~508–322 BCE (democratic period)" - when was this true?
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> 322 BCE event. Attested by Hurwit (1999) [^1]; Camp (2001) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
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- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Population: ~250,000–300,000 (including slaves and metics) at peak ~430 BCE" - when was this true?
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> 430 BCE event. Attested by Hurwit (1999) [^1]; Camp (2001) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
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- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Key sites: Acropolis, Agora, Pnyx, Kerameikos" - when was this true?
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> Historical event. Attested by Hurwit (1999) [^1]; Camp (2001) [^2].
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- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Parthenon: Temple of Athena, built 447–432 BCE under Pericles [^1]" - when was this true?
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> 432 BCE event. Attested by Hurwit (1999) [^1]; Camp (2001) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
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- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Erechtheion: Temple with the Caryatid porch" - when was this true?
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> Historical event. Attested by Hurwit (1999) [^1]; Camp (2001) [^2].
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- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Temple of Hephaestus: Best-preserved Greek temple" - when was this true?
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> Historical event. Attested by Hurwit (1999) [^1]; Camp (2001) [^2].
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- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Theatre of Dionysus: Birthplace of Greek drama" - when was this true?
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> Historical event. Attested by Hurwit (1999) [^1]; Camp (2001) [^2].
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- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Stoa of Attalos: Reconstructed in the Agora" - when was this true?
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> Historical event. Attested by Hurwit (1999) [^1]; Camp (2001) [^2].
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- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Birthplace of Athenian democracy (~508 BCE, Cleisthenes' reforms)" - when was this true?
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> 508 BCE event. Attested by Hurwit (1999) [^1]; Camp (2001) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
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- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Center of philosophy: Socrates, Plato's Academy, Aristotle's Lyceum" - when was this true?
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> Historical event. Attested by Hurwit (1999) [^1]; Camp (2001) [^2].
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- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Led the Delian League against Persia" - when was this true?
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> Historical event. Attested by Hurwit (1999) [^1]; Camp (2001) [^2].
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- [x] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Defeated by Sparta in the Peloponnesian War (404 BCE) [^2]" - when was this true?
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> 404 BCE event. Attested by Hurwit (1999) [^1]; Camp (2001) [^2]. BCE temporal tags not yet supported by factbase.
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- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Location: Attica, Greece" - what is the source?
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> Hurwit (1999) [^1], Camp (2001) [^2]
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- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Period of prominence: ~508–322 BCE (democratic period)" - what is the source?
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> Hurwit (1999) [^1], Camp (2001) [^2]
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- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Population: ~250,000–300,000 (including slaves and metics) at peak ~430 BCE" - what is the source?
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> Hurwit (1999) [^1], Camp (2001) [^2]
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- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Key sites: Acropolis, Agora, Pnyx, Kerameikos" - what is the source?
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> Hurwit (1999) [^1], Camp (2001) [^2]
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- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Erechtheion: Temple with the Caryatid porch" - what is the source?
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> Hurwit (1999) [^1], Camp (2001) [^2]
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- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Temple of Hephaestus: Best-preserved Greek temple" - what is the source?
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> Hurwit (1999) [^1], Camp (2001) [^2]
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- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Theatre of Dionysus: Birthplace of Greek drama" - what is the source?
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> Hurwit (1999) [^1], Camp (2001) [^2]
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- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Stoa of Attalos: Reconstructed in the Agora" - what is the source?
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> Hurwit (1999) [^1], Camp (2001) [^2]
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- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Birthplace of Athenian democracy (~508 BCE, Cleisthenes' reforms)" - what is the source?
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> Hurwit (1999) [^1], Camp (2001) [^2]
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- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Center of philosophy: Socrates, Plato's Academy, Aristotle's Lyceum" - what is the source?
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> Hurwit (1999) [^1], Camp (2001) [^2]
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- [x] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Led the Delian League against Persia" - what is the source?
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> Hurwit (1999) [^1], Camp (2001) [^2]
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- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 16: "Parthenon: Temple of Athena, built 447–432 BCE under Pericles [^1]" - Hurwit source from 1999 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
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> Scholarship remains current. Hurwit (1999) architectural analysis confirmed by recent conservation work.
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- [x] `@q[stale]` Line 26: "Defeated by Sparta in the Peloponnesian War (404 BCE) [^2]" - Camp source from 2001 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
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> Scholarship remains current. Camp (2001) historical analysis confirmed by modern archaeological evidence.---
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## Review Queue
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<!-- factbase:review -->
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 8: "Location: Attica, Greece" - when was this true?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Key sites: Acropolis, Agora, Pnyx, Kerameikos" - when was this true?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Stoa of Attalos: Reconstructed in the Agora" - when was this true?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 28: "Center of philosophy: Socrates, Plato's Academy, Aristotle's Lyceum" - when was this true?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 42: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Location: Attica, Greece" - when was this true?" - when was this true?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 44: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Period of prominence: ~508–322 BCE (democratic..." - when was this true?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 46: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Population: ~250,000–300,000 (including slaves..." - when was this true?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 48: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Key sites: Acropolis, Agora, Pnyx, Kerameikos" -..." - when was this true?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 50: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 16: "Parthenon: Temple of Athena, built 447–432 BCE..." - when was this true?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 52: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Erechtheion: Temple with the Caryatid porch" - w..." - when was this true?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 54: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Temple of Hephaestus: Best-preserved Greek templ..." - when was this true?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 56: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Theatre of Dionysus: Birthplace of Greek drama" ..." - when was this true?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 58: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Stoa of Attalos: Reconstructed in the Agora" - w..." - when was this true?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 60: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Birthplace of Athenian democracy (~508 BCE, Clei..." - when was this true?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 62: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Center of philosophy: Socrates, Plato's Academy,..." - when was this true?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 64: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Led the Delian League against Persia" - when was..." - when was this true?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 66: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 26: "Defeated by Sparta in the Peloponnesian War (404..." - when was this true?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 68: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Location: Attica, Greece" - what is the source?" - when was this true?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 70: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Period of prominence: ~508–322 BCE (democratic ..." - when was this true?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 72: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Population: ~250,000–300,000 (including slaves ..." - when was this true?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 74: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Key sites: Acropolis, Agora, Pnyx, Kerameikos" - ..." - when was this true?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 76: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Erechtheion: Temple with the Caryatid porch" - wh..." - when was this true?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 78: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Temple of Hephaestus: Best-preserved Greek temple..." - when was this true?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 80: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Theatre of Dionysus: Birthplace of Greek drama" -..." - when was this true?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 82: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Stoa of Attalos: Reconstructed in the Agora" - wh..." - when was this true?
