58 lines
2.8 KiB
Markdown
58 lines
2.8 KiB
Markdown
<!-- factbase:5f1362 -->
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# Julius Caesar
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## Overview
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Gaius Julius Caesar (100–44 BCE) was a Roman general, statesman, and dictator whose conquest of Gaul and crossing of the Rubicon precipitated the end of the Roman Republic. @t[100 BCE..44 BCE]
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## Key Facts
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- Born: 12 or 13 July 100 BCE, Rome @t[=100 BCE]
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- Died: 15 March 44 BCE, Rome (assassinated) @t[=44 BCE]
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- Offices: Aedile (65 BCE), Pontifex Maximus (63 BCE), Praetor (62 BCE), Consul (59 BCE), Dictator perpetuo (44 BCE) @t[=59 BCE]
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- Military: Conquered Gaul (58–50 BCE) @t[58 BCE..50 BCE]
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## Early Career
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- Aedile (65 BCE): Organized public games @t[=65 BCE] [^3]
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- Pontifex Maximus (63 BCE): Elected chief priest of the College of Pontiffs; gained a house in the Roman Forum @t[=63 BCE] [^3]
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- Praetor (62 BCE) @t[=62 BCE] [^3]
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- Governor of Hispania Ulterior (61–60 BCE) @t[61 BCE..60 BCE] [^2]
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## Major Events
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- First Triumvirate: Alliance with Pompey and Crassus (60 BCE) @t[=60 BCE] [^2]
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- Gallic Wars (58–50 BCE): Conquered Gaul, invaded Britain twice, bridged the Rhine @t[58 BCE..50 BCE] [^1]
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- Crossing the Rubicon (49 BCE): Triggered civil war against Pompey @t[=49 BCE] [^2]
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- Battle of Pharsalus (48 BCE): Defeated Pompey in Greece @t[=48 BCE] [^2]
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- Battle of Thapsus (46 BCE): Defeated Pompeian forces in North Africa @t[=46 BCE] [^2]
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- Battle of Munda (45 BCE): Final defeat of Pompeian resistance in Spain @t[=45 BCE] [^2]
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- Appointed dictator perpetuo (February 44 BCE) @t[=44 BCE] [^2]
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- Assassinated on the Ides of March (15 March 44 BCE) by Brutus, Cassius, and other senators @t[=44 BCE] [^2]
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## Legacy
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- Julian calendar reform (46 BCE): Replaced the Roman lunar calendar with a 365-day solar calendar @t[=46 BCE] [^3]
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- Refounded Carthage as a Roman colony (46 BCE) @t[=46 BCE] [^2]
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- Granted citizenship to many provincials, including Gauls and Spaniards @t[49 BCE..44 BCE] [^2]
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- Deified by the Roman Senate (42 BCE) @t[=42 BCE] [^3]
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- His adopted heir Octavian became Augustus, first Roman emperor (27 BCE) @t[=27 BCE] [^2]
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- Month of July renamed Iulius in his honor (44 BCE) @t[=44 BCE] [^3]
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- Had a son, Caesarion, with Cleopatra VII of Egypt @t[47 BCE..30 BCE] [^2]
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---
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[^1]: Caesar, *Commentarii de Bello Gallico*
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[^2]: Goldsworthy, A. *Caesar: Life of a Colossus* (Yale, 2006)
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[^3]: Suetonius, *De Vita Caesarum: Divus Iulius* (~121 CE)
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---
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## Review Queue
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<!-- factbase:review -->
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 8: "Born: 12 or 13 July 100 BCE, Rome @t[=100 BCE]" - what is the source?
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 9: "Died: 15 March 44 BCE, Rome (assassinated) @t[=44 BCE]" - what is the source?
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 10: "Offices: Aedile (65 BCE), Pontifex Maximus (63 BCE), Praetor (62 BCE), Consul..." - what is the source?
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- [ ] `@q[missing]` Line 11: "Military: Conquered Gaul (58–50 BCE) @t[58 BCE..50 BCE]" - what is the source?
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