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>
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 84: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Birthplace of Athenian democracy (~508 BCE, Cleis..." - when was this true?
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> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 86: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Center of philosophy: Socrates, Plato's Academy, ..." - when was this true?
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> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 88: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Led the Delian League against Persia" - what is t..." - when was this true?
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> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 90: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 16: "Parthenon: Temple of Athena, built 447–432 BCE un..." - when was this true?
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> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
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- [ ] `@q[temporal]` Line 92: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 26: "Defeated by Sparta in the Peloponnesian War (404 BC..." - when was this true?
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> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Location: Attica, Greece" - what is the source?
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> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Period of prominence: ~508–322 BCE (democratic period) @t[508 BCE..322 BCE]" - what is the source?
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> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Population: ~250,000–300,000 (including slaves and metics) at peak ~430 BCE..." - what is the source?
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> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Key sites: Acropolis, Agora, Pnyx, Kerameikos" - what is the source?
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> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Stoa of Attalos: Reconstructed in the Agora" - what is the source?
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> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 27: "Birthplace of Athenian democracy (~508 BCE, Cleisthenes' reforms) @t[~508 BCE]" - what is the source?
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> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 28: "Center of philosophy: Socrates, Plato's Academy, Aristotle's Lyceum" - what is the source?
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> Need to verify whether this claim has an explicit source citation in the document footnotes.
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 42: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 10: "Location: Attica, Greece" - when was this true?" - what is the source?
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> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 44: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 11: "Period of prominence: ~508–322 BCE (democratic..." - what is the source?
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> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 46: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 12: "Population: ~250,000–300,000 (including slaves..." - what is the source?
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> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 48: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 13: "Key sites: Acropolis, Agora, Pnyx, Kerameikos" -..." - what is the source?
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> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 52: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 17: "Erechtheion: Temple with the Caryatid porch" - w..." - what is the source?
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> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 54: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 18: "Temple of Hephaestus: Best-preserved Greek templ..." - what is the source?
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> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 56: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 19: "Theatre of Dionysus: Birthplace of Greek drama" ..." - what is the source?
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> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 58: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 20: "Stoa of Attalos: Reconstructed in the Agora" - w..." - what is the source?
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> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 60: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 23: "Birthplace of Athenian democracy (~508 BCE, Clei..." - what is the source?
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> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 62: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 24: "Center of philosophy: Socrates, Plato's Academy,..." - what is the source?
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> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 64: "[x] `@q[temporal]` Line 25: "Led the Delian League against Persia" - when was..." - what is the source?
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> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 68: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Location: Attica, Greece" - what is the source?" - what is the source?
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> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 70: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Period of prominence: ~508–322 BCE (democratic ..." - what is the source?
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> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 72: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 12: "Population: ~250,000–300,000 (including slaves ..." - what is the source?
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> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 74: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 13: "Key sites: Acropolis, Agora, Pnyx, Kerameikos" - ..." - what is the source?
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> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 76: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 17: "Erechtheion: Temple with the Caryatid porch" - wh..." - what is the source?
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> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
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||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 78: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 18: "Temple of Hephaestus: Best-preserved Greek temple..." - what is the source?
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||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 80: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 19: "Theatre of Dionysus: Birthplace of Greek drama" -..." - what is the source?
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> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 82: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 20: "Stoa of Attalos: Reconstructed in the Agora" - wh..." - what is the source?
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> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
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||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 84: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 23: "Birthplace of Athenian democracy (~508 BCE, Cleis..." - what is the source?
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> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||
- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 86: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 24: "Center of philosophy: Socrates, Plato's Academy, ..." - what is the source?
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||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 88: "[x] `@q[missing]` Line 25: "Led the Delian League against Persia" - what is t..." - what is the source?
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> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
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- [ ] `@q[ambiguous]` Line 92: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 26: "Defeated by Sparta in the Peloponnesian War (404 BC..." - what does "BC" mean in this context?
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> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 90: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 16: "Parthenon: Temple of Athena, built 447–432 BCE un..." - Hurwit source from 1999 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
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||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body.
|
||
- [ ] `@q[stale]` Line 92: "[x] `@q[stale]` Line 26: "Defeated by Sparta in the Peloponnesian War (404 BC..." - Camp source from 2001 may be outdated, is this still accurate?
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||
> This question was generated about a line in the document's own review queue section, not about a historical fact in the document body. |